Vol 33 no 4 APRIL 2008

Fisheries News Legislative Update Journal Highlights FisheriesAmerican Fisheries Society • www.fisheries.org Calendar Job Center

Outlaw in Missouri The Challenge of Managing Nearshore Rocky Reef Resources The North Atlantic Ocean: Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 The• a p r i l 2008 •Need w w w .f i s h e r i e s .foro r g Proactive Management157 Discovering the Painted Crayfish

Photos courtesy of Ashley Frisch. Northwest Marine Technology, Inc. Painted crayfish Panulirus versicolor (above) are than one crayfish, the male can attract females to share widely exploited throughout the coral reefs of the Indo- his den. Ashley’s work also revealed that males with Pacific region, including Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. the largest dens can attract more than one female and They command a high price but relatively little is increase their reproductive potential. Males with dens known about their biology and population dynamics. large enough to attract females must fastidiously defend them from other male crayfish, about one third of the Ashley Frisch, at James Cook University, (photo lower population, that don’t have dens large enough to share right) is beginning to unlock some of the painted with a female. These “bachelor” males constantly roam crayfish’s secrets. His studies first required a technique the reef searching for a better den. to identify individuals. Ashley tested NMT’s injectable Visible Implant Elastomer tags and found them to be NMT is delighted to advise on projects and to help set highly suitable(1) (photo top right). By using a up tagging programs, anywhere in the world. Please combination of tag colors and locations, he devised a contact us if we can help with yours. system for identifying up to 30,000 individuals. (1) Frisch, A.J. and J.A. Hobbs. 2006. Long-term retention of internal Ashley’s work now focuses on the population dynamics elastomer tags in a wild population of painted crayfish (Panulirus versicolor [Latreille]) on the Great Barrier Reef. J. Exp. Marine Biol. and Ecol. of the painted crayfish. He found that male crayfish live 339:104-110. in coral reef dens. If the den is large enough for more Northwest Marine Technology, Inc. www.nmt.us Shaw Island, Washington, USA Corporate Office Biological Services 360.468.3375 [email protected] 360.596.9400 [email protected]

158 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g vol 33 no 4 April 2008

Discovering the Painted Crayfish AmericFisheriesan Fisheries Society • www.fisheries.org editorial / subscription / circulation offices 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 • Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 301/897-8616 • fax 301/897-8096 • [email protected] The American Fisheries Society (AFS), founded in 1870, is the oldest and largest professional society representing fisheries scientists. The AFS promotes scientific research 165 and enlightened management of aquatic resources for optimum use and enjoyment by the public. It also encourages comprehensive education of fisheries scientists and continuing on-the-job training. 172

AFS FISHERIES Editors OFFICERS STAFF Senior Editor Science Editors Contents President Ghassan “Gus” N. Madeleine Mary C. Fabrizio Rassam Hall-Arber President Elect Director of Ken Ashley Column: Perspective: William G. Franzin Publications Doug Beard 160 President's Hook First Aaron Lerner Ken Currens 180 Fisheries Vice President Managing Transitioning to a Future Home William E. Kelso Donald C. Jackson Editor Deirdre M. Kimball A report on the discussions held at the Management Second Beth Beard Vice President Production Robert T. Lackey mid-year of the AFS Governing Board The North Atlantic Ocean: Need Dennis Lassuy Wayne A. Hubert Editor concerning the opportunity to relocate the for Proactive Management Past President Cherie Worth Allen Rutherford Jennifer L. Nielsen Book Review AFS headquarters office, an opportunity that A proactive management program is proposed Executive Editors encouraged the Governing Board to think in order to promote the recovery of the Director Francis Juanes strategically and plan for our future home. Ghassan “Gus” N. Ben Letcher collapsed fisheries of the North Atlantic Ocean. Rassam Keith Nislow Mary C. Fabrizio John C. Briggs Dues and fees for 2008 are $76 in North America ($88 elsewhere) for regular members, $19 in North News: America ($22 elsewhere) for student members, and $38 ($44) retired members. Fees include $19 for Fisheries 162 Fisheries Column: subscription. Nonmember and library subscription rates 186 guest Director's Line are $106 ($127). Price per copy: $3.50 member; $6 Journal Highlights: nonmember. Fisheries (ISSN 0363-2415) is published After the Storm: Post-Katrina monthly by the American Fisheries Society; 5410 163 Journal of Aquatic Photos courtesy of Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110; Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 Reflections from AFS Members Ashley Frisch. ©copyright 2008 Periodicals postage paid at Bethesda, Animal Health and in and , and at an additional mailing office. A copy of Fisheries Guide for Authors is available from the editor or North American Journal The collective impact of the 2005 hurricanes, the AFS website, www.fisheries.org. If requesting from the of Painted crayfish Panulirus versicolor (above) are than one crayfish, the male can attract females to share managing editor, please enclose a stamped, self-addressed especially those associated with Hurricane Katrina, envelope with your request. Republication or systematic took our concerns for colleagues to a level that we widely exploited throughout the coral reefs of the Indo- his den. Ashley’s work also revealed that males with or multiple reproduction of material in this publication Update: Pacific region, including Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. the largest dens can attract more than one female and is permitted only under consent or license from the had not experienced before. American Fisheries Society. Postmaster: Send address 164 legislation and They command a high price but relatively little is increase their reproductive potential. Males with dens changes to Fisheries, American Fisheries Society; 5410 Policy Donald C. Jackson, Marty O’Connell, Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110; Bethesda, MD 20814-2199. Julie Delabbio, Mark S. Peterson, known about their biology and population dynamics. large enough to attract females must fastidiously defend Elden Hawkes, Jr. Fisheries is printed on 10% post-consumer Jim Franks, and Harriet Perry them from other male crayfish, about one third of the recycled paper with soy-based printing inks. Ashley Frisch, at James Cook University, (photo lower population, that don’t have dens large enough to share Feature: right) is beginning to unlock some of the painted with a female. These “bachelor” males constantly roam 165 Human Dimensions Calendar: Outlaw Fishing in Missouri the reef searching for a better den. 192 Fisheries Events crayfish’s secrets. His studies first required a technique Advertising Index Fishing with your hands is illegal in Missouri, to identify individuals. Ashley tested NMT’s injectable but a segment of rural residents still practice Editorial: Visible Implant Elastomer tags and found them to be NMT is delighted to advise on projects and to help set Advanced Telemetry Systems, Inc. . 207 this sport. Emperor Aquatics, Inc...... 195 197 Fisheries Forum highly suitable(1) (photo top right). By using a up tagging programs, anywhere in the world. Please Mark Morgan EcoAnalysts ...... 206 Transparency and the Peer- combination of tag colors and locations, he devised a contact us if we can help with yours. Floy Tag 194 Feature: Review Process system for identifying up to 30,000 individuals. Frigid Units, Inc. 198 172 Fisheries Kevin Amos (1) Frisch, A.J. and J.A. Hobbs. 2006. Long-term retention of internal Halltech Aquatic Research, Inc. . . . 195 management Ashley’s work now focuses on the population dynamics elastomer tags in a wild population of painted crayfish (Panulirus versicolor Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc. . . . 208 The Challenge of Managing UPDATE: [Latreille]) on the Great Barrier Reef. J. Exp. Marine Biol. and Ecol. Little River Research and Design 195 Nearshore Rocky Reef Resources of the painted crayfish. He found that male crayfish live 339:104-110. 200 aFS ANNUAL Meeting Northwest Marine Technology, Inc. . 158 Many inhabitants of nearshore rocky reefs have in coral reef dens. If the den is large enough for more Destinations: O.S. Systems ...... 171 limited home ranges and larval dispersion. Innovative institutional and scientific Top 10 Picks from the Ocean Marine Inc. 189 approaches will be required to manage them Area and Elsewhere Onset ...... 161 effectively. Wil Wegman Northwest Marine Technology, Inc. Sonotronics ...... 197 Donald R. Gunderson, Ana M. Parma, Star-Oddi ...... 193 Ray Hilborn, Jason M. Cope, David L. www.nmt.us Shaw Island, Washington, USA University of California Press . . . . 167 Fluharty, Marc L. Miller, Russell D. Vetter, Announcements: Vemco (Amirix Systems, Inc.) . . . . 183 Selina S. Heppell, and H. Gary Greene 204 Job Center Corporate Office Biological Services Vemco (Amirix Systems, Inc.) . . . . 185 360.468.3375 [email protected] 360.596.9400 [email protected] Tell advertisers you found them through Cover: Hand fishing in Missouri, circa 1944. Fisheries! Photo Courtesy of: Mark Morgan

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 159 Mary C. Fabrizio Column: AFS President Fabrizio President's Hook can be contacted at [email protected].

Transitioning to a Future Home

In last month’s column, I introduced beautiful 35-acre campus in Bethesda, • Ensure the proximity of the new the notion of an intelligent association Maryland, that is home to several office to public transportation. and discussed some of the characteris- non-profit associations including the In addition to encouraging staff to tics of intelligent associations that allow American Fisheries Society, the Society use public transportation for commut- such organizations to remain viable and of American Foresters, the American ing to work, proximity of the new office relevant in the future. AFS is currently Society for Photogrammetry and Remote to public transit lines allows AFS to facing a critical decision regarding our Sensing, and The Wildlife Society. In continue to have a strong presence on future—one that can help us achieve the early 1980s, AFS purchased a 99- Capitol Hill. Another guiding principle several desirable outcomes, if we use year lease on our buildings at 5410 supported by the Governing Board was information wisely and strategically Grosvenor Lane. During the last quar- to consider “green” options when- guide our actions towards achieving ter-century, the site and buildings have ever possible. The Society is concerned those outcomes. Here, I want to report served the Society well, and the prox- with fisheries resources and as such, to you on the discussions held at the imity to public transportation allowed we have an obligation to consider the mid-year meeting of the AFS Governing AFS staff to have a regular presence environmental impact of all our activi- Board concerning the opportunity to on Capitol Hill and engage in timely ties, including the “footprint” of our relocate the AFS headquarters office, discussions with U.S. federal agencies headquarters office. Energy- and water- an opportunity that encouraged the and non-governmental organizations. saving devices, recycling opportunities, Governing Board to think strategically However, the buildings have begun and other energy-saving options that and plan for our future home. AFS Past to deteriorate, we have outgrown our may be realized with efficient heating President Christine Moffitt, who also space, and storage issues remain a and cooling systems are responsible served as chair of the AFS Transition perennial concern. At this time, AFS is alternatives to contemplate in a move. Committee, guided the discussions at poised to make a decision that involves While these guiding principles will the mid-year meeting in Annapolis, not just the move of our headquarters as assist the AFS Governing Board with Maryland. Chris’s committee provided a “bricks and mortar” affair, but a move decisions concerning the possible move, the Board with a thorough and signifi- that can affect how well we operate the merits and desirability of several cant report that addressed several key as a professional society, how well we potential business transactions were issues associated with the transition. engage in legislative issues on the Hill, also discussed. Using the Transition Why should the potential move of and how well we conserve our legacy as Committee’s report as background, the AFS headquarters office matter to the oldest professional organization ded- the Board deliberated over several members? I suggest that such a move icated to the practice of . options and developed consensus matters because each of you interacts Such a move requires strategic thinking. guidance on questions concerning with the Society in many ways—for­ The Transition Committee’s report partnerships, legacy issues, and finan- instance, receipt of Fisheries; participa- to the Governing Board included cial aspects associated with a potential tion in Annual Meetings; submission of recommendations and guiding prin- move. Three break-out groups were manuscripts for publication; member- ciples to consider if a move should formed to address questions such as: ship renewal; posting to, or searching transpire. The Board concurred with the AFS job site; and purchasing AFS the following guiding principles: books. These and many other activi- Partnerships ties that deliver AFS services involve the • Continue to involve AFS work of AFS staff. Our staff requires an staff in the selection of and • Do we want to move with other efficient workplace so that such services, transition to a future facility; scientific organizations or should we and many more, can continue to be • Secure and move to a new try to find office space on our own? delivered effectively to AFS members. location with a minimum • If we move with other organizations, The AFS headquarters office should be disruption of member services what types of financial agreements a comfortable place to work and visit. and workplace activities; should we consider? As you may be aware, an offer has • Seek office space that will • Should there be a separate been made to purchase the land and accommodate our present needs foundation to manage buildings at the Grosvenor estate, a and future growth; and ownership of the new site?

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LegAcy issues desirable outcome, as it would permit I am pleased with the level of interac- efficient staff meetings and further tion between Governing Board mem- • Do we want to preserve our promote interactions between AFS bers and the thoughtful, deliberative intellectual legacy and create a display staff and AFS members serving on the process we applied in order to provide area for this in the new space? Governing Board and committees. The guidelines to our Executive Director, who • What should we conserve Board also recognized that given the serves as the point of contact for the during the move? cost of moving and the healthy com- potential sale. Governing Board desires • Are electronic records sufficient? mercial real estate market in the D.C. were based on information compiled area (unlike the residential market), AFS and delivered by the Executive Director FINANCIAL AsPeCts would not likely realize net revenue from and the Transition Committee. The the sale of our lease and subsequent • Do we want to purchase move from the Grosvenor property. In guidelines and desires articulated at the or lease new space? fact, Board members felt strongly that recent mid-year meeting are reason- • How much space do we need? the new headquarters location should able and realistic, and furthermore, • How do we envision using funds have sufficient space to accommo- allow flexibility in the future negotiation that may be realized from the date staff and business needs so as to for space, a space that all AFS mem- sale of the Grosvenor property? ensure the long-term health of AFS. bers will feel proud to call “home.” Partnerships with other profes- The Glascock building houses most sional societies could result in a cost of the AFS headquarters offices. savings for shared infrastructure (e.g., a shared central reception area, shared copy machines, phone systems, etc.) and could improve communica- tions among co-located societies. The Governing Board learned that the space we currently occupy does not include a conference room, yet the possibility of obtaining a property that included such a space was viewed as a

Fisheries • vol 33 no 4 • april 2008 • www.fisheries.org 161 News: Fisheries

Comments sought on possible of Australia, and New Zealand. Ballast-free ship technology eulachon ESA listing These regions are characterized by may also save energy NOAA Fisheries received a peti- river basins where nonnative species University of Michigan research- tion to list populations of eulachon make up more than one-quarter of ers are investigating a new design (or Pacific smelt, Thaleichthys paci- the freshwater fish species recorded. for cargo ships that would eliminate ficus) in Washington, Oregon, and Moreover, they are superimposed ballast tanks. Instead of hauling California as a threatened or endan- on biodiversity hot-spots which potentially contaminated water across gered species under the Endangered correspond to geographical zones the ocean, then discharging it in a Species Act (ESA). NOAA reported with a strong endemism rate and a port, a ballast-free ship would cre- that the petition has been reviewed very high total number of species. ate a constant flow of local seawater and presents information that a list- The team also sought to determine through a network of large pipes, ing for the species may be warranted. the extent of the relative influence called trunks, that runs from the bow The Columbia River stock of eula- of particular characteristics of each to the stern below the waterline. chon was listed by the AFS Marine ecosystem and human activities "In some ways, it's more like a Stocks at Risk project as threatened, on the diversity of nonnative fish submarine than a surface ship…. mainly due to freshwater habitat species. Three factors were tested: We're opening part of the hull to the concerns. A formal status review of “biotic resistance” (high diversity sea, creating a very slow flow through the species has been initiated and acts as a barrier to establishment of the trunks from bow to stern. You're NOAA is seeking information regard- nonnative species), “biotic accep- continuously sweeping water through ing the population structure and the ship and out so you're always filled tance” (nonnative species diversity status of eulachon throughout their with local sea water, not hauling water follows that of native species), and range in Alaska, British Columbia, from one part of the world to the “human activity” (gross domes- Washington, Oregon, and California. other," said Michael Parsons, professor tic product, percentage of land Information and comments, identi- of naval architecture and marine engi- urbanized, population density). fied by the code 0648-XF87, must be neering and co-leader of the project. The researchers found that human received by 12 May 2008. Comments Results from the latest round of factors, and especially the intensity of may be sent via the Federal eRule- tank tests and computer simula- economic activities measured by GDP, making Portal at www.regulations. tions suggest the ballast-free ship gov, by fax 503/230-5441, or by were largely responsible for determin- will deliver an unforeseen benefit. mail to 1201 NE Lloyd Boulevard, ing the number of nonnative species The design appears to provide a Suite 1100, Portland, OR 97232. present in a river basin. These results significant savings—possibly as much suggest that the economic develop- as 7.3%—in the power needed to Protecting Southern Hemisphere ment in the developing countries propel the ship. For a 650-foot bulk freshwater fish biodiversity may be accompanied by a rise in carrier hauling 32,000 metric tons An international research team the number of nonnative freshwater of cargo from the Great Lakes to from the Institut de Recherche Pour fish species. Some exceptional river Europe and back, that translates into le Développement, Centre National ecosystems, like the Amazon Basin in a roundtrip fuel savings of roughly de la Recherche Scientifique, and South America or the Congo in cen- $150,000. A report on the latest University of Toulouse recently tral Africa, were still hardly affected test results will be published in the examined data on presence of around by species introductions. For example, Transactions of the Society of Naval 10,000 freshwater fish in 1,055 river no more than 1% of the 3,000 spe- Architects and Marine Engineers. basins. They identified seven spe- cies of fish recorded in the Amazon The added construction costs of the cies-invasion hot-spots: the Pacific were nonnative species. The team ballast-free design would be more coast of North America and Central recommended setting up an effective than offset by eliminating the need America, Patagonia, southern and watch system for the surveillance of for ballast tanks and possibly soon-to- western Europe, South Africa and the exotic species colonizing biodi- be-mandated onboard ballast water Madagascar, central Asia, the south versity-rich natural environments. filtration and sterilization systems.

162 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Volume 20 Journal Highlights: Issue 1 Journal of March 2008 Aquatic Animal Health

To subscribe to AFS journals go to www.fisheries.org and click on Publications/Journals.

Cloning and Expression of Vibrio harveyi Fish Pathogen Screening and Its Influence and Edwin H. Robinson, pages 39-44. OmpK* and GAPDH* Genes and Their on the Likelihood of Accidental Pathogen Vertical Transmission of Ovipleistophora Potential Application as Vaccines in Large Introduction during Fish Translocations. ovariae (Microspora) within the Eggs of Yellow Croakers Pseudosciaena crocea. Eli P. Fenichel, Jean I. Tsao, Michael Jones, and the Golden Shiner. Nicholas B. D. Phelps and Chongwen Zhang, Lian Yu, and Ronghua Qian, Graham J. Hickling, pages 19-28. Andrew E. Goodwin, pages 45-53. pages 1-11. Effectiveness and Retention of Thiamine Streptococcus ictaluri Arthritis, Osteolysis, [Communication] Evaluation of a Reverse and Its Analogs Administered to Steelhead Myositis, and Spinal Meningitis in Channel Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and Landlocked Atlantic Salmon. H. George Broodstock. Alvin C. Camus, P. Lynn Test and Virus Isolation on Field Samples Ketola, Gary R. Isaacs, Jeffrey S. Robins, and Collected for the Diagnosis of Infectious Shewmaker, Michael J. Mauel, and David J. Russell C. Lloyd, pages 29-38. Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Cultured Wise, pages 54-62. Atlantic Salmon in British Columbia. Carol Effects of Variable Periods of Food Evaluating the Effect of Stressors on McClure, Sonja Saksida, Grace Karreman, Deprivation on the Development of Enteric Thiaminase Activity in Alewife. Jesse M. Joanne Constantine, John Robinson, Garth Septicemia in Channel Catfish. David J. Wise, Lepak, Clifford E. Kraft, Dale C. Honeyfield, and Traxler, and Larry Hammell, pages 12-18. Terry Greenway, Menghe H. Li, Alvin C. Camus, Scott B. Brown, pages 63-71

Volume 70 Journal Highlights: Issue 1 North American Journal of January 2008 Aquaculture

To subscribe to AFS journals go to www.fisheries.org and click on Publications/Journals.

