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Scientific American, October, 1988 OCTOBER 1988 SCIENTIFIC $2.95 ERICAN A SINGLE -TOPIC ISSUE © 1988 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC In The Best Theaters ,TheSound Is As BigAs © 1988 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC The Picture. From the people who hrought you big screentelevision comes the sound togo with it. Intro­ ducing Mitsubishi Home TheaterSystems. For the Mitsubishi dealernearest you, call (BOO) 5.56-1234,ext. 145. In California, (BOO) 441-2345, ext. 145. © 1988Mitsubishi Electric SalesAmerica, Inc. J..MITSUBISHr © 1988 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN October 1988 Volume 259 Number 4 40 AIDS in 1988 Robert C.Gallo and Lue Montagnier Where do we stand? What are the key areas of current research? The prospects for therapy or a vaccine? In their first collaborative article the two investigators who established the cause of AIDSanswer these questions and tell how HN was isolated and linked to AIDS. 52 The Molecular Biology of the AIDS Virus William A. Haseltine and Flossie Wong-Staal Just three viral genes can direct the machinery of an infected cell to make a new HIV particle-provided that at least three other viral genes give the go-ahead. These regulatory genes give the virus its protean behavioral repertoire: they spur viral replication, hold it in check or bring it to a halt. 64 The Origins of the AIDS Virus Max Essex and Phyllis]. Kanki The AIDSvirus has a past and it has relatives. Aninquiry into its family history can reveal how the related viruses interact with human beings and monkeys. The inquiry may also uncover vulnerabilities: some forms of the virus have evolved toward disease-free coexistence with their hosts. 72 The Epidemiology of AIDS in the U.S. William L. Heyward and james W.Curran Since 1981 more than 66,000 people in the U.S. have contracted AIDS;by 1992 there may be 300,000 more cases-even if the incidence of infection begins to decline. By identifying risk groups and risky behaviors, epidemiology can suggest nonmedical strategies for controlling AIDS. 82 The International Epidemiology of AIDS jonathan M. Mann, james Chin, Peter Piot and Thomas Quinn The pandemic is still in its early stages. Although no one is certain how many AIDScases have already developed, the World Health Organization estimates the number at 250,000. Furthermore, at least five million people worldwide are probably infected with the AIDSvirus. 90 HIVInfection: The Clinical Picture Robert R. Redfield and Donald S. Burke To focus only on treating AIDSis to lose the battle against HN, the virus that causes it. AIDSis actually the final manifestation of a progressive immune disorder that may be silent for years. Early diagnosis and accurate staging of HN infection help physicians to optimize therapy. 2 © 1988 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 100 mv Infection: The Cellular Picture Jonathan N.Weber and Robin A. Weiss The AIDSvirus can do no damage until it enters a target cell. The first step in invasion is the binding of a molecule on the viral membrane to a molecule on the membrane of the target. The receptor molecule, known as the CD4 antigen, exists primarily on certain immune-system cells. AIDS Therapies Robert Yarchoan, Hiroaki Mitsuya and Samuel Broder The prognosis for treatment was once grim, but now understanding of HIV's life cycle makes it possible to design drugs that take aim at specific targets. The authors describe an all-out effort to develop a number of drugs that can be administered in a concerted attack. 120 AIDS Vaccines Thomas]. Matthews and Dani P. Bolognesi A vaccine against HN would be the most effective means of stemming the AIDScrisis. Several candidate vaccines are being tested in people, but HN is a devious enemy and there is no evidence that any of them will work. What kinds of obstacles are investigators up against? 128 The Social Dimensions of AIDS Harvey V.Fineberg To cope with an ever increasing number of cases, pUblic-health officials must focus not only on medical and hospital concerns but also on prevention, largely through education. AIDSpatients require compassionate and effective care; there should be broad prohibition of discrimination. DEPARTMENTS 8 Letters 140 The Amateur Scientist 12 50 and 100 144 Computer Years Ago o Recreations 1888: A 335-foot chimney, Is it true that one machine u tallest in the U.S., has been can decode what another built near Newark, N.J. machine can encode? 14 Science and the Citizen 148 Books: William A. Blattner 136 Science and Business 152 Essay: Lewis Thomas 3 © 1988 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC A new generation of precision materials. It is a more efficient. And to bring breakthrough ideas to life. resource powerful enough to transform entire industries. Right now, for example, we are involved in a joint At GTE, our Precision Materials Group can give project with the Eaton Corporation to utilize a you that power. To make your products stronger, faster, unique GTE ceramics technology in the manufacture © 1988 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC of a new breed of automotive engine components. application, our materials development capabilities can From aerospace to telecommunications to con­ offer you the advantage of untapped, untouched sumer electronics. In virtually any field that bases its potential. It's the power of a new manufacturing edge. strength on competitive technology and innovative And at GTE, the power is on. THE POWER IS ON © 1988 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC SCIENTIFIC TIlE COVER of this single-topic issue of SCIENTIFIC AMERJCAN shows a particle AMERICAN of the human immunodeficiency virus Established 1845 (HIV) forming at the outer membrane of an infected cell. (The new particle is the circular form at the upper right.) HIV, the AIDSvirus, can enter a cell and EDITOR: Jonathan Piel remain latent until it is activated to BOARD OF EDITORS: Armand Schwab, Jr., Man­ make new viral components. The par­ aging Editor; Timothy Appenzeller, Associate ticles then self-assemble in the process Editor; Timothy M. Beardsley; John M. Ben· depicted on the cover. HIV causes a ditt, Issue Editor; Laurie Burnham; Elizabeth Corcoran; Ari W. Epstein; Gregory R. Green· broad spectrum of diseases, of which well; John Horgan; June Kinoshita; Philip Mor· AIDSis only the culmination. rison, Book Editor; Tony Rothman; Ricki L Rusting; Russell Ruthen; Karen Wright ART Samuel L Howard, Art Director; Murray Greenfield, Associate Art Director; Edward THE ILLUSTRATIONS Bell, Assistant Art Director; Johnny Johnson copy: Cover image by Charles Dauguet, Pasteur Institute Sally Porter Jenks, Copy Chief; M. Knight; Michele Moise; Dorothy R. 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