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What Works for Women and Girls: Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions

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What Works for Women and Girls: Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions whatworksforwomen.org WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions www.whatworksforwomen.org June 2010 Authors: Jill Gay, MA Karen Hardee, PhD Melanie Croce-Galis, RN, MPH Shannon Kowalski, MPA with Chanelle Gutari, MPH Claire Wingfi eld, MPH Kimberly Rovin, MPH Kristine Berzin Suggested citation: Gay, J. 1, Hardee, K. 2, Croce-Galis, M. 3, Kowalski, S. 4, Gutari, C. 5, Wingfi eld, C. 6, Rovin, K. 7, Berzins, K. 8. 2010. What Works for Women and Girls: Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions. New York: Open Society Institute. www.whatworksforwomen.org Copyright © Open Society Institute. All rights reserved. 1 Public Health Consultant 2 Vice President for Research, Population Action International 3 Global Health Consultant, Artemis Global Consulting 4 Senior Program Offi cer, Open Society Institute 5 MPH candidate, The George Washington University 6 TB/HIV Project Coordinator, Treatment Action Group 7 Ph.D. Student, Michigan State University and Former Research Associate, Population Action International 8 Research Analyst, Population Action International 2 Acknowledgements Compiling a research review of this magnitude would not be possible without the expert input and support of a wide group of people. The authors are extremely grateful to the following reviewers, including those who participated in a review meeting hosted by the Open Society Institute in Cape Town, South Africa on February 17–19, 2010. Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Ph.D. Associate Scientifi c Director Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) South Africa Avni Amin, Ph.D. Technical Offi cer Department of Gender l Women and Health l World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Jayne Arnott Consultant Cape Town, South Africa Chris Beyrer, MD, MPH Director Johns Hopkins Center for Public Health & Human Rights Baltimore, MD, USA A. David Brandling-Bennett, MD, DTPH Senior Program Offi cer Infectious Diseases l Global Health Program l Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle, WA, USA 3 J. Winchester Brown, Ph.D. Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Advisor U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)/South Africa Pretoria, South Africa Karen Brudney, MD Director, Infectious Disease/AIDS Clinic and Director, Tuberculosis Service Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY, USA Ward Cates, MD, MPH President of Research Family Health International Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Farley Cleghorn, MD, MPH Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Offi cer The Futures Group Washington, DC, USA Myron Cohen, MD J. Herbert Bate Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Microbiology Immunology & Public Health l School of Medicine l University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC USA Nazneen Damji, MSc Programme Manager Gender Equality and HIV/AIDS l United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) New York, NY, USA Barbara T. Dente, MPA Program Associate Public Health Program l Open Society Institute New York, NY, USA Anne Eckman, Ph.D. Independent Consultant Health Policy Initiatives Washington, DC, USA 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D. Senior Adviser on HIV Vaccines Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle, WA, USA Cynthia Eyakuze, MPH Director, Public Health Watch Public Health Program l Open Society Institute New York, NY USA Tamar Ezer, JD, LLM Program Offi cer Law and Health Initiative l Public Health Program l Open Society Institute New York, NY USA Lindiwe Farlane, MA Monitoring and Evaluation Offi cer EngenderHealth Johannesburg, South Africa Nathan Ford, Ph.D. Head of Medical Unit Doctors Without Borders (MSF) Cape Town, South Africa Susana Fried, Ph.D. Senior Gender Advisor HIV Group, Bureau of Development Policy l United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) New York, NY, USA Adrienne Germain, MA President International Women’s Health Coalition (IWHC) New York, NY, USA Elena Ghanotakis, MPH Technical Offi cer, Global Technical Policy Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Washington, DC, USA WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS 5 Françoise Girard, MA, LLB Director Public Health Program l Open Society Institute New York, NY, USA Ali Groves, MHS Research Coordinator Gillings School of Global Public Health l The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA Ed Handelsman, MD NIAID Program Offi cer Division of AIDS l NIAID/NIH/DHHS Bethesda, MD, USA Nina Hasen, Ph.D. Senior Technical Advisor, HIV Prevention Offi ce of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) l U.S. Department of State Washington, DC, USA Erin E. Howe, MPH Program Offi cer Public Health Watch l Public Health Program l Open Society Institute New York, NY, USA Jose Jeronimo, MD Director, START-UP Project Reproductive Health l