Evaluation of Thermal Requirements for the [Communication] Cryopreservation and O'Connor, and R. Dunbar Steele, pages 68-73. Propagation and Recovery of June Suckers. Methanol Effects on Burbot Sperm Motility [Communication] Growth, Survival, and Body Greg A. Kindschi, Matt Toner, William C. Fraser, and Egg Fertilization. N. R. Jensen, M. D. Composition of Yellow Perch Juveniles M. Doug Routledge, Maureen Wilson, and Zuccarelli, S. J. Patton, S. R. Williams, S. C. Fed Commercial and Experimental Diets. Yvette Converse, pages 1-7. Ireland, and K. D. Cain, pages 38-42. Jacques Rinchard, Renaud Becheret, and Konrad [Technical Note] Inexpensive Apparatus Effect of the Dietary Ratio of Digestible Dabrowski, pages 74-79. to Rapidly Collect Water Samples from a Energy to Crude Protein on Growth and Evaluation of Barley Straw and a Linear-Design, -Flow Hatchery Raceway. Feed Conversion in Juvenile Pacific White Commercial Probiotic for Controlling James D. Bowker, Daniel G. Carty, and Molly P. Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under Similar Prymnesium parvum in Fish Production Bowman, pages 8-11. Levels of Daily Protein Consumption. Jesus Ponds. Aaron Barkoh, John M. Paret, Dale D. A. Venero, D. Allen Davis, and David B. Rouse, Effects of Salinity on Eggs, Larvae, and Lyon, Drew C. Begley, Dennis G. Smith, and J. pages 43-49. Warren Schlechte, pages 80-91. Juveniles of Blacknose Silversides from Lake Corn Gluten Meal Partially Replaces Dietary Chapala, Mexico. Carlos A. Martínez-Palacios, [Communication] Effect of Seminal Plasma Fish Meal without Compromising Growth Rosa L. Salgado-García, Ilie S. Racotta, Antonio Protein on Postthaw Viability and Fertility or Fatty Acid Composition of Sunshine Bass. of Arctic Char Spermatozoa. Nabil Mansour, Campos-Mendoza, and Lindsay G. Ross, pages Heidi A. Lewis and Christopher C. Kohler, pages 12-19. Gavin F. Richardson, and Mary A. McNiven, 50-60. pages 92-97. [Communication] Efficacy of Chloramine-T [Technical Note] A Simple Apparatus for Comparison of Production Traits of to Control Mortality in Freshwater-Reared Maintaining Gas-Supersaturated Seawater NWAC103 Channel Catfish,NW AC103 Salmonids Diagnosed with Bacterial Gill in the Laboratory for Experimental Channel Catfish ×B lue Catfish Hybrids, Disease. James D. Bowker, Daniel G. Carty, Purposes. Jeffrey E. Smiley and Mark A. Select 21 Channel Catfish, andB lue Larry Telles, Bob David, and David Oviedo, pages Drawbridge, pages 61-67. Catfish Grown at Commercial Densities and 20-26. [Communication] Interactions between Exposed to Natural Bacterial Epizootics. Early Development of the Sacramento Cage-Cultured Hybrid Tilapia and a Marine Rex A. Dunham, Gloria M. Umali, Renee Beam, Perch. Abimael León, Chris E. Miller, and Swee J. Monogenean, Neobenedenia melleni, Anang H. Kristanto, and Michael Trask, pages The, pages 27-37. in Jamaica. Ralph D. Robinson, Nicola P. G. 98-106.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 163 updATE: legislation and Policy

Elden Hawkes, Jr. AFs Policy Coordinator Hawkes can be contacted at [email protected].

ePA bRIeFs HoUse CoMMIttee experts the agency needs to meet help reach a long-term target on Fy 2009 BuDget permitting, technical review, and $1.2 billion revolving level. National Environmental Policy • $555 million to help meet the On Tuesday, 26 February 2008, Act (NEPA) requirements. Clean Water State Revolving Funds Norman D. Dicks of Environmental • $49 million to fund 250–300 diesel (CWSRF) program’s long-term Protection Agency (EPA) deliv- retrofit grant programs that target revolving target of $3.4 billion. ered the EPA’s statement on the older diesel engines which are not This program is able to meet EPA’s its 2009 FY budget to the com- subject to the new regulations. $6.8 billion total capitalization mittee on House Appropriations goal for FYs 2004–2011 with a Subcommittee on Interior, Climate Change reduced budget request due to Environment, and Related Agencies. higher than anticipated funding Dicks opened his testimony by • A total of $114.7 million to levels in previous years. stating that the President requests continue to achieve reductions • The FY 2009 budget continues $7.14 billion for FY 2009 to sup- of carbon dioxide, methane, to support the Water Enterprise port EPA’s mission to protect human perfluorinated carbon compounds Bond Initiative that proposes health and the environment both (PFCs), and other greenhouse financing wastewater and drinking directly and through EPA’s state, local, gases, and continue research water infrastructure projects using and tribal partners nationwide. He to better understand climate Private Activity Bonds (PABs) that also stated that since its founding, change and its ramifications. are exempt from unified state EPA has laid a strong foundation of • EPA will continue to achieve PAB volume caps. These bonds environmental progress. “Our air, will complement local efforts to reductions in greenhouse water, and land are cleaner today move towards full-cost pricing for gases by promoting energy than they were just a generation ago. wastewater and drinking water efficiency through partnerships This budget continues this progress, services, help localities become self- with consumers, businesses, supports the environmental commit- financing, and minimize the need and other organizations. ments that the President and I have for future federal expenditures. made, and institutionalizes EPA`s • EPA will invest $16.4 million to major management and perfor- continue to better understand Wetlands mance improvements,” said Dicks. climate change and its The testimony illustrated ramifications. Research findings • In FY 2009, EPA will work with various components of the FY will be used to support the its state and tribal partners to 2009 budget including: development of a proposed rule promote up-to-date wetlands on the geological sequestration mapping tied with geographic Advancing Clean, Affordable of carbon dioxide to ensure information systems (GIS) analysis, and Safe Energy that underground sources of strengthen monitoring and drinking water are protected. assessment programs to report on • An additional $14 million to help wetlands conditions, and improve Cooperative Programs ensure environmentally sound data to better manage wetlands decision-making, with proper within a watershed context. permitting and review, and in full • $842 million for Drinking Water compliance with the law. The $14 State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Watersheds million will support state and tribal grants, an increase of $13 million. partners' efforts to increase their This funding will help achieve • The FY 2009 budget reflects the capacity to review and assess all the target of 445 additional importance of core regulatory the proposed energy projects and infrastructure improvement projects pay for the additional technical to public water systems—and Continuied on page 196

164 Fisheries • vol 33 no 4 • april 2008 • www.fisheries.org Feature: Human Dimensions

Mark Morgan Morgan is a faculty member in the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism at the University of Missouri—Columbia. His teaching and research interests include human dimensions of natural resources management. Morgan can be contacted at markmorgan@ missouri.edu.

Outlaw Fishing in Missouri INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT: This study describes hand fishers and their unique method of harvesting catfish. Although the Missouri state legislature outlawed hand fishing in 1919, a segment of anglers Hand fishing is a still practice this sport. In 2000, some of the participants met with officials from the Missouri primitive method of cap- Department of Conservation and requested a legalized hand fishing season. Their petition was turing large catfish with denied, partly due to the lack of information about this activity. A mail-back questionnaire was your hands, rather than administered to hand fishers inM issouri and nearly 56% of them responded to the survey. Results using traditional gear or indicated that hand fishers were primarily males who lived in rural areas of the state. Participants equipment. Although went hand fishing about 13 times per year (x = 12.5) and caught approximately 10 catfish annually some blue catfish and (x = 10.4). A profile of hand fishers was developed and sent to decision-makers to assist them channel catfish Ictalurus ( with policy formation. Since hand fishers reported numerous ways of catching catfish (only 15% furcatus and I. punctatus, used their hands exclusively), a better description of these participants is needed. respectively) are caught this way, the flathead cat- La Pesca Ilegal en Missouri fish Pylodictus ( olivaris) is RESUMEN: El presente estudio describe a los pescadores “a mano libre” y su particular método para preferred by most hand capturar bagres. A pesar de que el estado de Missouri prohibió este tipo de pesca en 1919, una parte fishers (Jackson 1999). de los pescadores continúa realizando dicha práctica. En 2000, algunos participantes se reunieron con las autoridades del Departamento de Conservación de Missouri solicitando legalizar la apertura de la Despite the low number temporada de pesca “a mano libre”. La petición fue rechazada, en parte, por la falta de información of participants, hand fish- acerca de esta actividad. A través del servicio de correo, se hizo llegar un cuestionario a los pescadores ing is ingrained in the cul- “a mano libre” radicados en Missouri y cerca del 56% respondieron la encuesta. Los resultados indican ture of many midwestern que los pescadores “a mano libre” son en su mayoría de género masculino que viven en las áreas and southern states. This rurales del estado. Los participantes realizan la pesca “a mano libre” cerca de 13 veces al año (x=12.5) “folk-fishing” technique is capturando anualmente alrededor de 10 bagres (x=10.4). Se estableció un perfil de los pescadores also called hogging, tick- “a mano libre” que fue enviado a las autoridades encargadas de la toma de decisiones con el fin de ling, grabbing, grappling, dotarlos de información sobre políticas de operación. Ya que los pescadores reportaron numerosas yanking, or stumping— formas de capturar a los bagres (solo el 15% se valió exclusivamente de las manos) se hace necesaria depending upon local cus- una mejor y más completa descripción de estos participantes. tom (Salazar 2002).

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 165 In Missouri, hand fishing is referred to harpooning, and drugging them with poi- fish. Wilde and Riechers (1994) found as “.” Although the meaning of sonous plants (Bilger 1997). However, the least support for fishing regulations this term is unknown, there are two possi- most of the fishing ideology in theU ntied among flathead and blue catfish anglers. ble explanations: (1) hand fishers believe States was based on European customs Perhaps the managerial and demographic the texture of catfish skin (while under- (Gill 1980), instead of traditions used variations reported by Schramm et al. water) feels like a wet noodle; or (2) a by Native Americans. Recreational fish- (1999) are attributed to flathead and blue noodle is a simpleton and noodling is a ing, especially for trout and salmon, was catfish anglers in their sample. “silly or stupid action or idea” (Simpson known as a gentleman’s sport, practiced Gill (1980) reported that flathead and Weiner 1989:507). The origins of exclusively by aristocrats—not members anglers in Kansas typically had low pay- noodling can be traced to 1775 when a of the working class (Waterman 1975). ing, physically demanding jobs. When trader-historian named James Adair first Louv (2000) described various fishing cul- afforded the opportunity to fish, these described how American Indians dove tures in the United States and suggested anglers adopted a very relaxed attitude under water and caught catfish beneath that elitism is prominent in angling styles toward the sport. Despite long periods of the rocks using a red cloth and their hands and management practices. Status is one inactivity, they were ready (and strong as bait (Adair 1966). Despite having a reason why Morris (1989) believes that enough) to catch trophy-sized catfish. long and colorful past, little is known much of the fishing literature focuses on The ensuing battle was intense, some- about this activity except for some nega- “elite” types of angling (i.e., trout), rather times lasting for hours until the line was tive stereotypes often perpetuated by the than on “lesser” species (i.e., catfish). broken or the fish was landed. Although media. Although hand fishing has gained Irwin and Hubert (1999) cited anglers tended to be lon- some publicity recently, it has attracted two examples to show that catfish are ers, brief conversations with others were virtually no interest from the scientific “lowly” bottom-feeders: (1) according to expected. Many bait shop owners said community (Salazar 2002). Menomini tribal legend, the catfish has a they were committed. Others referred to Hand fishing is controversial because flat head because a moose stomped on it; flathead anglers as “die-hards,” since they catfish populations are managed in vari- and (2) Mark Twain cited an Englishman would go fishing even during the winter ous ways by fisheries biologists. As a who said that the Mississippi River con- months. Few in number, flathead anglers result, some state agencies allow it while tains coarse and “uneatable” fish, such as were said to be the most avid fishers (Gill others do not. At present, legal hand catfish. Despite its “blue-collar” image, the 1980). fishing occurs in six of eight states- sur popularity of catfish is high. According to Are hand fishers similar to other cat- rounding Missouri (Kansas, , the National Survey on Hunting, Fishing fish anglers? Anecdotal evidence suggests , , , and and Wildlife Associated Recreation (USDI a few commonalities with traditional flat- ). Although the Missouri state 2006), there are about 6.9 million catfish head anglers: a desire to catch large fish, legislature outlawed the practice of hand anglers in the U.S. a high consumptive orientation, and low fishing in 1919, this decision may not Although there are many similari- support for fishing regulations. Despite have been influenced by biology since the ties between catfish anglers and other some similarities, there is a potential for Missouri Conservation Commission was types of anglers, Gill et al. (1999) noted social conflict if these anglers encoun- not formed until 1937. Many rural citi- some important differences. As compared tered one another while using the same zens consider hand fishing as part of their with those fishing for largemouth bass resource (Quin 1993). Gill (1980) cultural heritage, a right of passage—not (Micropterus salmoides), crappie (Pomoxis reported that traditional catfish anglers a form of poaching behavior. Despite spp.), and sunfish Lepomis ( spp.), cat- disdained those using other approaches violating the law, many hand fishers fish anglers placed more importance on to catch flatheads, including hand fishers. view their participation in this sport as harvest levels and catching large fish, Morgan (2006) considered noodlers to merely a “folk crime.” According to Muth while showing little support for har- have the lowest status of all anglers, not (1998), folk crimes such as littering and vest restrictions (Schramm et al. 1999). only because of the species they seek (cat- gambling are perceived as minor offenses Additionally, these authors found that fish), but also because of the technique that do not violate public sentiment. catfish anglers reported lower household they employ (by hand). Oftentimes the perpetrators are called incomes and education levels, and more Little is known about hand fishing outlaws, bandits, and desperados, rather diversity in age structures, gender, and since it is a clandestine activity. Salazar than criminals. Such appears to be the ethnic backgrounds than other types of (2002) found that noodlers were avid case in Missouri. anglers. anglers and spent a lot of time outdoors. Are there differences between types of Socialization is important for hand fishers LITERATURE REVIEW catfish anglers? Wilde and Ditton (1999) since teamwork is needed to catch cat- studied four different kinds of catfish fish. Moreover, a social network is neces- According to Tryckare and Cagner anglers in : flathead, blue, channel, sary for older individuals to teach younger (1976), Native Americans taught some and “generic” catfish and found consis- people about this sport. Hand fishing is early settlers in North America the art of tency on 15 out of 17 fishing motives. uncommon and this activity is not likely “guddling,” a bare-handed method used However, those fishing for flathead and to grow in popularity since it relies heav- to catch fish by their gills. This fishing blue catfish differed from other catfish ily on oral traditions (Salazar 2002). For technique was one of several ways used anglers on two important dimensions: example, Reitz and Travnichek (2005) by American Indians. Other primitive a higher consumptive orientation and a reported that 86% of Missouri anglers methods included clubbing, lassoing, stronger desire for catching trophy-sized have heard about hand fishing, yet only

166 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 9% have actually tried this activity. During the winter of 2004, NA facili- Despite the relatively low number of hand tated the survey process. First, hand fish- fishers, their level of activity involvement ers received a pre-notification message (meaning of participation) is the same on NA stationary (signed by their presi- as trout anglers—at least in Missouri dent). This initial communication served (Morgan 2006). Apparently, noodling is two purposes: to validate the mailing list an important but poorly understood rec- and to help establish some credibility for reational activity. More information on the study. The second mail-out contained motives is needed. a cover letter (University of Missouri let- In 2000, a group called Noodler’s terhead, signed by the researcher), a ques- Anonymous (NA) approached the tionnaire, a song on compact disc (The Missouri Department of Conservation Missouri Noodler), and a business reply- (MDC) and asked for a statewide, legal- only envelope. The final correspondence ized handfishing season. Their request was a follow-up letter on university sta- was denied because of possible exploi- tionery (co-signed by the researcher and tation, reduced catch opportunities for NA president), containing a replacement traditional anglers, fair chase, nest/egg questionnaire, and a business-reply enve- disturbance, removal of large catfish from lope. A slightly modified version of the The End of the Line the population, and loss of cultural values tailored design method was used through- out the process (Dillman 2000). How Is Changing the World (Miller 2001). Near the time that NA and What We Eat petitioned MDC for a legalized season, CHARLES CLOVER there was a limited amount of informa- Questionnaire NEW IN PAPERBACK tion available on the biological (Bobea The survey asked a variety of questions, “The maritime equivalent of Silent Spring.” 1989; Francis 1993; Jackson et al. 1997; including catch and harvest information, —The Independent Winkelman 2003) or social aspects reasons for participation in hand fishing, “This book is not just for those interested (Bilger 1997; Salazar 2002) of hand fish- cultural factors, and some demographic in fisheries but for those worried about ing. Since the previously mentioned stud- items. To ease response burden, most of our survival.” —Mark Kurlansky, author of ies were conducted elsewhere, there was a the questions were worded in a closed- Cod and The Big Oyster need to describe hand fishers in Missouri. University of California Press ended or short answer format (only two From the Tsukiji in Tokyo to a questions were open-ended). The ques- restaurant on the North Sea and Purpose of the study tionnaire was 3 pages long and only took a trawler off the coast of Spain, this intel- about 15 minutes to fill out. Several hand legent and balanced account pursues the Since hand fishing has been illegal in sobering truth about the plight of fish. fishers were asked to complete the ques- Missouri for many decades, little factual $16.95 paper tionnaire prior to the study. Their com- information was known about this activ- ments and suggestions were incorporated ity. This study is the first to examine the into the final version. behavioral and social aspects of hand All of the mailings were sent from the fishers. Information about this issue was president of NA, but the questionnaires needed to formulate resource policy on were returned directly to the university. catfish management practices. To maintain confidentiality, the mailing list remained unknown to the researcher METHODS and the completed questionnaires were not seen by NA. An identification Angler Selection and number was placed on the first wave of Sampling Procedures questionnaires to assist in tracking non- Cutthroat respondents. However, the second wave Native Trout of the West There are about 665,000 licensed of questionnaires was mailed without PATRICK TROTTER anglers in Missouri, but this group prob- identifiers to increase the likelihood of Second Edition ably excludes many hand fishers since response. This new edition, thoroughly revised and noodling is illegal. Hand fishers who are updated, synthesizes what is currently licensed anglers might be reluctant to RESULTS known about one of our most interesting admit their participation in this activity and colorful fishes and includes much new for fear of reprisal. Consequently, Missouri information on its biology and ecology. Response Rates $34.95 cloth hand fishers have never been studied on a scientific basis. With the assistance of Of the 184 questionnaires distributed At bookstores or order NA, a list of participants was created to hand fishers, 103 were completed and (800) 822-6657 • www.ucpress.edu using a “snowball” sampling procedure (n returned (a 55.9% response rate). A non- = 184). Every hand fisher on the list was response bias check was not made due to asked to participate in the study. the sensitive nature of this topic.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 167 Table 1. Demographic, social, and cultural factors of hand fishers. Question Attribute N %

What is your gender? Male 97 94.2 Female 6 5.8 TOTAL 103 100.0

How did you learn about hand fishing? (check only one) Self-taught 5 4.9 Friend(s) 33 32.0 Grandparent(s) 10 9.7 Sibling(s) 5 4.9 Parent(s) 37 35.9 Aunt/Uncle 7 6.8 Other 6 5.8 TOTAL 103 100.0

