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Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of Ten Edible Wild Plants from Ordu Area, Turkey

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Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of Ten Edible Wild Plants from Ordu Area, Turkey Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2018), 17 (3): 1047-1056 Received: April 2016 Accepted: July 2017 Original Article Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of Ten Edible Wild Plants from Ordu Area, Turkey Belma Zengin Kurta, Işıl Gazioğlub*, Ece Sevgic and Fatih Sönmezd aDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey. bDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey. cDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey. dDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey. Abstract Turkey has highly rich floras of medicinal and aromatic plants because of having various climate conditions in different regions. One of these regions is Middle Black Sea Region, especially Ordu Province. Extracts of 10 edible plants (Arum maculatum L., Hypericum orientale L., Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn et Sint., Silene vulgaris Garcke var. macrocarpa, Plantago lanceolata L., Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica, Rumex crispus L., Rumex acetosella L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Coronopus squamatus Asch.), grown in Ordu, Turkey, were prepared with different solvents (hexane, ethanol and water, separately) and their anticholinestrase and antiaflatoxigenic activities were evaluated. Additionally, the cupric reducing antioxidant capacities (CUPRAC) and ABTS cation radical scavenging abilities of the extracts were assayed. The ethanol extract of R. acetosella exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (A0.5 value of 25.31 µg/mL, for CUPRAC activity; IC50 value of 23.73 µg/mL, for ABTS activity). The hexane extract of C. bursa-pastoris showed the strongest inhibition against AChE enzyme with IC50 value of 7.24 µg/mL, and the hexane extract of A. millefolium subsp. pannonica had the highest BChE activity with IC50 value of 6.40 µg/mL. The ethanol extract of P. lanceolata exhibited the strongest inhibition against aflatoxin with 88% inhibition. Keywords: Anticholinesterase activity; Antioxidant activity; Antiaflatoxigenic activity; Rumex acetosella; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Plantago lanceolata. Introduction such as cancer and heart diseases etc. (1). Most of the antioxidant compounds in a typical diet Antioxidants play an important role as a are derived from natural sources and belong health protecting effect for human wellness. to various classes of compounds with a wide These compounds reduce the risk for diseases variety of physical and chemical properties including cancer and heart disease. It is known (2). The free radical scavenging activity of that the antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, antioxidants in foods has been reported by carotenes, phenolic acids etc.) in natural-sourced Miller et al. (3). Various antioxidant activity foods have a reducing effect on disease risk assays have been used to monitor and compare the antioxidant activity of foods using analytical * Corresponding author: techniques. These analytical techniques measure E-mail: [email protected] the radical scavenging activity of antioxidants Zengin Kurt B et al. / IJPR (2018), 17 (3): 1047-1056 against cation radicals like the [2,2’-azinobis(3- are the toxic metabolites generated by the genus ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) Aspergillus that include A. flavus, A. parasiticus, or base on copper (II) reduction (CUPRAC) A. nomius, A. tamari, and A. bombycis. The method (4). major AFs, B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is a physical and G2 (AFG2), are mainly present in cereals, disease that affects the brain. During the run peanuts, corn, nuts, and cottonseeds, and also of the disease, proteins established in the brain the order of their toxicity is AFB1 > AFG1 > to form structures are called ′plaques′ and AFB2 > AFG2 (13). The International Agency ′tangles′. This leads to the loss of connections for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified AFB1 between nerve cells, and eventually to the as a human carcinogen (Group 1), and AFB2, death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue (5). AFG1, and AFG2 as possibly carcinogenic to Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is a humans (Group 2B). AFs also have toxigenic, hydrolase, the main role of which is to terminate mutagenic, and teratogenic effects (14). Because the impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses of these hazardous properties of aflatoxins, by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter scientists have continued to search the new ACh. AChE inhibitors (AChEI) can inhibit the natural and/or synthetic aflatoxin inhibitors. hydrolysis of ACh, and then improve the level Turkey has highly rich floras of medicinal of ACh