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Middle America I Mexican pyramids dating back 1000s of years Mexico & MIDDLE AMERICA (Chapter 4, pages 132-161) A. WinklerPrins Summary Outline • Regional areas and countries • Natural disasters resulting from unstable earth characteristics • Colonization by Europe and languages • Topography • Major cities, city formation, population patterns, and their characteristics (primate cities) • Fertility rates and population pyramids to predict future economic opportunities • Economic growth afforded by NAFTA • Other countries, islands, and characteristics • Panama Canal Regions of Middle America Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Mexico Central America Regions of Mexico Brief Political History of Mexico • Complete economic collapse in 1994 and devaluation of the peso nearly destroyed the middle class. • Prior to 2000 and a near dictatorship, the PRI Party lost the presidential election to the candidate of the National Action Party (PAN — Partido Acciòn Nacional), Vicente Fox. • Democracy was achieved under President Vicente Fox in 2000 (same time as election of Bush), but the continued non-PAN majority in the Congress of Mexico prevented Fox from implementing most of his reforms. – Federal government composed of executive President, Congress, Courts – United States of Mexico with state governors, counties, and city mayors • Progressive ideas have grown quickly with the growth of middle class – Declining births rates reflect expanding role of equality for women and participation into the labor force – Birth control and sex education taught in schools – Adoption of gay marriage in the Capitol, Mexico City, and state of Chihuahua • The 2006 election was one of the most hotly contested in recent Mexican history; President Calderón won by a small margin of the vote with allegations of fraud by challenger Obrador, candidate for the leftist Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). • Although political corruption, violence, and street crime have increased due to the drug cartels, Mexico remains committed to its democratic ideals. Surprisingly, other countries value education as much or more than the US. Major Geographic Qualities • Fragmented — physically and politically • Barrier between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, land bridge between North and South America, created by volcanoes that blocked warm ocean currents flowing north, thus leading to an ice age. • Cultural diversity and complexity amongst Hispanics • Americas’ least-developed territories; some finding new opportunities • Economic reforms, industrialization in Mexico, a member of NAFTA Many Frequent Natural Hazards & Disasters Volcanoes and Earthquakes Hurricanes Tectonic plates Mainland – Rimland Distinction Defined by the Caribbean tectonic plate Tectonic plates January 2001, massive landslide as a result of an earthquake in Santa Tecla, El Salvador Haiti Earthquake (magnitude 7.0) in 2010 killed about 200,000 (300,000+ people were injured) and destroyed most of the capital city because lax building codes and shoddy construction techniques did not insure public safety. Other key Haiti facts: • Before the quake, Haiti's population totaled just over 9 million people. • Nearly 40 percent of the country's population is under the age of 14. • Haiti has one of the world's lowest life expectancy rates (181st out of 190 countries ranked by the CIA World Factsheet). The average Haitian lives only 60 years. • Diseases such as HIV/AIDS, typhoid fever, malaria and hepatitis are prevalent. • Eighty percent of the country is Roman Catholic and 16 percent is Protestant; nearly half the population also practices voodoo. • Approximately half of Haiti's population cannot read or write. • Haiti ranks as the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, with 80 percent of its people living below the poverty line and 54 percent existing in abject poverty. More than 70% of people in Haiti were living on less than $US2 per day • Haiti is a democracy, though its history of political instability dates back to the country's declaration of independence in 1804 and government corruption was extensive during the relief efforts. Relief efforts and awareness lead by American volunteers such as Sean Penn who co-founded the J/P Haitian Relief Organization and has been running a 55,000 person tent camp. Earthquake in Chile in 2010 Magnitude of 7.1 on the Richter scale, but less devastating than Haiti because Chile is a more advanced country with more stringent building codes to protect public safety and insure that buildings comply with standards to resist natural disasters. Haiti is poor and corrupt, with no standards to protect the public or regulate construction standards. Physical Geography • Land bridge between North and South America • Archipelago (string of islands): Greater and Lesser Antilles • Natural hazards – Earthquakes A. WinklerPrins – Volcanoes Volcano overlooking Antigua, – Hurricanes Guatemala. The church on the left was damaged by an earthquake in 1976 and • Very unstable natural has not been repaired. conditions Natural Land Features and Topography Greater Lesser Antilles Antilles Sierra Madre Mountains of Mexico are an extension of the Rockies Baja Orientals (east) Occidental (west) Del Sur (south) Chiapas Copper Canyon (Spanish: Barranca del Cobre) is a group of canyons consisting of six distinct canyons in the Sierra Tarahumara in the southwestern part of the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. The overall canyon system is larger and portions are deeper than the Grand Canyon in neighboring Arizona. The canyons were formed by six rivers which drain the western side of the Sierra Tarahumara (a part of the Sierra Madre Occidental). Copper Canyon Cave of the Crystals or Giant Crystal Cave • is a cave accidentally discovered in 2000 by miners working in the silver and lead mine at Naica, Mexico. It lies almost 300 meters (900 feet) below the surface of the Earth and it contains the largest crystals known in the world, by far. The largest crystals are over 11 meters long (36 feet) and weigh 55 tons. • It is still incredibly hot in the cave due its proximity to a magma chamber, deep underground. • Air Temp of 50C (122F) + Relative Humidity of over 90% • The crystals themselves are made of selenite which is crystallized gypsum, the same material used in drywall construction. Except these crystals formed over a span of about half a million years in a hot water solution, saturated with minerals. • Selenite, satin spar, desert rose, and gypsum flower are four varieties of the mineral gypsum; all four varieties show obvious crystalline structure. The Suits - The custom designed cooling http://www.stormchaser.ca suits only delay the inevitable. As soon as /caves/naica/naica.html you enter the cave, you begin to overheat and heat stroke and death are inevitable if you remain inside too long. The suits will extend your stay in the cave but it is up to the individual to recognize when you've been exposed too long. 30-50 minutes is the maximum, depending on the individual. Crystal Cave, Naica Mine, Mun. de Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico TEXAS MEXICO Video: http://www.wimp.com/crystalcave/ Culture Hearth Source Area from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that changed the world beyond 000s of years ago. Middle American Hearths Aztecs and their predecessors lived in 1300s Maya civilization 3000 yrs ago Native (indigenous) Languages The most important and de facto official language in Mexico is Spanish. Mexican Spanish has a great variety of dialects, accents and variations from one region to another, and changes state by state. The Law of Linguistic Rights, published in 2001, declared the 62 indigenous languages spoken in Mexico as "national languages" with the "same validity" in the territories where they are spoken. The indigenous language with the greatest number of speakers is Nahuatl (1.5% of the nation's population), followed by Yucatec Maya (0.8%) mainly spoken in Chiapas, Oaxaca and the Yucatan Peninsula. In Mexico City and other major cities after half a century of rural-to-urban migration, large districts and sections have Amerindian languages written and heard. The Legacy of Colonialism (settlement by foreign European countries after Columbus landed) – Appropriated for colonial commercial interests back to the mother country – Converted to cash cropping for export • Results: –Famine –Poverty –Migration –Decreasing agricultural diversity Modern languages reflect the colonization by European countries at the time the US was founded. COLONIAL SPHERES Most of the tropical Caribbean islands, esp. St. Maarten, retain the native Dutch language for public use signs. Cozumel The significance of the language differences is most apparent when Caribbean cruise ships dock in the adjacent ports of Cozumel and Belize City, approx.100 miles apart. Cozumel is very much a Mexican city speaking Spanish, but Belize City speaks British English and is a largely Black population. Cruise ships from Houston, Galveston, New Orleans, and Miami depart weekly to Caribbean destinations at very affordable prices. Maroon 5 kicks off cruise ship in Galveston Pop band Maroon 5 performed at Pier 21 as part of the new Carnival Magic celebrations in Galveston. The ship will set sail its inaugural voyage from the island. Carnival Magic is the latest addition to the Carnival Cruise Lines fleet. Nov. 13, 2011 Photo: Houston Chronicle, Mayra Beltran / © 2011 Houston Chronicle Cruise Ship Destinations from Galveston Jan. 2012, this Italian cruise liner ran aground, listed, and rolled over leaving thousands needing rescue. The Capitan (who is supposed
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