Have you taught anyone how to noodle? Yes 80 77.7 No 23 22.3 TOTAL 103 100.0

What type of community do you live in? (check only one) Farm / Ranch 49 48.0 Rural (< 1,000) 25 24.5 Town (1,000-5,000) 22 21.6 City (5,000-50,000) 6 5.9 City (50,000 – 1 M) 0 0 Metropolitan (> 1 M) 0 0 TOTAL 102 100.0

Are you presently: (check only one) Employed 78 76.5 Retired 14 13.7 Unemployed 4 3.9 Homemaker 1 1.0 Student 5 4.9 TOTAL 102 100.0

What is the highest level of education you have completed? (check only one) < H.S. graduate 16 15.8 H.S. graduate 56 55.4 < College graduate 23 22.9 College graduate 6 5.9 TOTAL 101 100.0

Table 2. Trip characteristics, amount and type of harvest associated with hand fishing. Item n Mean SD

Number of trips (per individual, per year) 100 12.5 21.7 Hours spent (per individual, per trip) 94 4.2 4.6 Number of friends that accompany you (per trip) 102 3.3 1.5 Number of catfish caught (per individual, per year) 97 10.4 11.8 Kilograms of catfish caught (per individual, per year) 92 84.7 81.6 Number of catfish caught (per group, per year) 95 17.1 16.3 Kilograms of catfish caught (per group, per year) 86 153.6 166.2 Percent of catfish that get away (overall) 93 39.7 25.5 Minimum-sized flathead catfish (kilograms) 83 8.0 4.0 Trophy-sized flathead catfish (kilograms) 96 22.4 7.8

168 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Demographic and Social Aspects In turn, over three-fourths (77%) of the sized flathead catfish, according to hand noodlers have taught somebody else how fishers, would weigh about 22.4 kg. On average (Table 1), hand fishers to go fishing with their hands. Each hand fishing trip (Table 2) aver- in Missouri were middle-aged (about 40 aged in excess of 4 hours in duration and years old) men (94.2%) who were from Trip Characteristics, Catch noodlers were accompanied by 3–4 peo- rural areas of the state (over 90% lived and Harvest Information ple. The average number and weight of in towns of less than 5,000 people). Over catfish (per group, per year) were means half of the participants had completed Participants in this study went hand = 17.1 and 153.6 kg, respectively. Despite high school (55.4 %), and some were col- fishing approximately 13 times per year the fact that other people assisted with lege graduates (5.9%). Over three-fourths and caught about 10 fish annually. The the catch, noodlers only reported a 60% (76.5%) of hand fishers were employed in success rate (nearly 40% of the catfish got gross weight of catfish harvested by this outdoor professions, such as building and away). method (per hand fisher) was nearly 90.7 construction, skilled trades, and farm- kg. The average-sized catfish weighed ing-related occupations. Individuals first Hand Fishing Preferences began hand fishing when they were about approximately 9.1 kg, similar to what 14 years old and continued to participate hand fishers considered to be a minimum- Most participants (Table 3) sought in this activity for most of their lives. sized catch (mean = 8.0). However, most catfish in/under natural cavities (85.1%) Most hand fishers (68%) learned about noodlers would prefer to catch a larger in smaller rivers/streams (90.2%) dur- this sport through their parents or friends. fish, given the opportunity. A trophy- ing daylight hours (83.8%). Generally

Table 3. Hand fishers preferences related to location, technique, and philosophy. Question Attribute N % Would you rather go hand fishing during the: Day 83 83.8 Night 16 16.2 TOTAL 99 100.0

Do you prefer to go noodling in: (check only one) Large lakes 1 1.0 Small lakes/ponds 1 1.0 Big rivers 8 7.8 Small rivers/streams 92 90.2 TOTAL 102 100.0

Which methods do you use to catch catfish? (multiple response) Rod and reel 75 103 72.8 Trot lines 69 103 67.0 Hoop nets 6 103 5.8 Bank poles 66 103 64.1 50 103 48.5 Limb line 52 103 50.5 Hand fishing only 15 103 14.6 What equipment do you use while hand fishing? (multiple response) Ropes 22 103 21.4 Hooks / gaffs 6 103 5.8 Gloves 14 103 13.6 Bare hands only 73 103 70.9 Do you prefer to handfish in/under: Artificial structures 15 14.9 Natural cavities 86 85.1 TOTAL 101 100.0

When noodling, would you rather catch: Fewer, but larger fish 92 91.1 More, but smaller fish 9 8.9 TOTAL 101 100.0

How often do you practice catch-and-release handfishing? (check only one) Never 14 14.0 Sometimes 42 42.0 Frequently 36 36.0 Always 8 8.0 TOTAL 100 100.0

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 169 speaking, noodlers would rather catch ing this goal, given that the average sized tag return study that MDC was conduct- fewer but larger catfish (91.1%), as fish weighed less than 9.1 kg (approxi- ing on riverine catfish. biologists opposed to more, but smaller catfish mately 20 lbs.). However, the desire to concluded that at least 13% of flathead (8.9%). However, their “trophy” mindset catch large fish is pervasive throughout and blue catfish were being harvested is balanced by a strong support (86%) of the catfish angling community, regardless each year from all types of angling and catch-and-release as a fish management of technique (Jackson 1999). Producing practice: only 14% of noodlers “never” large fish is one goal of the Missouri that catfish were not able to reach their released their fish. Equipment use var- catfish management plan (Dames et al. growth potential under the current regu- ied, but the most common response was 2003), but trophy-sized catches only lations. To reduce mortality, the deci- “bare hands only” (70.9%). Hand fishers apply to traditional anglers—not hand sion was made to discontinue any form reported using a variety of ways to catch fishers. Noodlers consider this policy to of additional fishing pressure—especially catfish including: rod and reel (72.8%); be a form of discrimination. on larger catfish. Although the biological trot lines (67%); hoop nets (5.8%); bank It is common for anglers to use a vari- impact of noodling could not be deter- poles (64.1%); jug fishing (48.5%); and ety of methods to harvest catfish. For limb lines (50.5%). Only 14.6% of the example, Summers (1990) reported that mined, MDC officials were concerned sample reported that noodling was their catfish anglers inO klahoma used that it may result in too many catfish only method of harvesting catfish. (34%), jugs (20%), limblines (18%), and being taken if it were legalized statewide. hand fishing (5%), in addition to using They estimated the annual harvest of cat- DISCUSSION traditional methods, such rods and reels. fish taken by hand could be nearly 20,000 Perhaps the most surprising finding of fish having a combined weight of nearly Bray (1997) reported that catfish this study was the variety of methods that 170,097 kg (assuming that 2,000 anglers anglers had lower response rates on mail- noodlers used to harvest catfish. Based caught 10 fish per year weighing a total back surveys than did other types of on these results, anglers who practice fishers. Eliason (2004) said that a lower noodling exclusively (less than 15%) are of 84.4 kg). response rate could be expected for quan- almost non-existent. “Catfish anglers who The decision to prohibit noodling has titative surveys dealing with poaching, sometimes catch flatheads with their bare infuriated Missouri hand fishers, con- thus a qualitative approach was recom- hands” might be a better way to describe sidering the low number of participants mended. This quantitative study on hand the sample, thus indicating the degree of and amount of harvest activity. Rather fishers in Missouri yielded a fairly high homogeneity within members of the icta- than limiting the catch of traditional response rate (56%), a pleasant surprise lurid community. catfish anglers, noodlers were completely considering it was an illegal activity. Prior to this study, the only knowledge about MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS deprived of their activity. Although hand hand fishers was from conservation offi- fishers cited studies which showed that cers. Although such eye-witness accounts Since 2000, MDC and NA have noodling had a low impact on catfish can be a valuable source of information, crossed swords repeatedly. After much populations (Francis 1993; Jackson 1999; the potential for selective observation deliberation, MDC authorized a five- Winkelman 2003) but a high level of may lead to stereotyping. year study to examine the effects of hand public support (Morgan 2004), the policy Generally speaking, hand fishing is a fishing on portions of three rivers in the was not changed. In the end, hand fish- male-dominated sport that occurs in rural state (Mississippi, St. Francis, and South areas of the state. Most of the respondents Fabius). In 2005, Missourians were able ers felt as if their knowledge about catfish were middle-aged, but the large range and to participate in legal hand fishing for the ecology was devalued by MDC officials. standard deviation suggests that people of first time in 86 years. The dates for the Perhaps noodling is a good example of many different ages participate in noo- trial season were set from June 15 through rural hostility toward state control of fish dling. This finding reinforces the idea July 1. The limit was 5 blue, flathead, and and wildlife resources, given that manage- that hand fishers rely on a social network. channel catfish in the aggregate, with a ment agencies have changed the mean- Virtually all of the hand fishers learned possession limit of 10 fish per day. Flathead ing of some traditional harvest methods about noodling from others and a major- and blue catfish less than 22 inches (56 (Jacoby 2001). It is ironic that “culture” ity of them have taught it to someone else. cm) in length had to be released immedi- Interestingly, socialization and mentoring ately. After two full seasons of operation, is used by both sides of this argument: for are some of the most important factors a total 159 hand fishing permits were MDC noodling is a loss of cultural val- associated with angler recruitment and sold, but only 83 individuals reported ues, but hand fishers proudly carry on the retention (Fedler and Ditton 2001). their participation in the sport. Perhaps traditions used by their ancestors. Since Participation in hand fishing seemed some hand fishers wanted the permit as hand fishing is an entrenched behavior, it to be modest, based on the numbers of a souvenir, but did not use it. A reported is unlikely that education or law enforce- trips taken and fish harvested. In fact, total of 28 catfish were harvested on 201 ment will eliminate this folk crime. If these figures are much lower than the lim- fishing trips. The largest catfish weighed its established by MDC for other (legal) approximately 20 kg (about 44 lbs.). these two warring factions cannot resolve methods of harvesting catfish. Although In 2007, the last three years of the their differences, then “outlaw” fishing in hand fishers would like to catch large hand fishing experiment were abruptly Missouri will return as soon as the rivers catfish, most were unsuccessful in achiev- cancelled, partly based on results from a rise and catfish spawn.

170 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Reitz, R. and V. Travnichek. 2005. Angler opinions regarding handfishing for catfish in Missouri. Proceedings of the Annual Funding for this study was provided by University of Missouri— Conference of Southeast Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59:273-281. Columbia. I would like to thank the participants, students, and Salazar, D. 2002. Noodling: an American folk fishing technique. Journal of Popular Culture 35:145-155. manuscript reviewers for their unique contributions. Schramm, H. L., Jr., J. T. Forbes, D. A. Gill, and W. D. Hubbard. 1999. Fishing environment preferences and attitudes toward over- REFERENCES harvest: are catfish anglers unique? American Fisheries Society Symposium 24:417-425. Adair, J. 1966. Pages 433-434 in S.C. Williams, ed. The history of Simpson, J. A., and E. S. Weiner. 1989. The Oxford English dic- the American Indians. Argonaut Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan. tionary. 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Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 171 Feature: Donald R. Gunderson, Ana M. Parma, Fisheries management Ray Hilborn, Jason M. Cope, David L. Fluharty, Marc L. Miller, The Challenge of Managing Russell D. Vetter, Selina S. Heppell, and Nearshore Rocky Reef Resources H. Gary Greene

ABSTRACT: Nearshore temperate reefs are highly diverse and productive habitats that Gunderson and Hilborn are provide structure and shelter for a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. Recreational professors and Cope is a pre- and commercial fisheries depend on nearshore reefs, which also provide opportunities doctoral candidate at the School for non-extractive recreational activities such as diving. Many inhabitants of nearshore of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, temperate reefs on the west coast of North America have very limited home ranges as University of Washington, Seattle. adults, and recent genetic evidence indicates that the dispersion of the larval stages is often restricted to tens of kilometers. Management of temperate reef resources must be Gunderson can be contacted at organized on very small spatial scales in order to be effective, offering unique technical [email protected]. Parma challenges in terms of assessment and monitoring. New enabling legislation could is a career researcher, Argentine assist in specifying mandates and adjusting institutional design to allow stakeholders National Council for Scientific and and concerned citizens to formulate management policies at local levels, and to aid in Technical Research (CONICET), implementing and enforcing these policies. National Patagonic Center, Puerto Madryn, Chubut. Fluharty and Miller are professors at the School El Reto de Administrar Recursos of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle. Vetter is en Arrecifes Rocosos Costeros supervisor of the Fish Ecology Group at the National Marine RESUMEN: Los arrecifes costeros templados son hábitat altamente diversos y Fisheries Service, Southwest Fishery productivos que proveen estructura y refugio a una variedad de peces e invertebrados. Science Center, La Jolla. Heppell is Las pesquerías recreativas y comerciales dependen de los arrecifes costeros, que también an associate professor, Department ofrecen oportunidades para las actividades recreativas no-extractivas, como el buceo. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon Muchos de los habitantes de los arrecifes costeros en la costa oeste de Norteamérica, State University, Corvallis. Greene poseen estrechos ámbitos de distribución en su forma adulta; la evidencia genética más reciente indica que la dispersión de los estadios larvales muchas veces se restringe is professor emeritus at Moss a algunas decenas de kilómetros. El manejo de los recursos en arrecifes costeros debe Landing Marine Labs Center for estructurarse y organizarse a una escala muy pequeña para que sea efectivo, lo que Habitat Studies; director, Tombolo plantea un reto único en cuanto a evaluación y monitoreo. La introduccion de nueva Institute, Orcas Island; and senior legislacion podria asistir a establecer mandatos y disenos institucionales que permitan scientist, Monterey Bay Aquarium a los interesados en estos recursos formular politicals locales de maraejo, asi como Research Institute, Monterey. tambien ayudar a implementar y fiscalizar dichas politicas.

Nearshore rocky reef ecosystems extend years in federal waters (3–200 miles from the region. A “Symposium on Managing from the shoreline to a depth of about the coast), and residents such as black Temperate Reef Resources” sponsored by 40 m, with most human activities con- rockfish Sebastes ( melanops) that migrate the University of Washington School of centrated in areas of rocky reef and kelp across state boundaries. Aquatic and Fishery Sciences assembled forests. Species composition within these Because of their high diversity, their scientists, managers, and stakeholders ecosystems differs from area to area, but off critical role as habitat for important fishery from federal, tribal, and state agencies; the West Coast of Canada and the United species, and their close proximity to coastal academia; and conservation groups to States the main fisheries resources (Figure development, nearshore temperate reefs focus on the emerging problems presented 1) are rockfishes (Genus Sebastes), green- present unique management challenges by these resources. They were joined by lings (Family Hexagrammidae), sculpins that require cooperation among state scientists from as far away as Australia and (Family Cottidae), sea urchins, and aba- and federal agencies. Over 80 concerned Argentina. lone (Figure 2). While these ecosystems citizens and scientists from California, Symposium panelists and attendees lie within state jurisdiction in the United Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, reported that recreational and commer- States, they provide critical juvenile habi- and Alaska gathered in Seattle on 7–8 June cial fishing pressure on nearshore reefs tat for species such as yellowtail rockfish 2007 to consider the management of living is on the increase both in Canada and (Sebastes flavidus), which spend their adult resources on rocky nearshore reefs within the United States, presenting a manage-

172 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g ment problem that is dangerous to ignore. effective (Berkes et al. 2006). The costs of issues of scale and connectivity, integrat- Experience with the rapid expansion of delay are high, since many of the species ing state and federal management in a sea urchin (Berkes et al. 2006) and “live- inhabiting nearshore rocky reefs can live spatially-explicit framework, and institut- fish” (captured and sold alive at premium half a century or more (Ebert and Southon ing locally-based assessment and adaptive prices) fisheries have shown that stocks 2003; Beamish et al. 2006). Rebuilding management. can go from underexploited to depleted in depleted stocks can take decades, and five years or less.I n this era of globalization may not be possible at all (Hutchings and Research challenges: and rapid change, functional management Reynolds 2004). Symposium participants scale and connectivity systems capable of allocation, monitoring, identified key research and management and enforcement must be in place and issues that should be prioritized to assure Acoustic and conventional tagging long capable of responding to rapid increases in the long-term sustainability of nearshore ago established that many adult fish and catches within one year if they are to be temperate reef systems: understanding shellfish inhabiting these reefs range less than 100 square meters over the course of their lives. For Figure 1. Typical nearshore rocky reef fishes of the Northeast Pacific: (a) copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus, Wayne many years, it was assumed Palsson), (b) male kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus, Wayne Palsson), (c) newly recruited juvenile rockfish in kelp canopy (John Hyde), (d) lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus, Wayne Palsson). that these adults were linked over more extensive scales through their disper- sive egg and larval stages. However, recent genetic work has shown that in nearshore areas (less than about 40 meters deep), lar- val dispersion can be very limited (Gunderson and Vetter 2006), and many species conform to a “step- ping stone” model (Figure 3). This limited disper- sal results from diffusive oceanographic processes that tend to dominate advective processes as one moves shoreward (Largier 2003). Depending on the parameters used in the model, mean larval dis- persion over several gen- erations is estimated to range from 1–40 km for the species of rockfish that have been examined to date (Table 1, Buonocorsi Figure 2. (a) An endangered white (Haliotis sorensoni), one of several species of abalone inhabiting nearshore et al. 2002, 2004, 2005). rocky reefs in temperate waters (John Butler), (b) large red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) in an Propagule dispersion dis- aggregation of smaller purple sea urchins (S. purpuratus, Greg Jensen). tances for kelp and some species of abalone are even lower than those in Table 1 (Reed et al. 2006; Morgan and Shepherd 2006). These findings present a new challenge to fishery managers accus- tomed to managing popu- lations which range more widely over the course of their lives. Nearshore reefs are home to many juvenile fishes that spend their

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 173 Figure 3. Propagule dispersal models and population structure: (a) broad advective dispersal typical of species with extended early planktonic stages, (b) mesoscale dispersal typical of species whose early life stages develop in the plankton but are retained in an oceanographic feature such as the Southern California eddy, (c) diffusive dispersal typical of nearshore species whose eggs and larvae remain in nearshore boundary layers subject to diffusive rather than advective flows, (d) non-dispersing species that produce large, precocious young capable of swimming and not subject to dispersal by currents (from Gunderson and Vetter 2006).

adult lives in deeper water. Of 25 feder- emphasized when catch records of adults Individual stocks have differing pro- ally managed groundfish stocks that occur are the primary source of assessment data. ductivity, and their importance to the regularly in waters less than 60 m depth, The function of nearshore reefs as nurs- ecosystem may only be evident when an 17 utilize those shallow depths primar- ery habitat requires additional research, interdecadal perspective is taken (Hilborn ily as juveniles (PFMC 2005). Thus, the and there is very little information avail- et al. 2003). It is clear that we must either importance of nearshore temperate reefs able on nearshore-offshore connectivity of manage nearshore reefs at an appropriately for sustainable fisheries may be under- populations. small scale, or run the risk of depleting one stock after another of the more localized Table 1. Dispersal distance calculations using a stepping stone model, and assuming populations. Even in cases where larvae symmetrical, exponential dispersal along a linear habitat (from Buonaccorsi et al. 2005). disperse more widely, the fact that adults

Slope of genetic difference between samples (FST/(1-FST) versus distance apart was determined have limited home ranges has implica- through linear regression. tions for monitoring and management, as Slope F (1-F ) Mean Dispersal ST/ ST Adults per km s2 the status of each reef depends on its own per 1000 km Distance (km) exploitation strategy. If we are to main- Brown rockfish (S. auriculatus) 0.03 10 833 20 tain the function and integrity of these 0.03 100 83.3 6 nearshore ecosystems, yet take advantage 0.03 1,000 8.3 2 of the economic opportunities and envi- 0.03 10,000 0.8 1 ronmental services they provide, a new Grass rockfish (S. rastrelliger)A 0.01 10 2,500 35 paradigm for management on smaller spa- 0.01 100 250 11 tial scales will be required. 0.01 1,000 25 4 0.01 10,000 2.5 1 The need for integrated Copper rockfish (S. caurinus)B 0.008 10 3,130 40 spatial management 0.008 100 313 13 0.008 1,000 31 4 Currently only five geographic areas 0.008 10,000 3.1 1 are used to manage offshore stocks in fed- A Data from Buonaccorsi et al. (2004) eral waters off Washington, Oregon, and B Data from Buonaccorsi et al. (2002) California. If 10 km segments of the coast