in the specific regions of the brain (5, 6). and aromatic plants because of having various Another cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase climate conditions in different regions (15, (BuChE; EC 3.1.1.8), is primarily found in 16). One of these regions is Middle Black Sea plasma, liver, and muscle tissues. BuChE is Region, which has highly plant diversity and metabolic degradation of ACh and differs from rich cultures, especially Ordu Province (17). AChE for tissue distribution and sensitivity to Ordu is situated within the Euxianian section of substrates and inhibitors (7). the Euro-Siberian floristic region (18-22). Recent studies showed that there was a This region has a great deal of wild edible relation between antioxidant property and plants. It is known that they have many medicinal cholinesterase inhibitory activity (8). AD is properties (Table 1) (23-25). probably associated with multifaceted etiologies An ethnopharmacobotanical study has and pathogenic phenomena, and all mechanisms revealed that there is a strong relationship seem to share oxidative stress as a unifying between the medicinal plants and food medicine factor, which is thought to have a causative role (26). Arum spp., Capsella bursa-pastoris, in the pathogenesis of AD recently (9). For this Ornithogalum sigmoideum, Plantago lanceolata, reason, natural products are the most important Rumex acetosella, Rumex crispus and Silene source of antioxidants which can be beneficial vulgaris are known to be used as foodstuff in for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. many different regions of Turkey (16, 20, 24 and Various chemical structures of mycotoxins, 27-29). are the secondary metabolites, and modes The leaves of Plantago species are also of their actions are produced by various used for the treatment of wound and maturation fungal species. There are more than 300 of abscess in Turkey. Moreover P. lanceolata known mycotoxins classified as hepatotoxins, shows a significant constipation, expectorant, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, and immunotoxins and diuretic activitiy (30). by clinicians, and as teratogens, mutagens, Rumex spp. is used as poultice for maturation carcinogens, and allergens by cell biologists of fruncle in Turkey. The roots of Rumex (10). Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, acetosella have diuretic, cholagogue, and ochratoxin A, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, antipyretic activity. In addition, Rumex crispus patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone (11). has tonic, blood cleansing, digestive, and Aflatoxins (AFs) have the most acute toxic laxative effects (30). effects in humans and carcinogenic effects in S. vulgaris is used for bladder diseases, susceptible animals among all mycotoxins (12). urinary tract infection in folk medicinal and A. AFs, which are difuranocoumarin derivatives, millefolium has various biological activities 1048 Biological activities of Edible Wild Plants from Ordu Area, Turkey Table 1. Some Edible plants in Ordu. Specimen Recorded literature Number Botanical name Family Local name Locality traditional uses (ISTO) Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica Çambaşı plateau, 36723 (Scheele) Hayek Asteraceae Bereketotu Prostatitis, Headeache (47) Ordu, 1800 m (Achillea seidlii J.Presl and C.Presl.) Doğanlı village, Foodstuff (20), Foodstuff for 36716 Arum maculatum L. Araceae Nivik Perşembe- Ordu, hemorrhoid (24) 10 m Diabetes (47), Foodstuff (20, 27, 28 and 16), Kidney stones, Capsella bursa-pastoris Çambaşı plateau, analgesic for pain in the kidney 36724 Brassicaceae Gazayağı (L.) Medik. Ordu, 1800 m (24), Constipation, diuretic (48, 49) Foodstuff for intestine (50) Impotence (51) Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. Çambaşı plateau, 36721 Brassicaceae Kedidili - (Lepidium coronopus Ordu, 1800 m (L.) Al-Shehbaz) Çambaşı 36725 Hypericum orientale L. Guttiferae Yayla kekiği plateau,Ordu, 1800 Sedative (52) m Ornithogalum Altınyurt 36714 sigmoideum Freyn et Liliaceae Sakarca Foodstuff (20, 24) village,Ordu, 480 m Sint. Burns, antiasthmatic, cut, contusion, eczema (47), Wound Çambaşı (47, 51), Gastrointestinal 36722 Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae Kurtbaşı plateau,Ordu, 1800 diseases (49), Astringent (49, 51 m and 52), Ulcer (51), Maturation of abscess, against pimple (23) Çambaşı plateau, Foodstuff (27, 28 and 16) 36720 Rumex acetosella L. Polygonaceae Kuzukulağı Ordu, 1800 m Diabetes, hypertension (51) Çambaşı plateau, 36717 Rumex crispus L. Polygonaceae Katırtırnağı Foodstuff (27, 28), Scabies (53) Ordu, 1800 m Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke var. Çambaşı plateau, 36715 Caryophyllaceae Gıcırık Foodstuff (27, 28 and 16) macrocarpa (Turrill) Ordu, 1800 m Coode et Cullen such as diuretic, appetizing, carminative, maculatum L., Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn emmenagogic, and wound healing for et Sint., Rumex acetosella L., Capsella bursa- hemorrhoids
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