PATH Seattle, WA, USA Nduku Kilonzo, Ph.D. Director Liverpool VCT Care & Treatment Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Douglas Kirby, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist ETR Associates Scotts Valley, CA, USA 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D. Staff Clinician NIH/NIAID/LIR Bethesda, MD, USA Vanessa Ludwig Director The Triangle Project Cape Town, South Africa Siddhartha Mahanty, MD, MPH Staff Physician Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases l NIH/NIAID Bethesda, MD, USA Anna Miller, MD Senior Technical Advisor Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Washington, DC, USA Aprajita Mukherjee, Ph.D. Gender & Development Specialist International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) l Asia Regional Offi ce Defence Colony, New Delhi, India Françoise Ndayishimiye, MD Senior Gender Adviser The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Geneva, Switzerland Florence Nyangara, Ph.D. Senior Research and Evaluation Specialist Futures Group Washington, DC, USA Christian Pitter, MD Director of Global Technical Policy Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Washington, DC, USA WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS 7 Judith Polsky Programme Adviser UNAIDS Geneva, Switzerland Mark Robson, Ph.D., MPH, MS, ATS Dean of Agricultural and Urban Programs School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers l The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA Naomi Rutenberg, Ph.D. Vice President, HIV and AIDS Program Population Council New York, NY, USA Amitrajit Saha, DGO, MD (PSM) Associate Director SRH PATH New Delhi, India Caroline Sande, MA Regional Adviser Regional Support Team l Eastern and Southern Africa l UNAIDS South Africa Stuart Z. Shapiro, MD, Ph.D. NIAID Program Offi cer Division of AIDS l NIAID/NIH/DHHS Bethesda, MD, USA Carol Shepherd, Sc.D., MS The Futures Group Washington, DC, USA Jacqueline Sherris, Ph.D. Vice President, Global Programs PATH Seattle, WA, USA 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Larry Slutsker, MD, MPH Chief, Malaria Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA, USA Marion Stevens, RN, RM, B Soc Sci (Hons), MM (P&DM) Project Manager Women and HIV/AIDS Gauge, Health Systems Trust (HST) Cape Town, South Africa Laura Subramanian, MS Program Associate EngenderHealth New York, USA Todd Summers Senior Program Offi cer for Global Health Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Washington, DC, USA Tracy Swan Hepatitis/HIV Project Director Treatment Action Group New York, NY, USA Vicci Tallis, Ph.D. Programme Manager, HIV and AIDS Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) Johannesburg, South Africa Feiko ter Kuile, MD, Ph.D. Professor of Tropical Epidemiology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool, England, United Kingdom Alejandra Trossero, MSc Senior HIV Offi cer International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) London, England, United Kingdom WHAT WORKS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS 9 In addition to the authors, a number of people have been involved in compiling the evidence in this document. Carolina Hall, Program Assistant at Population Reference Bureau, contrib- uted to writing the chapters on preventing perinatal transmission and sexual and reproductive health. The following people also contributed to research for this compendium of evidence: Martha Wood, MPH, student in Bachelor’s of Midwifery, Flinders University, South Australia Meher Rehman, Atlas Corps Fellow, Population Action International Alana Hairston, MS, Technical Offi cer, Global Technical Policy Unit, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Betsy Kidder, MD and Ph.D. student, The George Washington University Kathryn Fleming, Senior Project Specialist, Health and Education, American Institutes for Research Tasha Prados, student, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Holly Greb, Program Coordinator, Population Action International 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 13 Executive Summary 17 Chapter 1. Introduction 27 Chapter 2. Methodology 35 Chapter 3. Prevention for Women 43 A. Male and Female Condom Use 50 B. Partner Reduction 63 C. Male Circumcision 67 D. Treating Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 70 Chapter 4. Prevention for Key Affected Populations 75 A. Female Sex Workers 76 B. Women Drug Users and Female Partners of Male IDUs 90 C. Women Prisoners and Female Partners of Male Prisoners 100 D. Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies 103 E. Migrant Women and Female Partners of Male Migrants 106 F. Transgender Women and Men 108 G. Women Who Have Sex with Women (WSW) 110 Chapter 5. Prevention for Young People 113 A. Encouraging Behavior Change 114 B. Increasing Access to Services 137 11 Chapter 6. HIV Testing and Counseling for Women 143 Chapter 7. Treatment 167 A. Provision and Access 168 B. Adherence and Support 173 C. Reducing Transmission 175 Chapter 8. Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living with HIV 183 Chapter 9. Safe Motherhood and Prevention
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