174 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g are the appropriate unit for management, among stakeholders with differing aes- within the areas open to exploitation. literally hundreds of units will be required thetic orientation. Accordingly, networks These should involve different combina- in each state, a situation more analogous to of no-take areas have been established in tions of tactics and also specify the moni- managing a large park or small farm than California as “Marine Protected Areas” toring schemes and feedback mechanisms managing offshore fish stocks. If smaller while in British Columbia they are termed that will be used to adjust management units are appropriate, the institutional “Rockfish Conservation Areas.” Some controls in response to changes in the sys- requirements change as well. utilitarian stakeholders view such net- tem. Tactics such as size limits, bag limits, Where ecosystems are the concern, works as fisheries management tools, while and restricted fishing zones (including no- and the goal of managers is to maintain stakeholders oriented toward preservation take zones) or seasons are commonly used ecosystem function and ensure the persis- view the same networks as conservation in managing recreational fisheries for these tence of a broad array of consumptive and tools. Clearly, resolving these differences species, while trip limits and other catch non-consumptive ecosystem services, the will require zoning for different purposes, quotas or (in British Columbia) individual task requires aesthetic and ethical deci- and negotiation between stakeholders to transferable quotas are used for commercial sions. This is nowhere better characterized arrive at suitable compromises in allocat- fisheries (Table 2). Each of these tactics than in the differing perceptions of per- ing and managing these zones. has specific advantages and disadvantages manent no-take areas. Even the specific Each zoning plan will need to develop (Figure 4), and the combinations selected labels used can carry emotional baggage strategies for establishing catch limits in Table 2 reflect this. All too often how-

Table 2. Management tactics currently employed in the nearshore fisheries of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Commercial Area Time closure Area closure Gear restrictions Limited access Gear specs. Size limits Protected species ITQ Trip limits BC X X X X X WA X X X X X OR X X X X XX X CA X X X X X X X

Recreational Area Time closure Area closure Gear restrictions Limited access Gear specs. Size limits Protected species Landing quotas Bag limits BC X X X X WA X X X X XX X OR X X X X XX X X CA X X X X X X X

Figure 4. Impact of different management tactics on fishery characteristics (after Jennings et al. 2001). TAC: Total Allowable Catch, IQ: Individual Quota, IEQ: Individual Effort Quota, ITQ: Individual Transferable Quota.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 175 ever, these tactics tend to be piled onto regions. The longevities of many rocky jointly formulate ways of zoning the areas one another as managers “chase” the prob- reef inhabitants are such that once catches within a jurisdiction in order to achieve lem of a declining resource (Perry et al. approach sustainable levels, a 5–10 year specified goals. Some areas could be zoned 1999). cycle of experimentation and regional for commercial exploitation of species like monitoring with scuba and remotely oper- sea urchins, rockfishes, or greenlings, oth- Adaptive management ated vehicles (ROVs; Tables 3 and 4) may ers for recreational fishing or for “watch- at small spatial scales suffice, potentially lowering monitoring able” wildlife. The stakeholders who are costs. Habitat maps obtained using multi- awarded dedicated rights to a given zone The resource management “toolkit” beam sonar (Figure 5) will aid in identify- should also be willing to bear the respon- should be expanded to include wider use ing and mapping critical habitat, making sibility for managing them properly. of adaptive management techniques. The it possible to pair experimental areas more Management reference areas should also be localized nature of many species in the effectively and conduct stratified random set aside, offering scientists and managers rocky reef community makes it possible to surveys (R. Pacunski, D. R. Gunderson, and the ability to compare and contrast ecosys- carry out experimental manipulations of H. G. Greene. Washington Department of tems in high-use zones with those that are relatively small zones to explore ecosystem Fish and Wildlife, Mill Creek, unpublished not impacted by human activities. interactions, and their response to fish- data) in different habitats. Nevertheless, Additional legislation is needed autho- ing. Such experiments could also make it it is likely that the development of man- rizing localized management of nearshore easier to disentangle the effects of climate agement policy, allocation decisions, and rocky reefs, whereby groups of stakehold- and fishing on these ecosystems—always enforcement initiatives will be largely ers can be assigned dedicated use privi- a problem in areas where both impacts local. Modifications in the legal and insti- leges for the resources within a given zone operate simultaneously. A rich body of tutional structure at the federal and state as well as the responsibility for managing theory indicates that when a large num- level will be required to facilitate this. them properly. There are several success- ber of experimental areas can be incorpo- ful examples of managing valuable spe- rated into adaptive management designs, Stakeholder participation: cies such as abalone and other shellfish on this can be a powerful tool for informing local problems, small scales in Australia, Asia, Europe, and effective resource management (Walters local management Latin America (Molares and Freire 2003; 1986). Makino and Matsuda 2005; Defeo and Management must become more local- In a new era where the ecosystem Castilla 2006; Gonzales et al. 2006), and ized if it is to undertake adaptive experi- (rather than an individual species) is the these usually involve territorial rights for ments on the appropriate scale, and is focus of management, and non-extrac- specific areas and species, assigned either likely to depend on stakeholders for the tive users assume a more visible profile, to individual fishermen or cooperatives. development and implementation of new institutions and processes for decision Once these rights have been assigned, the management programs. Experience in making must be established. These institu- stakeholders involved have an incentive British Columbia has shown that enforce- tions should empower extractive users like to take on the responsibility and financial ment issues such as illegal or unreported commercial and recreational fishermen to burden of seeing that their resource alloca- catches and high-grading catches to retain interact with citizens interested in scuba tions are managed properly, and they can only the most valuable individuals are to diving or underwater wilderness areas to be highly innovative in managing them. be expected, and can be However, experience in addressed most success- Chile has shown that fully if local residents and Table 3. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals around population estimates there is a tendency for stakeholders support the obtained using an ROV in San Juan Channel, Washington (Pacunski et al. different cooperatives to management regime and unpublished). use different data collec- develop their own solu- Number of Transects (n) Copper rockfish Quillback rockfish Lingcod tion procedures, and that tions to these problems. Shallow n = 14 ± 48% ± 93% ±51% centralized coordination Regional approaches Deep n = 11 may be required to ensure could be developed which Shallow n = 20 ±39% ±69% ±43% consistency over time incorporate local initia- Deep n = 20 and space. Incorporating tives with strong man- the needs of the recre- dates and responsibilities ational fishery also poses Table 4. Number of paired sites for management. The task of designing a significant challenge to the spatial parti- required for 95% confidence intervals statistically valid experimental programs, of a specified range around the tioning of management decisions. monitoring them, and developing deci- mean difference between fished The process of developing enabling sion rules for management will require the and unfished sites. Based on scuba legislation for local management, estab- assistance of professionals with training survey data from San Juan Channel, lishing terms of reference for local in statistics, population, and ecosystem Washington, Eisenhardt (2001). management entities, and coordinat- modeling. State, tribal, and federal agen- Range Copper rockfish Lingcod ing across state and federal boundaries cies should provide advice and guidelines ±50% 15 6 clearly presents a significant challenge. for such communities in order to main- ±30% 42 16 The management entities that emerge in tain consistency and comparability across ±20% 96 35 response to this challenge will be most

176 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Figure 5. Simplified potential habitat map of San Juan Channel, Washington, used in a stratified random camera survey with an ROV. Based on multibeam bathymetry, acoustic backscatter, subsequent groundtruthing, and geological classification.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 177 successful if they are designed not only The way forward Figure 6. Right: map showing Chile’s 12 taking into account the spatial scales of administrative regions. Left: Region IV showing the biological resources, but also the pat- the cooperatives holding territorial user rights We are in the beginning stages of terns of use by different stakeholders and (TURFs). Bar to the extreme left indicates status developing institutions capable of the organizational scales which already of segments along the coast: black, TURFs addressing the challenge of managing exist at the human level. Over 300 ter- that include loco as a target resource; gray, nearshore reef ecosystems, and further background segments with suitable substrate, ritories (Figure 6) have been assigned to models can be expected to emerge. local fishers’ organizations in Chile to but not incorporated into TURFs; white, segments where substrate is not suitable for Previous experiences in implementing monitor and exploit the “loco” (a high- loco (after Gonzales et al. 2006). nearshore management programs in value mollusk, Concholepas concholepas) California (Mize 2006) and British and other shellfish, taking advantage Columbia (www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo. of the fact that historical fishing zones gc.ca/pages/consultations/fisheriesmgmt/ around individual ports and landing sites rockfish/default_e.html) have shown that have relatively little overlap (Gonzales extensive consultation with stakeholders et al. 2006). The Northwest Straits and citizens, and educational outreach Marine Conservation Initiative (www. will be vital to the success of any nwstraits.org) in Washington, the Port institution that emerges. Any successful Orford project off Oregon (www.pmcc. management framework will no doubt org), and Local Area Management Plans incorporate elements such as: (LAMPs) in Alaska offer three differ- 1. establishing an appropriate legal man- ent models of how this might be accom- agement framework; plished in the United States. 2. Clearly stating goals and guidelines for The Northwest Straits initiative management; was authorized by the U.S. Congress to 3. Stating access rights and incentives establish and fund county-based Marine Resource Committees (MRCs) in that will be used to achieve them; Washington. Each of these county-level 4. monitoring and enforcing in such a MRCs enlists volunteers to select res- way that it is clear if goals are being achieved or not; toration and conservation projects that Enabling protocol for Local Area 5. involving relevant stakeholders and meet performance benchmarks. They Management Plans (LAMPs) was intro- communities in allocation decisions; then attract partners from government duced in 1998 by the Alaska Board of agencies and conservation groups, and Fish (BOF) and North Pacific Fisheries and engage citizens in carrying these projects Management Council (NPFMC), allow- 6. implementing an educational out- out. Several MRCs have been involved ing communities to develop proposals for reach program to inform citizens of the in selecting Marine Protected Areas to locally determined fishery management importance of nearshore reef resources aid the recovery of fish populations on to be implemented if certain guidelines and the steps necessary to preserve and nearshore reefs. are met (www.sf.adfg.state.ak.us/region2/ manage them effectively. The Port Orford Initiative is a pilot groundfish/pdfs/guidelines.pdf). Although While these elements are critical to project being carried out by the Pacific the Alaska Department of Fish and Game the success of any management program, Marine Conservation Council (PMCC), works with groups seeking to develop a they need to be instituted in new ways, Port Orford Ocean Resource Team, LAMP, local users are tasked with the and at much smaller scales for nearshore Surfrider Foundation, and Ecotrust. primary burden of plan development, ecosystems. The overarching goal of the project is and the board suggests assembling a local The transition to more localized man- to develop a stewardship area that con- advisory committee or task force for this agement may have to be accomplished serves the biological integrity of near- purpose. A LAMP should reflect a high with little increase in existing public funds. shore reefs while maintaining access to degree of consensus from user representa- If this is the case, sample sizes per man- the resource by fishermen utilizing sus- tives in the area, and encompass fisheries tainable methods. The project focuses for all shared fish stocks in the local area agement area can be expected to decline, on a specific human community (Port for which conflict exists. The plan should and the precision of most monitoring and Orford, Oregon) and a specific geo- include, as appropriate, catch and posses- catch reporting data could also decline graphic region (the area surrounding sion limits, gear types, effort limitation, unless augmented by volunteer efforts Orford Reef). PMCC, stakeholders, and closed areas, seasons, and overall bound- such as the Reef Environmental Education citizens of Port Orford are developing aries of the local area plan. A Sitka Local Foundation (REEF) diving program (www. a stewardship plan which outlines gov- Area Management Plan (Springer 2006) reef.org). REEF trains volunteer divers in erning principles and performance stan- was developed to address the issue of survey methods and data entry, and main- dards, addresses access and allocation halibut depletion in local marine waters tains a centralized database of their results. issues, proposes no-take areas for man- and associated user conflicts, and has While one of the main goals of the pro- agement and scientific monitoring, and been approved by the BOF and NPFMC. gram is to develop an index analogous to incorporates on-board data collection Additional LAMPs are currently being the Audubon bird census, more statisti- for management and monitoring. considered. cally rigorous monitoring programs have

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Schindler, study of the Sitka Local Area Management mental in organizing the symposium and and D. R. Rogers. 2003. Biocomplexity Plan. Coastal Management 34: 455-465. served as facilitator during the proceed- and fisheries sustainability. Proceedings Walters, C. J. 1986. Adaptive management ings, and Joanna Smith for her technical of the National Academy of Sciences of renewable resources. Macmillan, New and logistic support. 100(11):6564-6568. York.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 179 Perspective: Fisheries Management John C. Briggs Briggs is a biogeographer and a Certified Fishery Biologist Emeritus who is affiliated with the Department The North Atlantic Ocean: of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis. He can be Need for Proactive Management reached at [email protected].

ABSTRACT: Among the major oceans of the world, the North Atlantic presents a INTRODUCTION unique problem in regard to the management of its commercial and recreational fisheries. Almost all of its populations of large‑sized, predatory fishes have collapsed to the extent Recently, it has been observed that the that they no longer play an effective role in the ecosystem. There is a fundamental ongoing erosion of marine biodiversity reveals difference in the biodiversity and present state of the fisheries between theN orth Atlantic a trend that predicts the global collapse of all and the North Pacific.M uch of the difference is attributable to their contrasting geological currently fished taxa by the year 2048 (Worm and climatic histories. The two oceans had been effectively separated until about 3.5+ et al. 2006). This extrapolation has been con- million years ago, when the Bering Strait was formed permitting the Great Trans‑Arctic sidered inappropriate (Holker et al. 2007) so Biotic Interchange. During the interchange, hundreds of Pacific species migrated to the the threat of a global collapse was evidently an Atlantic but only a few in the opposite direction. Although the Atlantic benefitted from exaggeration. However, that prediction may the interchange, its species diversity remained relatively low. Today, the North Atlantic, be more applicable to the North Atlantic. in comparison to the North Pacific, possesses only about half the number of molluscan species, about one third as many fish species, and many fewer species of crabs, shrimp, There is a significant difference between the and shellfish. The low biodiversity of the North Atlantic ecosystem has apparently made North Atlantic and the other major oceans. It it more vulnerable to fishing pressure resulting in a series of population collapses. Many is only in the North Atlantic that the popula- of the overfished populations have become so depleted that their recovery has become tions of almost all of the large‑sized, predatory questionable. In the marine environment, species invasions and introductions evidently fishes have collapsed E( ssington et al. 2006). have not caused extinction of native species or loss of biodiversity. Rather than devoting all A collapsed state means that the population our efforts toward the restoration of depressed populations, it is suggested that we undertake has become so low that the species no lon- a proactive management program. Proactive management means the addition of species to ger plays an effective role in the ecosystem. low diversity ecosystems in order to decrease annual variation, to increase biodiversity, and Compared to the North Pacific, the North to augment overall production. Atlantic communities have a low species diversity. A considerable part of the diversity El Atlántico Norte: difference is attributable to the contrasting geological and climatic histories of the two Necesidad de un Manejo Proactivo oceans. The Atlantic was formed in the late RESUMEN. Dentro de los océanos más grandes del mundo, el Atlántico representa Jurassic c. 150 million years ago (Ma) as un problema único en cuanto al manejo de pesquerías comerciales y deportivo- North Africa pulled away from North recreativas. Casi todas las poblaciones de grandes depredadores en el Atlántico han America (Hallam 1994). The history of the colapsado hasta el punto en el que ya no juegan un papel efectivo en el ecosistema. present cold‑temperate (boreal) marine biota Existe una diferencia fundamental entre el Atlántico norte y el Pacífico norte en can be traced back only as far as the mid‑Eo- cuanto a biodiversidad y estado actual de las pesquerías. Esta diferencia es atribuible cene, c. 40 Ma. At this time, a global cooling a su contrastante historia geológica y climática. Ambos océanos fueron separados hace cerca de 3.5+ millones de años, cuando la formación del estrecho de Bering event began that continued through most of permitió el gran intercambio biótico trans-ártico. Durante el intercambio, cientos de the Oligocene with temperatures reaching especies en el Pacífico migraron al Atlántico, pero solo unas pocas lo hicieron en el their minimum c. 29 Ma. The severe cli- sentido opuesto. Si bien el Atlántico se benefició con este intercambio, su diversidad matic change caused extinctions that greatly específica se mantuvo comparativamente baja.E n la actualidad el Atlántico norte, en reduced species diversity. Most of the spe- relación al Pacífico norte, posee apenas la mitad del número de especies de moluscos, cies comprising the original warm‑temperate un tercio de las especies de peces y muchas menos especies de cangrejos, camarones y biota, that had been acclimated to winter otros mariscos. La baja diversidad del ecosistema del Atlántico norte aparentemente lo ha vuelto más vulnerable a la presión de pesca, dando como resultado el colapso de una serie de poblaciones explotadas. Muchas de las poblaciones se han agotado Geologic Time Scale tanto que su recuperación resulta muy cuestionable. En el ambiente marino, la Period epoch Ma (start) invasión e introducción de especies exóticas no ha precipitado la extinción de Neogene Pleistocene 1.64 ‘’ Pliocene 5.20 especies nativas o la pérdida de biodiversidad. Más que enfocar todos los esfuerzos ‘’ Miocene 23.30 hacia la recuperación de las poblaciones agotadas, se sugiere que se adopte un Paleogene oligocene 35.40 programa de manejo proactivo. El manejo proactivo implica la adición de especies a ‘’ Eocene 56.50 ecosistemas de baja diversidad con el fin de reducir la variación anual, incrementar ‘’ Paleocene 65.00 la biodiversidad y aumentar la producción.

180 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g temperatures between 12o C and 20o C, were separation. The event of 3.5 Ma is called the about one-third the fish species. Prior to the either eliminated or displaced to the south. A Great Trans‑Arctic Biotic Interchange. trans-Arctic migrations of c. 3.5 Ma, the spe- new boreal ecosystem, with winter tempera- The biogeographical consequences of the cies diversity of the North Atlantic was even tures between 2o C and 12o C, then began to interchange have been evaluated by Vermeij lower. Although the migrations of the mol- evolve (Briggs 1995). (1991, 2004). He identified 289 molluscan lusks are best known (Vermeij 1991, 2004), When the cold‑temperate communities species that either took part in the migrations almost all groups of North Atlantic fishes and first developed, the North Pacific was already or had descended from taxa that did. Of these, macroinvertebrates include species of North separated from the Arctic Ocean by the Bering 265 species invaded from the Pacific to the Pacific ancestry. For example, the fish families Land Bridge. By the late Eocene, northern Atlantic and only 24 invaded in the oppo- Salmonidae, Osmeridae, Zoarcidae, Cottidae, Europe had separated from Greenland, creat- site direction. This gives a ratio of more than Agonidae, Liparididae, Stichaeidae, Pholidae, ing the present passage between the North 9:1 in favor of the Pacific. Vermeij concluded and the genus Sebastes (Scorpaenidae) proba- Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. The physi- that the vast majority of the species arose by bly originated in the North Pacific but, during cal separation between the North Pacific anagenesis (without lineage splitting) so it the interchange, contributed one or more spe- and Arctic‑North Atlantic, that lasted for was reasonable to suppose that there has been cies to the North Atlantic. However, the cod the ensuing c. 35 million years, resulted in little diversification since the early Pliocene. family Gadidae evolved in the Atlantic and the evolution of two completely different This means that the asymmetry of the inva- contributed two species to the North Pacific ecosystems, each distinguished by endemic sions cannot be accounted for by the 2:1 ratio (Briggs 2003). families, genera, and species. Of the two, in species diversity and suggests a competitive Despite all its trans‑Arctic exports, the the North Pacific developed a much more advantage for the Pacific species. North Pacific still possesses 10 fish- fami diverse biota at all three taxonomic levels. At the time of the great interchange, the lies that are not represented in the North Even today, despite some interchange during Arctic Ocean was ice‑free and cold‑tem- Atlantic and, within some of the shared fami- the Miocene-Pliocene, the North Pacific pos- perate conditions still prevailed. (Golikov lies, there is a remarkable Pacific superiority sesses about twice the number of molluscan and Scarlato 1989). The final closure of the in species numbers. Considering only U.S. species (Vermeij 2004) and probably three Panamanian Isthmus c. 3.1 Ma strengthened and Canadian waters, there are in the fam- times as many fish species (Briggs 1974). the Gulf Stream system and favored the onset ily Cottidae 85 species in the Northeastern Although the portion of the North Pacific of glaciation on the northern continents. A Pacific compared to 12 in the Northwestern shelf occupied by boreal waters is larger than major intensification of northern hemisphere Atlantic, in the Stichaeidae the ratio is 31 the equivalent part of the North Atlantic, glaciation took place between 2.9 and 2.4 Ma to 5, in the Pleuronectidae 28 to 6, and in it is not twice as large so size alone does not (Raymo 1994). As a result, the Arctic sea the genus Sebastes it is 74 to 3 (Nelson et seem sufficient to account for the difference surface temperature for the coldest month al. 2004). This imbalance is also reflected in in species diversity. It has been suggested that dropped to between +2o C and ‑2o C, most the fish species that are of commercial value. the diversity imbalance is attributable to dif- of the boreal species were eliminated, and In the Northeastern Pacific of the United ferent thermal histories (Briggs 2003). During the modern Arctic marine biota began to States, 158 species or species complexes are the evolution of its cold‑temperate biota, the develop. managed by the National Marine Fisheries North Atlantic has been wide open to the The mid‑Pliocene cooling, which had a Service and/or local councils. But, in the influx of ice and cold surface temperature lasting effect on northern hemisphere bioge- Northwestern Atlantic, only 49 species or from the Arctic Basin. The low tempera- ography, extended beyond the Arctic Basin complexes are so managed (NMFS 2007). In tures that occurred during the glacial stages and into the northern parts of the Pacific the North Pacific, there are many more com- of the Pliocene produced extinctions that and Atlantic. In the Atlantic, the cold‑water mercially valuable invertebrate species than were greater in the North Atlantic than in Arctic Region now extends southward to the in the North Atlantic. For crabs and shrimp, the North Pacific (Vermeij 2004). Due to Strait of Belle Isle in the west and to the Kola the ratio appears to be about 4:1 the presence of the Bering Land Bridge, the Fjord at the base of the Murmansk Peninsula North Pacific was not exposed to the Arctic in the east. Included are all of the waters PRESENT FISHERIES Basin during the glacial stages. This protec- around Greenland and the northern half of tion from temperature extremes may have Iceland (Briggs 1995). This southern incur- Of the 49 species or stocks that are under been critical in allowing a greater buildup of sion resulted in the original Pliocene boreal management off the North Atlantic coast of diversity in the Pacific. region being separated in two parts, one to the United States, 19 are considered to be over- the east and the other to the west. Typical fished. In comparison, off the North Pacific THE INTERCHANGE boreal species were no longer able to maintain coast only 6 of the 158 species are overfished amphiatlantic distributions and evolutionary (NMFS 2007). Among the Atlantic species At one time, it was thought that the change began to take place separately in each considered to be overfished are Atlantic cod Bering Land Bridge had remained intact until part. This is why we are now able to define a (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus c. 3.5 Ma, but recent work on fossil materials boreal region on each side of the Atlantic in aeglefinus), American plaiceHippoglossoides ( (Gladenkov et al. 2002) has indicated that terms of its endemic species. platessoides), white hake (Urophycis tenuis), the first opening may have taken place as early yellowtail flounder Limanda ( ferruginea), as 5.4‑5.5 Ma. When the Bering Strait first A DEPAUPERATE OCEAN windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus), winter opened, it may have been shallow and pro- flounder Pseudopleuronectes( americanus), and vided only limited passage but, by c. 3.5 Ma, it As noted, the North Atlantic, compared Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). apparently allowed an unrestricted mingling to the North Pacific, possesses only about These groundfish species grow very large and of biotas that had evolved while in complete half the number of molluscan species and once provided the bulk of seafood produc-

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 181 tion for eastern North America. Also over- populations spread over hundreds of square sity appears to be driven mainly by population fished are the large pelagic species including miles, the reserves will have to be appropri- size (Kimura and Ohta 1971). Small popula- blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), white mar- ately large. It has been estimated that more tions may undergo additional losses through lin (Tetrapturus albidus), sailfish Istiophorus ( that $1 billion (U.S.) of taxpayers’ money is genetic drift. As genetic diversity decreases, platypterus), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), being used by North Atlantic nations to sub- the population loses adaptive potential. There bluefin tunaThunnus ( thynnus), albacore sidize (Pauly andM aclean is a highly significant correlation between (Thunnus alalunga), porbeagle (Lamna nasus), 2003). That kind of support enables contin- genetic diversity and population fitness (Reed dusky shark (Carcharinus obscurus), and sand- ued pressure on declining populations beyond and Frankham 2003). bar shark (Carcharinus plumbeus). None of the the point of economic justification. Whether or not a species represented by a large pelagic species in the Pacific were listed Another general problem is that of over- small population will be driven to extinction as overfished (NMFS 2007). The populations capacity, i.e., too many vessels are employed would seem to depend on its population his- of all the noted Atlantic species are so low that in order to efficiently harvest a given resource. tory and if its genetic diversity has remained they cannot or should not be harvested and it The result is too much environmental dam- high enough to allow it to respond effectively may not be possible for them to recover their age, especially where large‑scale bottom to environmental changes. If a small remnant former abundance in the foreseeable future. takes place. Some governments have population does survive, it may not be able The history of the fisheries in the east- solved this problem by instituting buyback to regain its former numbers because another ern North Atlantic shows a similar trend of programs to purchase vessels and retire them. species has expanded to fill its niche. For overfishing followed by population collapse The problem of dealing with illegal catches example, about 50 years after the collapse of (Pauly and Maclean 2003). The traditional has been difficult in the past, but in these the California sardine fishery, the sardine pop- herring fisheries had failed by the 1960s. The days of satellite navigation and observation ulation has not recovered, but squid species populations of cod, haddock, and capelin in it should not be hard to keep track of vessels have become abundant and now comprise the the Barents Sea collapsed in the mid‑1980s. and their fishing methods. Individual boats most valuable fishery in that area.I t has been Farther south in European Union (EU) waters, can be required to install transponders and suggested that such a devastated population it was known by 1990 that fishing should be navigational equipment. Regulation of fish- may be unable to recover to its pristine state reduced on almost all species. By 2000, EU ing in international waters is accomplished by due to a catastrophic regime shift (Scheffer officials concluded that two-thirds of the treaties and other agreements among nations. and Carpenter 2003). major fish populations were being overfished, In some areas they work well, but in others but there has been a reluctance to reduce the they do not. PROACTIVE MANAGEMENT fishing pressure to a realistic level. Finally, there is a restoration step generally entitled “stock enhancement” that usually Considering that the North Atlantic has RESTORATION PROBLEMS refers to the release of recruits as advanced been overfished to the point where the popu- juveniles from hatcheries. Stock enhance- lations of its most valuable species may not A useful review of the North Atlantic ment as a management tool is more common be able to recover, is there anything that can fisheries has been written by Pauly and in freshwater than in marine systems. But in be done aside from the management actions Maclean (2003). This work traces the his- recent years, numerous hatcheries for marine that have already been recommended? The tory of the fisheries, identifies the reasons for fishes and invertebrates have been established answer is “yes,” provided marine biologists their decline, and makes suggestions for their by state governments and private interests. A and conservation organizations are willing restoration. Among the steps that would need detailed review of the population dynamics to consider the possibility of transplantation, to be considered for restoration are the impo- and potential of fisheries stock enhancement a procedure that has earned a bad reputa- sition of (1) quotas, (2) marine reserves, (3) has been published (Lorenzen 2005). The tion from results in terrestrial and freshwater subsidy reduction, (4) fishing fleet reduction, author concluded that enhancement cannot habitats. In the latter areas, there have been (5) improved methods for dealing with illegal substitute for effort limitation and is advanta- unfortunate experiences when exotic species catches, and possibly (6) stock enhancement. geous only if the population has been reduced are introduced into locations where space is Quotas can refer to the total quantity of fish to a very low proportion of its unexploited relatively restricted. On oceanic islands and that an entire fishery is allowed, or they can biomass. in some streams and lakes, introduced species be applied to a given fleet, or to individuals If all of the above restoration steps can be have caused economic damage and have been doing the fishing. An indirect kind of quota is effectively undertaken, would this permit the responsible for the extinction of native spe- to limit the size of the fishing fleet to vessels of overfished populations to recover? The answer cies (Lockwood 2004). a given number and/or size. would depend on such factors as the size of For the marine environment, it has been The establishment of marine reserves, the remaining population, the time that it observed that community biodiversity may be where no fishing is allowed, has proven to be had been depressed, and its life history. Some largely dependent on continuous invasions an effective way to allow the recovery of pop- populations are known to exhibit an “Allee from regional or more distant sources. On the ulations that had become severely depleted effect” whereby the per capita birth rate will other hand, some ecologists and policy‑makers (Halpern and Warner 2002). Their main decline as the density becomes less (Allee consider the invasion of alien species a major advantage is that they allow entire ecosystems 1931). This effect is likely to be important in threat to biodiversity. In order to explore to recover from the effects of destructive fish- schooling fishes where smaller schools may these contradictions, I undertook a review of ing methods and from the selective removal have less protection from predators and may the present state of our knowledge pertaining of the largest individuals. But so far, reserves be unusually vulnerable during mass spawn- to invasions in marine waters (Briggs 2007). have been designated only for very small ing. When populations are reduced in size, Although the number of studies on invasion areas. In order for them to be effective for fish they lose genetic diversity because such diver- effects is not large, those that have been done

182 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g provide useful information. None of the results so far published has indicated any extinction of native species or loss of biodiversity. A total of 21 marine species have become extinct in recent times (4 mammals, 11 birds, 1 fish, 4 molluscs, 1 alga); none of these losses can be attrib- uted to invader species (Gurevitch and Padilla 2004). In most cases, there has been a gain in biodiversity and organic production. This does not deny that a few invaders have become pests that interfered with aquacultural or fishery operations, but the frequently expressed fears of biodiversity loss appear to have no basis. A skeptic may inquire about possible long‑term losses. How do we know that biodiversity loss will not occur many years or thousands of years after an invasion? There are some results from paleontological works that provide information about long‑term effects. The Great Trans‑Arctic Interchange of 3.5+ Ma, resulted in at least 143 new mol- luscan species colonizing European shores while 176 settled in eastern North America. About 47 % of the invaders have now become dis- tinct at the species level from their North Pacific ancestors (Vermeij 2005). Although some invaders may have replaced the incumbents in preferred habitats, none of the natives is known to have been driven to extinction. Other examples exist, but this one is well suited to the North Atlantic. The attractiveness of a transplant solution has been improved by several research findings. A recent review devoted to ocean ecosys- tem services (Worm et al. 2006) found that experimental data, when combined, revealed a striking general picture indicating that increased diversity of both primary producers and consumers enhanced all exam- ined ecosystem processes. Furthermore, comparison of records from coastal ecosystems showed that those with higher species richness demonstrated lower rates of collapse of commercially important fish and invertebrate taxa over time. And they found that collapses of large marine ecosystem fisheries occurred at a higher rate in species‑poor ecosystems, as compared to species‑rich ones. A related finding emphasized by Worm et al. (2006), was that fished taxa richness was negatively related to the variation in catch from year to year and positively correlated with the total production of catch per year. An example illustrating this function was published by Ruesink et al. (2006). They examined the changes in ecosystem function asso- ciated with introductions into Willapa Bay, an undeveloped estuary in Washington state. Key aspects of the observed changes were (1) replacement of native oysters by two new bivalve species that increased Vemco (Amirix Systems, Inc.) the secondary production of harvested species by 250% over peak his- toric values, and (2) the addition of two tracheophytes that increased primary production by more than 50%. The introduction of these exotic species thus dramatically improved the overall production of the bay. This work was of notable importance because the impacts of the introduced species were measured at the scale of the entire ecosystem. It has been noted that the greater temporal stability of more diverse communities is apparently due to higher productivity, competitive interactions, and statistical averaging (Lehman and Tilman 2000). This “portfolio effect” has been confirmed by results from harvesting in an eight‑species ecosystem (Finnoff and Tschirhart 2003). Theory has predicted that while species diversity increase will enhance communi- ty‑level biomass, it will decrease population‑level stability. But research on aquatic food webs found no negative effect of diversity increase on population‑level stability (Steiner et al. 2005). Hooper et al. (2005) referred to a broad consensus among ecologists to the effect that hav- ing a wide range of species that respond differently to environmental perturbations can stabilize ecosystem process rates in response to dis- turbances. These kinds of information suggest that ecosystems demon- strating low species diversity may benefit from a proactive management

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 183 strategy whereby some exotic species could be sonably well known and if it appears that they REFERENCES added to the mix. would fit into the North Atlantic ecosystem, the chances of a disastrous result would appear Allee, W. C. 1931. Animal aggregations, a study TRANSPLANTATION RISKS to be exceedingly slim. in general sociology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Briggs, J. C. 1974. Marine zoogeography. Of the thousands of marine species inva- CONCLUSION McGraw‑Hill, New York. sions that have occurred around the world, _____. 1995. Global biogeography. Elsevier, only a very few have turned out to be pests or We are considering the case of the boreal Amsterdam. have had detrimental effects on native com- North Atlantic, a relatively impoverished _____. 2003. Marine centres of origin as evo- munities. But these few species are the ones ecosystem compared to the North Pacific. At lutionary engines. Journal of Biogeography that have been widely publicized, while the one time, about 3.5 Ma, many Pacific species 30:1‑18. rest have been largely ignored. For example, invaded and successfully established them- _____. 2007. Marine biogeography and ecol- the Mediterranean Sea is the most highly selves. If it were currently possible to make a ogy: invasions and introductions. Journal of invaded of the world’s major oceans with 650 large number of transplants, the advantages Biogeography 34:193‑198. Committee on Nonnative Oysters in exotic species being reported (Streftaris et al. of their establishment appear to be obvious: a more stable ecosystem with less annual Chesapeake Bay. 2004. Nonnative oysters in 2005). Of that number, only two cases with Chesapeake Bay. National Academies Press, variation, greater fishery production involving detrimental effects have attracted much sci- Washington, DC. entific interest and public awareness. The first many more species, and a greater resistance Essington, T. E., A. H. Beaudreau, and J. was the invasion of the North American jel- to disturbance. It would seem logical to trans- Wiedenmann. 2006. Fishing through marine lyfish Mnemiopsis ( leidyi), which contributed plant species from the North Pacific since the food webs. Proceedings National Academy of to the collapse of the Black Sea commercial present climatic conditions are comparable Sciences USA 103:3171‑3175. fisheries in the 1980s. The second was the and it is the source of many species that suc- Ewel, J. J., and 20 coauthors. 1999. Deliberate release of the alga (Caulerpa taxifolia) from the cessfully invaded long ago. introductions of species: research needs. Monaco Aquarium in 1984. The latter has What would be the chances of successful BioScience 49:619‑630. Finnoff, D., and J. Tschirhart. 2003. Harvesting had an adverse effect on the native algae in the transplantations? So far, there appears to be in an eight‑species ecosystem. Journal of northwest Mediterranean. On the other hand, only one example. In the 1960s, the Soviet era Russians introduced Pacific king crabs into Environmental Economic Management several of the invader species that entered via 45:589‑611. the Barents Sea, just north of Norway and the Suez Canal have enhanced fishery pro- Galil, B. S. 2006. The marine caravan—the duction in the eastern Mediterranean (Galil western Russia. The introduction was a suc- Suez Canal and the eurytherean invasion. 2006). cess and large‑scale harvests began in 2002. Pages 207‑300 in S. Gollasch, B. S. Galil, A. In regard to the North Atlantic, there are In December, 2006, U.S. newspapers reported N. Cohen, eds. Bridging divides—maritime also only two cases of detrimental invasion that that Russian exports of Barents Sea king crabs canals as invasion corridors. Monographae have attracted much attention. In Long Island to the United States were offering stiff price Biologicae 83. Springer, Dordrecht, The Sound, the combined effects of two invaders, competition for the Alaskan crab fishermen. Netherlands. Gladenkov, A. Y., A. E. Oleinik, L. the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) The transplantation of the Asian oyster Marinkovitch and K. B. Barinov. 2002. A and the Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus san- (Crassostrea ariakensis) to Chesapeake Bay is being evaluated (Committee on Nonnative refined age for the earliest opening of Bering guineus), have negatively affected the native Oysters 2004). The king crab introduction was Strait. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology blue mussel population (Lohrer and Whitlatch successful but we don’t how many others were Palaeoecology 183: 321‑328. 2002). And in Europe, the American slipper Golikov, A. N., and O. A. Scarlato. 1989. tried. Is it worthwhile to make the attempt? limpet (Crepidula fornicata), was introduced Evolution of the Arctic ecosystems during Certainly, the risks of transplants seem to be in the 1870s and adversely affected that blue the Neogene period. Pages 257‑279 in Y. minimal. As far as we know, introduced and mussel population (Thieltges 2005). In con- Herman, ed. The Arctic seas: climatology, native marine species will accommodate to trast, a broad‑scale examination of the effects oceanography, geology and biology. Van each other, production will benefit, and native of invader species along the European coasts Nostrand Reinhold, New York. species will not be lost. The prospect of having Gurevitch, J., and D. K. Padilla. 2004. Are found no evidence of impaired biodiversity or in the North Atlantic a much greater variety invasive species a major cause of extinc- ecosystem function; the invaders added new of rockfish Sebastes ( ), flounders, soles, crabs, tions? Trends in Ecology and Evolution ecological traits, intensified existing ones, and shrimps, and shellfish does seem attractive. 19:470‑474. increased redundancy (Reise et al. 2006). This proposed program may be called “proac- Hallam, A. 1994. An outline of Phanerozoic How much risk would be entailed by the tive management.” It seeks to improve poor biogeography. Oxford University Press, UK. transfer of numerous North Pacific species? ecosystems by adding species diversity instead Halpern, B. S., and R. R. Warner. 2002. Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology While it is possible to envision a variety of of only preserving the status quo. This proposal bad results involving unexpected predation, Letters 5:361‑366. may be controversial but it suggests an alterna- NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). parasites, or diseases, the chances of such tive that needs to be considered. The risks are occurrences need to be examined in the light 2007. National Marine Fisheries Service’s few and the potential benefits many. report on the status of U.S. fisheries for 2006. of previous experience with marine organisms. NMFS, Silver Spring, Maryland. Certainly, each species being considered for ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Holker, F., D. Beare, H. Dorner, A. di Natale, transplant should be evaluated, perhaps using R. Hans‑Joachim, A. Temming and J. the steps recommended for terrestrial species I wish to thank E. A. Hanni and three anon- Casey. 2007. Comment on “Impacts of bio- (Ewel et al. 1999). However, if the life histo- ymous reviewers for their assistance with the diversity loss on ocean ecosystem services.” ries of the Pacific species concerned are rea- manuscript. Science 316:1285.

184 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Hooper, D. U., F. S. Chapin, J. J. Ewel, A. Hector, P. Inchausti, S. Lavorel, J. H. Lawton, D. M. Lodge, M. Loreau, S. Naeem, B. Schmid, H. Setala, A. J. Symstad, J. Vandermeer, and D. A. Wardle. 2005. Effects of diversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of cur- rent knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75:3‑35. Kimura, M., and T. Ohta. 1971. Theoretical aspects of population genetics. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Lehman, C. L,. and D. Tilman. 2000. Biodiversity, stability, and produc- tivity in competitive communities. The American Naturalist 156: 534‑552. Lockwood, J. L. 2004. How do biological invasions alter diversity patterns? A biogeographic perspective. Pages 271‑310 in M.V. Lomolino and L. R. Heaney, eds. Frontiers of biogeography. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. Lohrer, A. M., and R. B. Whitlatch. 2002. Relative impacts of two exotic brachyuran species on blue mussel populations in Long Island Sound. Marine Ecology‑Progress Series 227:135‑144. Lorenzen, K. 2005. Population dynamics and potential of fisheries stock enhancement: practical theory for assessment and policy analysis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 171‑189. Nelson, J. S., E. J. Crossman, H. Espinosa‑Perez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, and J. D. Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 6th ed. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda. Pauly, D., and J. Maclean. 2003. In a perfect ocean. The state of fisheries and ecosystemsin the North Atlantic Ocean. Island Press, Washington. Raymo, M. E. 1994. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 22:353‑383. Reed, D. H. and R. Frankham. 2003. Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity. Conservation Biology 17:230‑237. Reise, K., S. Olenin and D. W. Thieltges. 2006. Are aliens threaten- ing European aquatic coastal ecosystems? Helgoland Marine Research 60:77‑83. Ruesink, J. L., B. E. Feist, C. J. Harvey, J. S. Hong, A. C. Trimble, and L. M. Wisehart. 2006. Changes in productivity associated with four intro- Vemco (Amirix Systems, Inc.) duced species: ecosystem transformation of a “pristine” estuary. Marine Ecology‑Progress Series 311: 203‑215. Scheffer, M., and S. R. Carpenter. 2003. Catastrophic regime shifts in eco- systems: inking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:648‑656. Steiner, C. F., Z. T. Long, J. A. Krumins, and P. J. Morin. 2005. Temporal stability of aquatic food webs: partitioning the effects of species diversity, species composition and enrichment. Ecology Letters 8:819‑828. Streftaris, N., A. Zenetos, and A. Papathanassiou. 2005. Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non‑indigenous marine species across European seas. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 43:419‑453. Thieltges, D. W. 2005. Impact of an invader: epizootic American slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata reduces survival and growth in European mus- sels. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 286:13‑19. Vermeij, G. J. 1991. Anatomy of an invasion: the trans‑Arctic interchange. Paleobiology 17:281‑307. _____. 2004. Nature: an economic history. Princeton University Press, Princeton. _____. 2005. Invasion as expectation. Pages 315‑339 in D. F. Sax, J. J. Stachowicz, and S. D. Gaines, eds. Species invasions: insights into ecol- ogy, evolution,and biogeography. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Worm, B., E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. E. Duffy, C. Folke, B. S. Halpern, J. B. C. Jackson, H. K. Lotze, F. Micheli, S. R. Palumbi, E. Sala, K. A. Selkoe, J. J. Stachowicz, and R. Watson. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314: 787‑790.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 185 Column: Figure 1. Jeff Van Vrancken (University of New Orleans) Guest Director's Line surveying Hurricane Katrina damage at one of his research locations.

After the Storm: Post-Katrina Reflections from AFS Members in Louisiana and Mississippi

Donald C. Jackson, AFS First Vice President Jackson is with the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University. Marty O’Connell, O’Connell is with the Nekton Research Laboratory, University of New Orleans, Louisiana. Julie Delabbio, Delabbio is at the Aquaculture Research Center, Northwestern State University, Marco, Louisiana. Mark S. Peterson, Peterson is with the Department of Coastal Sciences and Jim Franks, and Franks and Perry are with the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Harriet Perry University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs.

The highest priority of a professional connect us to one another with expres- provided travel support to AFS meetings (22 society should be that of service to and sions of caring, support, and compassion. members—including 8 members to Society support of its members. In the American The collective impact of the 2005 hur- Annual Meetings) and complementary AFS Fisheries Society (AFS), this is expressed in ricanes, especially those associated with memberships (218 members—including many and varied ways, but the foundation Hurricane Katrina, took our concerns 56 at the Society level). Through an AFS and framework for everything that we do for colleagues to a level that we had not virtual distribution center, AFS coordinated is centered on ensuring that professional- experienced before. An entire region of the transport and delivery of donated library ism is maintained, and that opportunities United States was devastated. AFS knew materials (to 7 facilities), research supplies for professional growth and enhance- that as a professional society we had no (to 3 facilities), and research equipment such ment for our members are advanced. choice but to reach out to our colleagues in as boats, trailers, and outboard motors (to 3 the storm-impacted areas. We were deter- Because fisheries as a profession is by its facilities). Based on this experience, AFS pro- mined to keep and, where necessary, restore nature fundamentally focused on promot- cedures for disaster relief were developed the time-honored connections among us. ing good relationships between people and and approved by the AFS Governing Board A detailed history of the AFS response to natural resources, AFS is replete with mem- in 2007. These procedures are included as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita was presented bers who have and express great sensitivity an appendix in Heitman et al. (in press). in the AFS-Sea Grant Symposium entitled to human conditions and human experi- “Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Following such chapters in AFS history, it ences. Subsequently, AFS truly is a society in Fishery Ecosystems” during the 2007 AFS is important for us to step back and look at every sense of the word. We are profoundly Annual Meeting in San Francisco (Heitman things from temporal distances. There are interconnected with one another…and et al. in press). Although AFS extended stories that need to be told. Through their for most of us, these connections exist at disaster relief offers to AFS members telling, the stories become incorporated several scales. We know no bounds when throughout the Gulf Coast region of the into our collective memory as a professional applauding the accomplishments of our United States, AFS members in Texas, society. It is with this goal in mind that AFS colleagues and giving them due recogni- , and Florida declined assistance, solicited reflections from selected AFS mem- tion. Likewise, when members suffer stating that AFS efforts should concentrate bers in Louisiana and Mississippi who were personal or corporate tragedy, phones, on the two states hardest hit by the storms: impacted by the storms and who were ben- computers, and physical travel quickly Louisiana and Mississippi. In this regard, AFS eficiaries of the AFS Disaster Relief Program.

186 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Louisiana Reflections intact. His relief was only temporary. Although not sure about details, Jeff, along with other residents and refu- Marty O’Connell gees in the area, had a growing sense that something University of New Orleans was wrong in New Orleans. They eventually learned from radio broadcasts that the twin spans of Interstate 10 were The levee failures and associated flooding that followed demolished, that Highway 11 and The Causeway (other Hurricane Katrina, and which caused massive destruc- routes into New Orleans) were closed indefinitely, and that tion in southeastern Louisiana, severely impacted—but the city (including his grandfather’s home) was flooded. did not completely stop­—fishery research being con- …I did not know the fate of the university. For all I ducted by the Nekton Research Laboratory (NRL) at the knew it was underwater. My thesis project was inter- University of New Orleans where I work as the lab’s direc- rupted. The boat that I had used for sampling was tor. My wife Meg and I (both fish biologists) lost our commandeered by the National Guard and ruined. home, our truck, and everything we owned to the flood. My sampling equipment was taken out of the labora- Fortunately, we were able to evacuate New Orleans on tory or missing in action. The only classes available the day before the flooding, with laptops and data sticks were online classes but we had no Internet. I really in hand. Following the storm, and while living and work- thought that I was done with school. In the meantime, ing in a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) I went to my other grandparents’ house in Lacombe trailer, we worked on research and wrote manuscripts and started to help them clean up the mess of trees and a book chapter. This focus on professional aspects throughout the yard. When I got a break from cutting of our lives helped us keep our minds off of our personal up trees, I would visit Bayou Lacombe, where my sam- tragedy. I also continued to teach an Internet course for pling sites were. That looked just as bad as my grand- the university. In the months that followed, we had to parents’ yard. Even if I had had the equipment needed demolish and then rebuild our house. We also helped for my research, sampling just seemed impossible. with the recovery of our destroyed neighborhood. After Katrina we were determined to document the storm’s impacts on estuarine environments and associ- Figure 2. Lissa Lyncker (University of New Orleans) ated fisheries so that we would be able to track recovery collecting blue crab samples following Hurricane Katrina. processes. Even though our main research vessel, the RV Cavalla, was out of commission due to storm damage, and many of our other boats had been commandeered So how did for rescue efforts, we were able to hobble together some Katrina affect equipment and began sampling in October 2005. me? Well, I On our first day of sampling we assembled in our vehicles grew up on at the entrance of the damaged university. Along with Irish Bayou, Chris Schieble (senior biologist at the university and also near Slidell, the captain of the RV Cavalla), Meg, and me, the team and most that day included graduate students Kenny Blanke, Jeff members of Van Vrancken, Tom Lorenz, and Molly Dillender. Because of my family health hazards and extensive post-storm looting on campus, are com- we were not allowed into our labs or offices to get equip- mercial fishermen, shrimpers, and crabbers. It is in ment without getting permission and identification cards this setting that I gained my love and respect for from armed guards stationed at the university’s entrance. the species I study: blue crabs. Many people in the Once we received clearance, we were allowed 15 minutes area where I grew up, including most of my fam- to collect trawls, gillnets, and anything else we needed ily members, lost everything. So not only was school for sampling. This was all done with flashlights in the dark postponed and research put on hold, but we had to because many of the buildings still had no electricity. pull together to help clean up and get our lives back Graduate students working in the NRL were particu- together. The majority of my family who lived in the larly impacted by the storms in that not only were their area were and still are homeless even almost two years lives put on hold during the disaster, but their research after the hurricane. My mom is still housing family projects were also interrupted by the chaos that was members who are still pulling things back together. all around them. For purposes of developing the after- By some miracle, my house, which is 10 feet storm reflections to share with AFS, I asked Jeff Van off of the ground, was spared by the 12–15 foot Vrancken and Lissa Lyncker to share their experiences. storm surge. We had external damage, but really After Hurricane Katrina passed, Jeff and his fam- no internal damage… except for my room of ily went out to see how other family members had fared course! The board blew off of my window and and whether their homes and other properties were still my window leaked. But you know, overall, we still intact. Although there was some damage and a few close felt very lucky. We were all safe and we have each calls with downed trees and power lines, Jeff’s house was other to help each other get back on our feet.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 187 About a month after the storm, I drove to California After the storm, Pam’s family’s house in Louisiana to stay with a friend, and take online classes. There was standing but inundated by 12 feet of water. Pam was no Internet for me here in New Orleans, but I did stayed in Alabama for two weeks following the hurri- want to somewhat stay on track with my degree. I cane until, in an effort to alleviate a “dense family clus- also kept in contact with my advisors, but my research ter,” Pam moved on to Groveland, Florida, to stay with was on hold. I guess I had a six-month or so set back. an uncle and to make plans as to what to do next. I could have probably graduated in 2006 or 2007 Four months later, in December 2005, Pam moved had Katrina not hit, but I’m O.K. with my situa- on Missouri where she had more family. There, tion. I came back to New Orleans and began again she lived in an apartment and began to attend just like everyone else. What else could we do? University of Missouri in Columbia in the spring of 2006. However, the high cost of out-of-state tuition So this is where our fishery research stands here forced her to move back to Louisiana in July. in southeastern Louisiana: we are still dealing with Her fourth move in less than a year brought her a devastated region, but we are moving ahead “just like everyone else.” In closing, I am proud to men- to back to Louisiana, to NSU to begin her junior year tion that Jeff successfully defended his thesis in with a major in biology and a concentration in natu- December 2007. Lissa is finishing her thesis and has ral science. She was not able to return to her studies taken a job with a local biological consulting firm. in New Orleans because even though the University of I would also like to recognize some people and events New Orleans had resumed its operations, there was that have helped the NRL personnel pull through all of very limited housing available at “student” prices. this. In February 2007 we were able to attend the annual Pamela is now a senior in the biology program at meeting of the Louisiana Chapter of the American Fishery NSU. Upon completing her degree, she plans to pursue Society at Nicholl’s State University in Thibodaux. Jeff, graduate studies in biology. She is currently a work- Molly, and Lissa got to present some of their research study student at the NSU Aquaculture Research Center findings and it was a great venue to get feedback and in Marco, Louisiana. The center received donations from support from other fisheries students and biologists, the ASF Disaster Relief Program (books and equipment) especially those who were dealing with the impacts of that are enabling Pamela to continue fieldwork in fisher- Hurricane Rita. The AFS officers as well as fellow AFS ies. It is this fieldwork experience, made possible by the members were wonderful hosts and we enjoyed a great AFS Disaster Relief Program, that has been instrumental party after the meeting with live Cajun music and some in her decision to pursue graduate studies in biology. excellent local seafood (including some damn good raw oysters). The parent Society of AFS also has gone out of its way to help us professionally, providing much-needed Mississippi Reflections financial support via travel grants to AFS meetings. Mark S. Peterson, Jim Franks, Julie Delabbio and Harriet Perry Northwestern State University University of Southern Mississippi

My purpose with co-authoring this article for Fisheries When Katrina struck the Mississippi Gulf coast in August is to tell the story of a determined undergraduate student, 2005, the storm severely impacted many Mississippi AFS Pamela Collara, and how she has held fast to her dreams of members (some of whom were students at the time) profes- becoming a biologist following Hurricane Katrina. Pam is, sionally as well as personally. The University of Southern however, not an unusual Louisianan. The hurricane season of Mississippi’s Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL) was 2005 forced many people to examine what was important so heavily damaged by the storm’s high winds and 25- to them and to find out how much effort they were willing foot tidal surge that the replacement cost of destroyed to expend to continue on, despite substantial obstacles. infrastructure is estimated to exceed $35 million. About Pam is currently a senior at Northwestern State University 65 of the 200 staff and faculty, as well as 17 gradu- (NSU) in Natchitoches, Louisiana. Almost two years after ate students, were displaced from their offices, labs, or Hurricane Katrina, Pam, like many Louisianans, still remains other facilities. Many GCRL employees lost historical data a hurricane refugee. Prior to the devastating hurricane and/or professional materials, some of which date back season of 2005, Pam was a sophomore at the University 40 years. Also, the homes of 38 individuals, including of New Orleans in the biology program, living at home 11 graduate students, were either completely destroyed with her family in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Her story is or left uninhabitable. Responses from a GCRL graduate one of steadfast determination to complete her degree. student survey indicated a number of them lost significant On 28 August, the day before Hurricane Katrina, time towards graduation. This time loss ranged from 6 Pam and her family evacuated their home by car to drive months to 2 years because of impacts from loss of elec- 12 hours to Mobile, Alabama (this normally is a 2.5- tricity and thus their samples for molecular research, loss hour drive) to stay with relatives. There were 18 people of wet-lab space to conduct their degree experiments, staying in a 3-bedroom house for several weeks. and loss of data files, personal literature, and books.

188 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g For GCRL fisheries biologists Harriet Perry and Jim Franks, Hurricane Katrina was “déjà vu all over again.” Both scientists had weathered Hurricane Camille in August 1969 at the GCRL. They participated in the long and DIDSON slow recovery process following Hurricane Camille, and both were still employed at GCRL when Katrina struck in August of 2005. Both storms leveled buildings closest datum to the water as illustrated with this pre- and post-Katrina imagery (Figures 3 and 4), but unlike Camille, Katrina’s Monitoring Behavior storm surge flooded most of the buildings still left stand- DIDSON acoustic cameras can observe ing. Recovering from Katrina was more difficult because fish behavior without being intrusive. a great number of staff, scientists, and faculty lost homes and personal possessions as well as their office and lab Much can be learned in the process. spaces, historical data, and professional materials. The stories of many of the employees of GCRL range from almost no loss at all to loss of almost everything they had professionally and personally. For Jim, life in a small FEMA trailer still continues as he deals with insur- ance and rebuilding. Living in a FEMA trailer is no easy feat for Jim, who is 6’7” and unable to stand upright without hitting the ceiling. Harriet was faced with mucking out the fisheries offices and laboratories and at the same Record salmon digging redds both day and night. time operating a shelter in her home for friends who lost everything; feeding between 30 and 50 people became a nightly routine. Mark Peterson and his wife Nancy Brown- Peterson lost their home, camper, and almost all personal contents of their home, with 5 ft. of water as well as debris from other homes ending up in their house. Nine days later, the Peterson home burned to the ground. At GCRL where they both work, Mark lost his entire wet lab facil- Ocean Marine Inc. ity and two external buildings which housed all of his field An orderly normal spawn (left) and a raucous equipment. His office building, where he and his graduate students worked, had 5–6 inches of muddy water in it. group spawn (right) are clearly visible. Luckily, they did not lose too much in the office building except for computers, file cabinets, some equipment, and a refrigerator. In contrast, Nancy did not lose much pro- fessionally as her building was not damaged or flooded. As with all scientists and staff at GCRL, however, much time was lost helping with the GCRL recovery efforts. All fisheries research and management organizations on the Mississippi coast were severely impacted by the storm. Facilities of the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources The competition gets pretty heated... (MDMR) in Biloxi and the NOAA National Marine Fisheries hot enough to cause one male to bite another. Service Laboratories in Pascagoula were totally destroyed, and the offices housing the Mississippi Department Watch all the action unfold on our website! of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) were uninhabitable. Research personnel from those agencies were forced to www.soundmetrics.com move into trailers. Colleagues at the Grand Bay National DIDSON helps count abundance and determine Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) site lost their offices behavior of fish where other acoustic equipment and external buildings, as well as considerable equipment has been ineffective. Some call it an Acoustic including their weather station which, when recovered, Movie Camera. Visit our website for a large indicated the storm surge was 18 ft. at a location very collection of sonar films and information. near the Alabama state line. Luckily, only one employee suffered considerable flooding with a surge that went For demonstrations and sales information northward all the way to Highway 90, some 7 miles inland. see www.oceanmarineinc.com Within one week of the storm, personnel from GCRL’s 757.382.7616 [email protected] Fisheries Center, MDMR, and MDEQ combined forces and pooled available equipment to initiate post-hurricane

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 189 resource assessments along the coast. AFS Hurricane Relief passed over the Mississippi State Biological samples were processed Task Force Reflections University (MSU) main campus, at GCRL in a makeshift laboratory which is located over 300 miles from housed in a donated tent, and water Donald C. Jackson the Gulf Coast. Sustained tropical samples were sent to the MDEQ in Mississippi State University storm force winds, hurricane force Jackson for analysis. The group was gusts, and numerous small torna- able to present their initial findings Hurricanes Katrina and Rita were does caused substantial damage to during a public workshop, as well as at still very powerful storms when they the university and to the surround- the annual meeting of the Mississippi Chapter of the American Fisheries Figure 3. Society, six months after the hurricane. (A) Aerial view of GCRL pre-Katrina with a white box outlining the area where the Hopkins complex The response of the AFS parent (main teaching buildings) was located along with the physical plant building and the boat basin. Society, Southern Division AFS, and (B) Aerial view after Hurricane Katrina showing the destruction of the Hopkins complex, physical various AFS Chapters was outstanding. plant and numerous buildings on campus. Note the loss of and damage to trees and damage to the Their help and assistance relative to other buildings at GCRL. replacement of journals, books, sup- plies, and travel to state Chapter and parent Society AFS meetings was vitally important in terms of staying “profes- sionally” connected at a time of utter chaos. Mark was assisted with travel to the Lake Placid Annual Meeting where he co-authored three talks, chaired a session, and was co-chair of an invited symposium. The meeting was great and was well received at a time when he needed to focus on other things besides the loss and to regain his professional identity. He was one of three scientists at GCRL, including Jim Franks and Bruce Comyns, who lost their homes and entire lab infrastruc- ture—making recovery that much more painful. Jim received travel sup- port for the Mississippi Chapter meet- ing in 2007, and he and colleagues Read Hendon and Eric Hoffmayer, both Mississippi AFS Chapter mem- bers, received travel support to the AFS Annual Meeting in San Francisco (2007) where they gave presentations. The outreach and support provided to those of us who were impacted at many levels exemplifies the sig- nificance of being a member of AFS and demonstrated to us the value our professional society placed on each of us as individual members. We can not overemphasize how important it was to us to have AFS reach out to us in a time of personal and professional need. The task of rebuilding has been and will continue to be a long one. More than two years later, we are still adjusting to the “new normal” on the Mississippi coast and wonder what future hurricane seasons will bring.

190 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g ing community. Just after dawn on with the outside world after the region would be able to stay con- the day following Hurricane Katrina, storm was an AFS connection. nected professionally with support I made it to my office on campus Shortly thereafter, during the services provided by AFS. I accepted to check for damage. As I walked 2005 Annual Meeting in Anchorage, the appointment and literally within into my office, the telephone was then AFS President Chris Kohler days was riding a wave of support ringing. AFS Past President Carl approached me and asked me if I from AFS members from throughout Burger was on the line, check- would organize and lead an AFS North America and extending out ing on his AFS colleagues at MSU. Hurricane Relief Task Force to be sure into the far corners of the world. The very first connection that I had that AFS members in the impacted As was emphasized in the Louisiana and Mississippi reflections above, the most important aspect of Figure 4. the AFS hurricane relief effort was (A) View of the Hopkins buildings (main teaching buildings) and GCRL physical plant area from that of knowing that our colleagues the northwest pre-Katrina. cared…cared enough to reach (B) View of the same area from the west post-Katrina showing only the remaining slabs. out…cared enough to know that we needed to stay focused and con- nected professionally. Humanitarian assistance came from other quarters. We didn’t need that from AFS. We needed professional assistance: with meetings, publications, communica- tion networks, and travel support. These things provided us something to hold on to tightly in a time of trial. AFS came through for us. It brought its “can do…will do” progressive mindset to bear on the challenge and, coupled with absolute selfless- ness, jumped headlong into the fray. There was never hesitation among members individually or among Units at all levels of AFS in doing what needed to be done to support AFS members professionally during the months following the storms. AFS had the resources and the organizational structure to make it happen. But more than anything else, the one thing that stands out in my mind as I reflect on those days is the incredible flood of shared humanity in AFS that over- whelmed the floods from the storms. And so, on behalf of the Mississippi Chapter AFS (my home Chapter) and the Southern Division AFS (my home Division), thank you.

References

Heitman, J. F., D. C. Jackson, D. Pender and R. L. Curry. (in press). Development and implementation of the American Fisheries Society disaster relief program. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society— Sea Grant Symposium: Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 191 To submit upcoming events for inclusion on the AFS Web Calendar, Calendar: please send event name; dates; city, state/province; and Fisheries Events web address or contact information to [email protected]. (If space is available, events may also be printed in Fisheries magazine.)

To see more event listings go to www.fisheries.org and click click Calendar of Events.

Date eVent Name City, State For More Information

May 4-8 western Division and the Oregon Chapter of the AFS Annual Meeting: Human Population Growth and Fisheries—The Western Challenge Portland, Oregon www.wdafs.org

May 12-13 American Institute of Biological Sciences Annual Meeting 2008: Climate, Environment, and Infectious Disease Arlington, Virginia www.aibs.org

May 12-16 River Management Society Meeting Portland, Maine www.river-management.org/symposium.asp

May 18-24 monitoring: Key to Understanding Our Waters Atlantic City, New Jersey http://acwi.gov/monitoring

May 19-23 world Aquaculture 2008 busan, Korea www.was.org

May 19-23 AFS Task Force on Fishery Chemicals Planning and executing Successsful Rotenone and Antimycin Projects Course Logan, Utah www.prentiss.com

May 19-23 International Conference on Echohydrological Processes and Sustainable Floodplain Management: opportunities and Concepts for Water Hazard Mitigation, and Ecological and Socioeconomic Sustainability Lodz, Poland www.erce.unesco.lodz.pl

May 19-23 PICES Symposium: Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans Gijon, Spain www.pices.int/meetings/international_symposia/2008/symposia

May 21-24 Interactions between Social, Economic, and Ecological Objectives of Inland Commercial and Recreational Fisheries and Aquaculture Antalya, Turkey www.fao.org/fi/eifac.htm

Jun 1-5 thirteenth International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding Florianopolis, SC, Brazil www.isfnf2008.com.br

Jun 2-13 Diseases of Warmwater Fish, Ruskin and St. Augustine, Florida http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/ame/wwf/index.html

Jun 28-30 shanghai International Fisheries and Seafood Expo Shanghai, P. R. China www.gehuaexpo.com

Jul 7-11 11th International Coral Reef Symposium Fort Lauderdale www.nova.edu/ncri/11icrs

Jul 9-12 Annual Meeting AFS Fish Health Section Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada www.kupei.ca/FHS-AFS2008

Jul 13-17 Conference for Society for Conservation Biologists Chattanooga, Tennessee www.utc.edu/Academic/ConferenceforSocietyofConservationBiologists

Jul 14-18 HydroVision 2008 Sacramento, California www.hcipub.com/hydrovision/abstracts.asp, [email protected]

Jul 21-25 Fisheries Society of the British Isles Annual International Symposium Cardiff, United Kingdom www.Fsbi.org.uk/2008

Jul 22-25 Asian Wetland Symposium 2008 Hanoi, Viet Nam www.aws2008.net

192 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Jul 23-28 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Conference Montreal, Canada www.asih.org/annualmeetings

Jul 25-27 seventh International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture Roanoke, Virginia www.cpe.vt.edu/aquaculture/ Terry Rakestraw, [email protected]/aquaculture/, 540/231-6805

Aug 17-21 American Fisheries Society 138th Annual Meeting Ottawa, Ontario, Canada www.fisheries.org

Aug 25-29 Fourth International Symposium on FISH-GIS/Spatial Analysis Rio de Janeiro, Brazil www.esl.co.jp/Sympo/4th/index.htm

Sep 15-18 2008 Conference: Australian Society for Fish Biology: Assessing Recreational Fisheries: Current and Future Challenges Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia www.asfb.org.au

Sep 15-18 Aquaculture Europe 2008 Krakow, Poland www.easonline.org

Sep 22-26 ICES 2008 Annual Science Conference Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada www.ices.dk/iceswork/asc/2008/index.asp

Sep 28-Oct 2 Pathways to Success 2008 Conference: Integrating Human Dimensions into Fisheries and Wildlife Management increasing Human Capacity for Global Human-Wildlife Coexistence Estes Park, Colorado www.warnercnr.colostate.edu/nrt/hdfw/partners.html [email protected]

Oct 11-15 Fourth National Conference on Coastal and Estuarine Habitat Restoration, Providence, Rhode Island www.estuaries.org/?id=4

Oct 12-15 62nd Annual Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Conference Corpus Christi, Texas http://seafwa2008.org

Oct 19-22 women Evolving Biological Sciences Seattle, Washington www.webs.washington.edu

Star-Oddi

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 193 Oct 19-24 International Aquarium Congress 2008 Shanghai, China www.iac2008.cn

Oct 20-24 Fifth World Fisheries Congress 2008 Pacifico Yokohama, Japan www.5thwfc2008.com, [email protected], +81-3-3219-3541

Nov 10-13 Fifth World Recreational Fishing Conference Dania Beach, Florida www.igfa.org, 954/927-2628.

Nov 11-14 North American Lake Management Society Symposium Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada www.nalms.org

Nov 14-16 third International Bonefish and Tarpon Symposium: Research and Conservation for the Future Dania Beach and Islamorada, Florida [email protected]

Nov 23-25 International Symposium on the Bearing-Aleutian Salmon International Surveys: climate Change, Production Trends, and Carrying Capacity of Pacific Salmon in the Bearing Sea and Adjacent Waters Seattle, Washington www.napafc.org

2 0 0 9

Jan 13-14 Lake Mead Science Symposium Las Vegas, Nevada www.lakemeadsymposium.org

Jan 15-18 spring Meeting of the Southern Division and Louisiana Chapter of the AFS New Orleans, Louisiana www.sdafs.org/meetings

May 25-29 8th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference Fremantle, Western Australia

Jun 23-26 International Paleolimnology Symposium Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico www.paleolim.org

Aug 30-Sep 3 American Fisheries Society 139th Annual Meeting Nashville, Tennessee www.fisheries.org,

Aug 14-17 Aquaculture Europe 2009 Trondheim, Norway www.easonline.org

Floy Tag

194 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Little River Research and Design

Emperor Aquatics, Inc.

Halltech Aquatic Research, Inc.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 195 updATE: legislation and Policy

Continuied from page 164 programs succeeded in having ment as a “management challenge” defendants agree to $10.6 or “material weakness.” EPA has fixed and stewardship programs to billion in investments to reduce problems identified by the Government prevent water pollution and protect pollution, achieving private party Accountability Office (GAO) and the source waters. The water quality reimbursements of $252 million Office of Inspector General (OIG) and monitoring initiative will provide for Superfund, and reducing water built a system of internal controls fully grant funding totaling over $18.5 pollution by 178 million lbs. and integrated into the grants manage- air pollution by 427 million lbs. million to states and tribes that ment process that includes improved participate in collecting statistically • This all-time record budget request mandatory training, heightened grants valid water monitoring data and includes a $2.4 million increase performance standards, quarterly implement enhancements in their to a total budget of $52.2 million management close-out reviews, new water monitoring programs. for criminal enforcement. These post-award monitoring orders, and dollars are vital to help increase the a new grants management system. Geographic initiatives number of criminal investigators. Dicks concluded by stating that he is confident that this budget gives • In the Great Lakes, EPA’s $35 Stronger EPA—Sound Science million investment in the Great an excellent basis on which to build and that he hopes prompt action on Lakes Legacy Act will give priority • FY 2009, it is proposed that to working with states and EPA invest extra resources to these budget proposals so that fund- local communities to achieve understand two critical, growing ing decisions can be implemented. improvements in water quality and areas: nanotechnology and reducing the number of toxic “Areas computational toxicology. western AFs units resPonD to of Concern.” Areas of Concern • For the EPA to remain strongly include areas with damaged committed to improving its mining AnD recLAmAtion Act fish and wildlife populations, computational toxicology work contaminated bottom sediments, there is a $2.7 million increase, for In November 2007, the House and past or continuing loadings a total budget of $14.9 million. passed bill H.R. 2262, the Hardrock of toxic and bacterial pollutants. Mining and Reclamation Act of 2007. • To help further these initiatives • In the Chesapeake Bay, the $29 and ensure EPA’s ability to attract This bill is an attempt to update the million investment will be committed and retain the highest caliber 1872 mining law and bring it into to substantially accelerating the scientists, the budget proposes the twenty-first century with a more restoration of the bay’s aquatic expanded special authority that balanced consideration of other habitat and achieving the pollution will allow EPA to hire up to 40 resources. It specifically is intended reduction targets for 2010. scientists quickly and competitively. to modify the requirements appli- • For the Gulf of Mexico, EPA’s $4.6 cable to locatable minerals on public million investment will continue Stronger EPA— domain lands, consistent with the to support efforts to reduce Performance and Management principles of self-initiations in min- nutrient loadings to watersheds by ing claims, and for other purposes. identifying the top 100 nutrient- • Scored “green” in the President’s Spearheaded by the Montana contributing watersheds in the Management Agenda on all Wildlife Federation, the letter cam- Mississippi River Basin and using initiatives in the first quarter a computer model to determine paign is designed to push for mean- of FY 2008, one of only a few the location of major sources of ingful comprehensive reform. So agencies to reach that goal. nitrogen and phosphorus and where far, several western AFS Chapters, to target hypoxia-reduction efforts. • Improved outcome measures including the Arizona/New Mexico to more directly link the and Montana Chapters, and the AFS Enforcement results of its work and Western Division are planning to resources to environmental, sign on to a letter of support for the on-the-ground, results. • $563 million, an increase of $9 legislation. The bill was submitted to million, to maintain the enforcement For the first time in 10 years, EPA has the Senate upon its passing in the program. EPA’s enforcement succeeded in removing grants manage- House, and is currently under review.

196 Fisheries • vol 33 no 4 • april 2008 • www.fisheries.org Editorial: Kevin Amos Amos is an AFS/Fish Health Fisheries Forum Section Certified Fish Pathologist and has been an AFS member since 1973. He lives in Surprise, Arizona, and can be contacted at [email protected]. Transparency and the Peer-Review Process

Kaffee: I want the truth. the last remaining fortress free from political influence? Is it not in science that we find truth? (perhaps it is in vino Col. Jessep: You can’t handle the truth. veritas!) Well think again! From firsthand experience I can report that the peer review process not only is opaque but These memorable lines spoken by Jack Nicholson and it often does not weed out articles that should never have Tom Cruise in the movie A Few Good Men struck a chord been published. A few years ago I was asked to review an recently as I was reading an article in Science magazine on article submitted to our own North American Journal of parasites and their impact on wild salmon. Some of the Fisheries Management. At the end of the day I rejected the information in the article did not jibe with my understanding article and suggested the methodology and results did not of epidemiology, parasitology, and the population dynam- support the conclusions. Further, I suggested that this type ics of wild Pacific salmon. I began to wonder if I was out of of research would be more appropriately submitted to the touch with cutting-edge fisheries technology. I also asked Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. After reading the com- myself who might have conducted the peer review on this ments by the other two reviewers I came to believe that they article. Do they know something I don’t or perhaps they are did not have expertise in fish pathology and consequently only protecting me because for some reason I’m unable to could not reach the same conclusions. Never mind! I was handle the truth? Perhaps all these things are true. But rather told by AFS editorial staff that the other two reviewers than sit back and whimper about injustices and mispercep- accepted the article and I was outvoted by a score of 2 to Sonotronics tions in the world of fisheries science, I thought I might try to 1. Whenever I see that article cited as a scholarly reference shed some light on the topic from firsthand experience and I cringe. Maybe you’ve had a similar experience? Perhaps propose an approach to peer review that might benefit us all. it is something that scientists don’t talk about, lest they Newspapers, radio, and the evening news on TV—it is might some day be on the receiving end of criticism? difficult to obtain unbiased information. It is evident in the What can we do about the peer review process? I current presidential campaign that erstwhile TV anchors don’t presume to think that the prestigious weekly maga- have already “cast their vote” and find it difficult to restrain zine Science would consider my proposal but perhaps the their enthusiasm over a particular candidate. But this type journals of my organization, the American Fisheries Society, of “enthusiasm” and biased reporting is not supposed might consider another approach—an approach that brings to take place on the playing field of science. Isn’t science transparency and rigor to the peer review process. Once

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 197 Editorial: Fisheries Forum upon a time scholarly journals would the article when it is published. might fear the wrath of the prospec- provide space at the end of an article As an alternative, all the AFS tive authors. I say phooey to each of for experts or the peer reviewers to journals will publish a list of topi- these criticisms. Most journals today weigh in and express their thoughts on cal experts who will in fact be the are published electronically. I suspect in the preceding journal article. I enjoyed ones that review journal submis- a few years the hard copy will be the reading these discourses because they sions, such as is done by DAO. rare exception—so page charges should not be an issue. Besides, electronic provided unique insight into the issue, 2. All peer reviewers will be provided a journals are more eco-friendly. As to the often challenging or supporting the brief opportunity to make a com- fearful reviewers, if you don’t have the methods and the results of the study. ment on the article. At the point courage to stand behind science and Also, some journals today such as of publication, edits suggested by publicly express your views and be criti- Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (DAO) the peer reviewers will presumably cal of the work of others, I suspect that provide a list of not only editors but already have been incorporated into perhaps you truly are not the expert also a list of topical experts who review the article. This “new” opportunity you represent yourself to be and should articles. Anyone who submits an article I’m describing will allow com- not be providing a peer review anyway. to DAO knows which experts will peer ments on relevance, importance, I challenge the AFS leadership review their submission. Isn’t it time and innovation provided in the and our members to consider my AFS re-examined how we peer review article or perhaps shed some new proposal and take steps to put truth the articles destined for our journals? insight on similar research previ- and transparency back in the science I suggest for AFS journals that ously published (or unpublished). we provide a simple two step pro- we publish. Let’s do our best to put cess to insure the integrity and I know our publishers (AFS) might science back where it belongs­—in bemoan the fact that I’m suggest- the light of day, and make scientists, transparency of what we publish: ing a few pages more in each journal peer reviewers, and editorial boards 1. All individuals who agree to peer with no revenues for page charges. accountable for what is published! review an article also agree to have I also suspect that some people will I look forward to seeing your feed- their names listed at the end of be reluctant to be reviewers as they back in a future issue of Fisheries.

Frigid Units, Inc.

198 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 199 UPDATE: AFS ANNUAL Meeting

Title

Ottawa River fishing.

Ontario Angling Destinations: Top 10 Picks from the Ottawa Area and Elsewhere Wil Wegman Wegman is an avid angler and award winning freelance outdoor writer who also works for Ontario’s Ministry of Natural Resources.

Ontario is blessed with 250,000 Destination: Destination: lakes and millions of miles of rivers St. Lawrence River and streams. We arguably have Long Sault, Ontario Ottawa-Gatineau Area more excellent freshwater fishing destinations then any other region This multi-species fishery that The Ottawa River is truly a trophy on the planet, so when we were includes largemouth and smallmouth producer for a variety of freshwater asked to list the top 10, we knew it bass, walleye, pike, muskie, and species, including muskie, largemouth would be a daunting task indeed. panfish is also quickly gaining and smallmouth bass, walleye, and With this in mind, we have put recognition as one of the world’s top panfish. Inner city fishing provides together a review of five locations destinations for catching trophy carp. ample shoreline access and numerous close to, or even right in Ottawa, the Avid carp angler and fisheries biologist launching facilities. Enthusiastic host city of this year’s AFS Annual with the Department of Fisheries Ottawa angler and outdoor writer Meeting. Perhaps no other city that and Oceans (DFO) Lonnie King Tim Allard reports that “the Ottawa has hosted this event in the past declares that “fish in the 30 lb. class River is a world-class muskellunge has had the luxury of being able are common, with the ever-present fishery with good populations all to promote their self-sustaining potential to catch massive sized carp the way from Arnprior, Onatrio, to recreational fisheries as much as up to 50 lbs.” Top techniques include Montreal, Quebec.” Top techniques Ottawa. We hope many participants ledgering (bottom fishing) with include casting bucktails or topwaters to the Ottawa meeting will consider specialized carp baits called boillies. or crankbaits and . bringing a rod and reel and treat Shore fishing opportunities and Multiple fish days are common, with themselves to some to some of camping sites available at Long Sault muskie topping 30 lbs. possible. the great fishing opportunities Park. You can hire a local guide by There are a variety of local our nation’s capital has to offer. contacting Carpins at 613/537-2248. muskie guides in the area:

200 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g • Ottawa River Musky Factory Destination: And 5 more destinations at 613/673-4265 from the rest of the province… • Trophy Muskie Charters Downtown Ottawa at 613/487-3934 Destination: • Muskie Stalker Charters Walking along the historic Rideau Lake Simcoe at 613/623-6256 Canal can be a lot more fun if you • Marc Thorpe Guiding Service bring your and some basic Lake Simcoe is located only an hour at 450/433-4784 tackle with you! This easily accessible north of Toronto and lies within the waterway is great for bass and pan- most populated region of Ontario, so The upper Ottawa River fish. You can also try visiting the many it may come as no surprise that it sees near Arnprior is also known for Rideau locks for places to park, with more fishing pressure than any other tremendous numbers of channel good fishing at most of them. “For inland lake in the province. What may catfish. While they don’t get very big, largemouth, try top waters like the be a shocker, though, is that the vast they are incredibly numerous—100 Rapala Skitter Pop early or late in the majority of anglers fish it during the fish days are common. And if you day. For mid-day action, spinner baits winter season. In fact, more people fish are willing to drive a little further and wacky-rigged senko-type baits it during the hard water season then all north to Petawawa, you will find work well,” according to DFO biolo- other three seasons combined. And it’s this section of the river teaming gist and keen angler Jason Barnucz. no wonder. Simcoe caters perfectly to with 3–4 lb. smallmouth bass. Dows Lake: Dows Lake is centrally thousands of local enthusiasts During this writer’s last visit there, located in the heart of Ottawa. At the who can either put their own hut on the the secret was to look for seagulls Dows Lake Pavilion, near the intersec- lake, go out on their own and fish open actively feeding on baitfish and 9 tion of Preston Street and Prince Of ice, or rent a hut from an operator. times out of 10, there was a school Wales Drive, you can rent canoes, Of course thousands of Americans of hungry smallmouth right below! kayaks, and small rowboats to capture enjoy staying at one of several resorts a variety of warmwater species. This around the lake and come back year Destination: great little urban lake is only minutes after year for Simcoe Jumbos—big away from some of the most popu- delicious yellow perch that the lake and lar attractions the city has to offer. is known for. Other popular species Rideau Canal Dows and many other terrific urban fished for during the winter include lake fishing opportunities in Ottawa can trout, whitefish, and northern pike. The Rideau River is a popular be found at the Ontario Ministry of For those who prefer soft water over waterway for anglers and recreational Natural Resources (MNR) website: hard, we would not be doing justice to the boaters alike. Anglers can find plenty www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/LetsFish/ sixth largest inland lake in the province if of shoreline access via recreational 2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165641.html. we did not talk about her great spring, pathways within the city of Ottawa along the Rideau Canal leading to Dow’s Lake. The system holds a variety of species. Popular fish include muskellunge, pike, largemouth and smallmouth bass, carp, and panfish. Heading south from Ottawa, the river eventually runs to Kingston, passing though several lakes within its system. These lakes provide excellent fishing opportunities, with Wil Wegman both species of bass, walleye, and panfish being the most sought after by local anglers. Of the panfish, bragging-sized bluegills reign supreme. Notable waters include Lower and Upper where plenty of 3-5 lb. bass can be caught. And in , some great lake trout action is also available for those properly equipped with or lead core line. For more information and tackle needs contact Bennett's Bait and Tackle in Smiths Falls at 613/283-0683 or Paddletales Ontario shore lunch. Tackle in Winchester at 613/774-2277.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 201 summer, and fall fisheries. In spring, the Nipissing truly is a visiting angler’s concluded. Having said all this, the park perch-run at the top end of the lake is paradise with numerous lodges catering still offers plenty of drive-to campgrounds legendary. Further south, after the second specifically to those who want to experi- on beautiful pristine lakes and although Saturday in May, you can troll for north- ence an authentic northern Ontario fishing fishing may not be as spectacular as in the ern pike down in shallow Cooks Bay or vacation. For many, this vacation may very interior, special regulations such as no live jig for 5–10 lb. whitefish in deep water well come during the winter where your bait and a closed winter season still sets a few minutes further north. Not surpris- accommodations are actually atop the these waters a cut above many others. ingly after the Bass Opener on the fourth ice directly above the fish you are after. For more information: www. Saturday in June, smallmouth bass rule Several on-ice bungalow operations cater ontarioparks.com/english/algo.html. the nest (because by then they’ve usually to those who prefer the unique experience left it.) Largemouth fishing is more than of staying in warm, comfortable bunga- Destination: just respectable in weedy parts of the lows complete with cooking facilities and Lake of the Woods lake but they do not generate the atten- all you need for a great winter holiday. tion of their smaller-mouthed cousins. Speaking first- hand, there’s nothing quite Anglers visiting Ontario for the first As an indicator of what may well be like waking up in the morning, dropping time are often shocked at the sheer size Ontario’s best trophy smallmouth fishery, your line down the hole and landing a of our province. You may find it hard to this writer and his partner Gerry Heels nice walleye for breakfast before you even believe for instance that it would take over fished an early season tournament in 2007 get out of bed to turn the coffee on. 24 hours to pull your boat from Ottawa and placed a dismal 21st place with a fairly For more information: http:// to Kenora to reach one of our finest respectable 21.92 lbs. “A full 10 places ontariosnearnorth.on.ca/fishtale.php. fisheries—Lake of the Woods (LOTW). behind us though was well known TV Bordering Minnesota and Manitoba, personality Bob Izumi who had just 21.24 LOTW is over 113 km long (and wide), lbs.,” quipped Heels, who is the youth contains over 14,550 islands, and has an director for the Ontario BASS Federation amazing 105,000 km of shoreline to fish. Nation’s Junior Bassmaster Program. Algonquin fishing. One-third of the lake lies in Minnesota Simcoe holds the current record for the which makes it, outside of the Great five heaviest smallmouth ever weighed Lakes, the single largest natural freshwa- in during a Canadian tournament at ter lake in the United States, larger even 29.90 lbs.—almost a 6-lb. average. than Lake Okeechobee. The portion in For more information on fish- Ontario also has 75 main base fishing ing guides, tackle shops, or places lodges catering to visitors from all over the to stay around Lake Simcoe, please Destination: world. It is quite simply one of the most visit www.luresandtours.com. breathtakingly beautiful lakes in all of Algonquin Park North America. From the deep clear water Lakes and Rivers and rugged landscape of the Canadian Destination: Shield at the north end, to the shallow OK, this destination might be con- fertile waters and sandy bottom at its Lake Nipissing sidered as taking an easy-out, but there south end, LOTW is a destination that is really is no way to pinpoint just one lake a “must-do” for the passionate angler. Ontario’s Near North, in the beautiful or river in a 7,700 km2 provincial park LOTW not only has a multi-species Canadian Shield, is home to hundreds where fish-filled waters are practically fishery consisting of lake trout, white- of beautiful lakes teaming with fish. everywhere. Located about 3 hours north fish, perch, crappie, smallmouth and Of these Nipissing is the largest (fifth of Toronto, Algonquin Provincial Park’s largemouth bass, pike, walleye, and largest lake in Ontario) and even big- 2,400 lakes and 1,200 km of streams and muskie, it arguably has some of the fin- ger than Simcoe. Located at the shores rivers are teaming with lake trout, brook est fishing for all of those species on the of the city of North Bay, Nipissing is trout, smallmouth bass, and walleye. continent. Open for fishing year-round, much shallower (mean depth of 14.8 Jason Borwick is an MNR fisheries man- communities around the lake, like the ft., compared to Simcoe’s average of 55 agement biologist and ardent Algonquin city of Kenora, know the value of this ft.) with many more islands, coves, and Park angler who said, “Perhaps what sets tremendous resource. “Staff that man- rocky shoals for an angler to fish. “On this destination apart from so many oth- age the lake from the local MNR office Nipissing, walleye are the most sought ers is that the best fishing occurs within there have created far-sighted fishing after gamefish but the smallmouth bass, the interior of the park where access is regulations recognizing both the impor- northern pike, yellow perch, and muskie gained only if you are willing to work for tance of attracting anglers to the lake fishing is so good that it would be a it.” Here you need to be willing to paddle and of sustaining a world-class fishery shame just to target our most popular a canoe or kayak long distances and known for both quality and quantity,” fish,” reported retired MNR conserva- prepare for extensive portages to remote said Gord Pyzer, retired district manager tion officer and now full-time fishing locations where “roughing it” is the order of the Kenora MNR office, avid angler, guide Carl D’amour. Two other spe- of the day. “For those who yearn for the and award-winning outdoor writer. cies—the white bass and the largemouth beauty and solitude gained from such an For more information: bass—may not be targeted nearly as experience, the rewards in terms of fish- www.kenora.ca/portal/tourism/activi- much, but also offer great fishing. ing success are usually a given,” Borwick ties/outdoors.aspx?id=117.

202 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Destination: Lakes Erie and St. Clair

Once considered “dead” because of extensive pollution, Lake Erie has rebounded and is now teeming with fish life. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes. The Ontario portion is bordered by the states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Michigan. Despite being a dumping ground for invasive species like zebra and quagga mussels, round gobies, and spiny water fleas, Erie continues to offer great walleye, perch, and rainbow fishing. For those who enjoy the thrilling acrobatics of the hard-fighting smallmouth bass, they would be hard- pressed to name a lake where they can catch more 3–5 lb. smallmouth in one day than on Lake Erie. There is no question Ontario’s side of the lake is a favorite destination for Canadian and American bass anglers alike. Lake St. Clair: Sometimes considered a mini-Lake Erie, St. Clair has its own unique feel and a distinctly separate fishing experience can be gained for those who wet a line there. The lake is 42 km from Michigan’s north shore to the south shore in Ontario and is 37 km from east to west. It is a very shallow (average depth 10 ft.) lake loaded with great fish-holding aquatic vegetation for a variety of warm and coolwater species. Harboring copious quantities of walleye, yellow perch, large and smallmouth bass, St. Clair has also become one of the finest muskie waters in the province. For more information: www. gofishinontario.com/where.php?wid=4.

For more details on these and thousands of other top fishing destinations across Ontario check out: www.ontariotravel.net/TcisCtrl?site= consumers&key1=experiences&key2= Fishing&language=EN&linkType=I.

Ottawa River sunset.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 203 EMPLOYERS: To list a job opening on the AFS Online Job Center submit a position Announcements: description, job title, agency/company, city, state, responsibilities, qualifications, salary, closing date, and contact information (maximum 150 words) to jobs@fisheries. Job Center org. Online job announcements will be billed at $350 for 150 word increments. Please send billing information. Listings are free (150 words or less) for organizations with Associate, Official, and Sustaining memberships, and for Individual members, who are faculty members, hiring graduate assistants. If space is available, jobs may also be printed in Fisheries magazine, free of additional charge. To see more job listings go to www.fisheries.organd click Job Postings.

Regional Executive—Senior research biologists. Perform remote Start date: 1 June 2008 and Executive Service, U.S. Geological field work. extending through at least 15 June Survey, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Qualifications: B.S. in fisheries 2009. Position may extend for an Responsibilities: Report to the science or related field. M.S. student additional 12 months. No benefits. Eastern Regional Director. Plan, interested in lake sturgeon ecology. Closing date: 15 May 2008. develope, manage, and implement all Interest or expericnce in fisheries Contact: Submit cover letter and USGS natural science and information science, radio tracking, and reservoir resume reflecting complete record of programs within the Midwest area. limnology. Strong written and oral education and experience, and three Provide science leadership, line communication skills. Interest and letters of reference to William Mabee, management, and operational and experience with fish and invertebrate Missouri Department of Conservation, strategic direction to the science sampling and water quality analyses. Resource Science Center, 1110 S. centers and scientific teams located Competitive GPA ( > 3.2) and GRE College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri within the Midwest area. scores ( > 1,100 combined verbal and 65201; [email protected]. EOE. Qualifications: For announcement, quantitative). qualifications requirements, and Salary: $16,500, includes out-of- Fisheries Biologist, Alberta submissions see www.usgs.gov state tuition waiver. Summer housing Sustainable Resource Development, or at www.usajobs.opm.gov. provided at Voyageurs National Park. Peace River and Slave Lake. Biologist: http://jobsearch. Closing date: 15 May 2008. Responsibilities: Supporting usajobs.opm.gov/ftva. Contact: Submit a letter of interest, and helping to deliver a fisheries resume, names and addresses management program. asp?OpmControl=1154183. of three references, and copies Qualifications: Degree in fisheries Physical Scientist: http:// of academic transcripts and GRE science or biology and considerable jobsearch.usajobs.opm.gov/ftva. scores to Steven R. Chipps, USGS directly related experience in asp?OpmControl=1154216. South Dakota Cooperative Fish and fisheries inventory and management. Geologist: http://jobsearch. Wildlife Research Unit, Department Post-secondary education will be usajobs.opm.gov/ftva. of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, considered in lieu of some experience. asp?OpmControl=1154135 NPBL 2140B, South Dakota State Salary: $59,940-77,412 per year. Hydrologist: http://jobsearch. University, Brookings, South Dakota Closing date: 27 May 2005. usajobs.opm.gov/ftva. 57007; 605/688-5467; steve_ Contact: www.chr.alberta.ca/jobs/ asp?OpmControl=1154440. [email protected]. postings/047394.htm. Salary: $114,468–158,500. Closing date: 5 May 2008. Resource Science Assistant, Postdoctoral Research Associate Contact: Cindy Lonergan, Office of Missouri Department of in Fish Nutrition, Hubbs-SeaWorld Human Resources, 703/648-7472. Conservation, Resource Science Research Institute, California. Apply online at www.usgs.gov. Center. Responsibilities: Develop and Responsibilities: Sort aquatic execute a fish nutrition research M.S. Graduate Research macroinvertebrate samples, identify program to advance understanding of Assistant—Fisheries Science, macroinvertebrates, record data, and the nutritional requirements of specific Department of Wildlife and Fisheries other duties as required. life stages of marine finfish under Sciences, South Dakota State Qualifications: B.S. or academics culture with the goal improving stock University. toward completion of a degree health and survivorship. Responsibilities: Quantify in fisheries and wildlife sciences, Qualifications: Ph.D. granted population characteristics and biological sciences, or related major. within the past 5 years in a relevant movement patterns of lake sturgeon Experience in taxonomic identification field. Will also consider a DVM with in Namakan Lake located in and sampling of freshwater demonstrated interest and experience Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. macroinvertebrates is desirable. in aquatic animal nutrition research. Work closely with state and federal Salary: $9.32 per hour. Closing date: 1 June 2008.

204 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Contact: [email protected]. Closing date: 3 June Marine and Atmospheric Research, 2008 or untill filled. National Marine Fisheries Service, M.S. Graduate Research Contact: Submit letter of interest, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Assistantship, Fisheries and Illinois resume, contact information for Honolulu, Hawaii. Aquaculture Center, Carbondale. three references, copies of transcripts Responsibilities: Analyze fishery Responsibilities: Conduct research on and GRE scores to Greg Whitledge, statistics, data collected from otolith and fin ray microchemistry as Southern Illinois University, Fisheries biological and oceanographic surveys, indicators of fish environmental history. and Illinois Aquaculture Center, and other information. Construct Qualifications: B.S. in fisheries or a Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6511; mathematical and statistical models, closely related field. Must meet admis- 618/453-6089; [email protected]. See including computer simulation models sion requirements for the graduate http://fisheries.siu.edu/. of fish populations and fisheries to school and Department of Zoology study dynamics and effects of natural at SIUC (see http://www.science.siu. JIMAR PIFSC Fishery Scientist: and anthropogenic factors on fishery edu/zoology/programs-graduate.html). ID#28115—RCUH Non-Civil Service, yields and other characteristics. Salary: $16,250/year plus School of Ocean and Earth Science Assist in establishing overfishing full tuition waiver. and Technology, Joint Institute for guidelines and reference points for

2008 Membership Application PAID: American Fisheries Society • 5410 Grosvenor Lane • Suite 110 • Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 301/897-8616 x203 or 218 • fax 301/897-8096 • www.fisheries.org Name Please provide (for AFS use only) Employer Address Phone Industry Fax Academia E-mail Federal gov't. City State/province Recruited by an AFS member? yes__ no__ State/provincial gov't. Zip/postal code Country Name other MEMBERSHIP TYPE (includes print Fisheries and online Membership Directory) North America/Dues Other Dues Developing countries I (includes online Fisheries only) N/A $ 5 Developing countries II N/A $25 Regular $76 $88 Student (includes online journals) $19 $22 Young professional (year graduated) $38 $44 Retired (regular members upon retirement at age 65 or older) $38 $44 Life (Fisheries and 1 journal) $1,737 $1,737 Life (Fisheries only, 2 installments, payable over 2 years) $1,200 $1,200 Life (Fisheries only, 2 installments, payable over 1 year) $1,000 $1,000 JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTIONS (optional) North America Other Journal name Print Online Print Online Transactions of the American Fisheries Society $43 $25 $48 $25 North American Journal of Fisheries Management $43 $25 $48 $25 North American Journal of Aquaculture $38 $25 $41 $25 Journal of Aquatic Animal Health $38 $25 $41 $25 Fisheries InfoBase $25 $25 Payment Please make checks payable to American Fisheries Society in U.S. currency drawn on a U.S. bank or pay by VISA or MasterCard. Check P.O. number Visa MasterCard Account # Exp. date Signature

All memberships are for a calendar year. New member applications received January 1 through August 31 are processed for full membership that calendar year (back issues are sent). Those received September 1 or later are processed for full membership beginning January 1 of the following year. Fisheries, Vol. 33 No. 4, April 2008

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 205 determination of stock status is in compliance. Evaluate North Pacific Groundfish Observer, Alaskan Observers, alternative fishery management strategies and policies Inc., Seattle, Washington. with respect to their yield characteristics and impact Responsibilities: Gather management data for the on fish stocks. Issues scientific reports and advisories government. Live and work aboard U.S.-flagged to National Marine Fisheries Service managers and commercial fishing vessels operating in the Bering Sea constituents. Publish research findings and present and North Pacific Oceans. Training in Anchorage, Alaska. results at scientific conferences and public meetings. Make two deployments of approximately 2 1/2 to 3 Qualifications: M.S. in biology, zoology, oceanography, months each within 7 months of completion of training. fisheries, or related field. 1–3 years experience in Qualifications: B.S. in fisheries biology, marine biology, fisheries stock assessment research, population general biology, zoology, or a related natural science. monitoring, and population modeling. Broad Salary: $3,900–6,006 per month, depending on knowledge of fish population dynamics and stock experience, plus room, board, and travel to and from job assessment theory and methods. Working knowledge site. Subsequent deployment opportunities and salary and experience in application of statistical methods advances available. to problems in fisheries, ecology, and wildlife science. Closing date: 17 September 2008. Positions available Ability and experience in the development and year-round. Currently recruiting for trainings that will application of computer simulation models. Ability to begin 2 May and 5 June 2008. communicate effectively with scientists, managers, and Contact: David Edick, Alaskan Observers, Inc., 130 the public. Must meet security requirements for working Nickerson, Suite 206, Seattle, Washington 98109; in a U.S. federal facility. Must be able to withstand 800/483-7310; [email protected]; www. uncomfortable living conditions at sea for up to 30 days alaskanobservers.com. at a time. Continuation of employment is dependent upon program and operational needs, satisfactory work Natural Resources Biologist I, Maryland Department of performance, and availability of funds. Natural Resources, Fisheries Service, Annapolis. Salary: $3,620 per month, minimum. Responsibilities: Provides technical and administrative Closing date: 31 July 2008. support to Maryland's striped bass harvest monitoring Contact: Apply at www.rcuh.com For more information program. Assist the current biologist in net inspections contact Nicole Wakazuru 808/956-9465. and certifications, tag distribution, and data management. Assist with the distribution and collection of harvest permit cards and declarations of intent. Qualifications: B.S. from an accredited college or university in biology, natural science, natural resources management, botany, marine biology, fisheries management, zoology, or a natural resources management related field of study. Preference to candidates with up to one year experience working with Microsoft Access. Salary: $31,461–40,441, contractual, no benefits. Closing date: 26 October 2008. Contact: www.dnr.state.md.us/hr/jobs.asp.

206 Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g Advanced Telemetry Systems, Inc.

Fisheries • v o l 33 n o 4 • a p r i l 2008 • w w w .f i s h e r i e s .o r g 207 • vol 33 no 4 • april 2008 • www.fisheries.org