The Mediator Role of Life Satisfaction and Lack of Depression in the Effect
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Int J School Health. 2016 October; 3(4):e34983. doi: 10.17795/intjsh-34983. Published online 2016 May 14. Research Article The Mediator Role of Life Satisfaction and Lack of Depression in the Effect of Intimacy With Parents on Resilience: The Next Generation of Path Modeling Mohammad Hossein Khani,1,* Batul Tamme,2 Seyede Khadije Moradianie Geizeh Rod,3 and Logan Nickles4 1Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, IR Iran 2Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, IR Iran 3Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanity, Lurestan University, Khorramabad, IR Iran 4Department of English, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand *Corresponding author: Mohammad Hossein Khani, Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Received 2015 November 23; Revised 2016 January 18; Accepted 2016 February 13. Abstract Background: Coping with painful events and unfavorable emotions is a special goal for every human being. The ability to effec- tively cope with these events is called resilience. Among high-school students who are prone to facing many stressful incidents, this construct has had special importance because resilience predicts mental and physical health of students in the future to a great degree, and it will have many other positive effects as well. Objectives: In this study, the effect of intimacy with parents on the resilience with the mediator roles of life satisfaction and lack of depression was studied in the framework of next generation of structural equations modeling (partial least squares). Materials and Methods: This research design is correlation. The statistical population comprised of all high school students study- ing at public high-schools in the Baharestan county, Tehran, Iran. The sample included 386 students. They were selected using the random cluster sampling method and they all answered to a questionnaire, which was designed based on the conceptual model of the study. Results: The SmartPLS 2.0 software was used to test the hypotheses. All hypotheses were confirmed at either the P < 0.01 or the P < 0.05 level. Results of the present study showed an indirect effect of intimacy with parents on resilience, and also the direct effect of life satisfaction and lack of depression on resilience. Conclusions: The conceptual model of the present study reveals a good fit with the data, which shows the importance and the positive effect of intimacy with parents, life satisfaction and lack of depression on resilience. Keywords: Resiliency, Parental Intimacy, Life Satisfaction, Depression 1. Background ment of the living standards of people and materializing their latent potentials. Today, a new viewpoint in health- Life is a God-given gift for humans in their short jour- related sciences in general, and specifically psychology, is ney during their existence. Enjoying a life with favorable forming and developing; whose goal is focusing on health, quality has always been, and still is, the human dream. For welfare and the description and explanation of the nature hundreds of years, finding the true meaning of “good life” of psychological well-being (2). and how to achieve it has been the focus of the studies and thoughts of many philosophers (1). During the twenty-first Resilience is one of the normal concepts and structures century, a group of psychologists has found that human which is considered and studied by positive psychology, beings should spend their intellectual energy on the pos- and refers to successful adaptation in the face of challenges itive aspect of their experiences. Therefore, one of the is- and threats (3). Resilience is not a mere passive resistance sues that has attracted much attention to itself in the pre- against harms or threatening situations; on the contrary, vious decades is “positive psychology”. This viewpoint em- the resilient person is the active contributor and builder phasizes on the person’s abilities and possessions, and be- of his/her environment (4). This construct is especially im- lieves that the goal of psychology should be the improve- portant during middle adolescence as this period involves Copyright © 2016, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited. Khani MH et al. extensive changes in cognitive, neurobiological and social optimistic viewpoint towards the future and challenging domains. During this period, the adolescent completely circumstances. Later in the same research, Cattan pointed passes the borders of childhood and enters a new phase out that these adolescents enjoyed full-fledged and espe- which makes him/her encounter many difficulties (5). On cially affective support from their families and ultimately, the other hand, as Smith and Carlson (1997) have pointed all these factors contribute to the adolescent enjoying a out (6), during this period, adolescents consider events higher level of resilience. Considering the aforementioned and incidents more stressful compared to adults. In order propositions, the first hypothesis this study made was: to cope with their problems, they may turn to unhealthy - Hypothesis 1: Life satisfaction has a direct effect on re- behaviors or develop a very negative attitude toward them- silience. selves (7). More adolescents and especially those who are Another variable with a direct effect on resilience is in the middle stages of this period, find resilience a protec- lack of depression. Bandura’s social cognitive theory pro- tive factor against future risk factors. This concept is con- poses an agentic model of depression in which rather sidered as a new realm, which has attracted the attention than being affected by environmental stresses or individ- of many researchers to itself. ual vulnerabilities, the individual performs the agentic Many researchers have pointed out resilience as a good role in his/her adaptability. In this model, those factors idea with high functional value which helps people and that lead to the successful adaptability of the individual protects them against risks and dangers which they will enable him/her to actively act on events and choose, or- face in their lives (5). On the other hand, lack of resilience ganize or change them (13). In other words, in the eti- during the middle adolescence may be accompanied by ology of depression, cognitive-behavioral models enjoy a impulsiveness, weak reaction control and internal conflict. special position. In these models, depression is assumed Therefore, in regards to the sensitivity of this time period to result from a collection of negative cognitive schemata, and the importance of resilience in contemporary life, the learned helplessness, negative attributive style, defects in aim of this study was to examine the resilience in middle self-regulation and lack of efficacy (13). It is obvious that adolescence on the basis of the variables including inti- those adolescents who are not depressed have efficacious macy with parents, lack of depression and life satisfaction. thoughts, attributes and beliefs which enable them in ad- dressing and overcoming adversities, or in other words, 1.1. Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Model and Hypotheses make them resilient. Considering what was mentioned in Resilience is considered as one of those concepts that the previous lines, the second hypothesis of this study was have had a great impact on psychology because it switched formulated as: the focus of psychology from examining patients who have - Hypothesis 2: Lack of depression has a direct effect on multiple problems to examining those people who, de- resilience. spite multiple problems in their lives, cope with difficult Intimacy with parents is also considered as a very im- situations and become successful. The growth and devel- portant factor in the creation of resilience in adolescents opment of resilience during adolescence produces many (14). Intimacy with parents points to the warmth and positive effects, and if the adolescent learns that he/she closeness of the relationship between the adolescent and possesses an internal quality with which he/she can cope his/her parents (15). Cowen et al. (16) believe the existence with hardships and difficulties in life, it will turn out to be- of a close affective bond with parents causes the adolescent come a very useful tool for him/her in all future endeavors. to enjoy a higher level of life satisfaction, and compared One of the variables that has a direct effect on re- to his/her peers who do not have close bonds with their silience is life satisfaction. Life satisfaction refers to the parents - adolescents with close affective bonds with par- person’s mental assessment of the degree of the realiza- ents are either not afflicted with depression or they are af- tion of his/her needs, goals and dreams. In other words, flicted by lower levels of depression. In other words, inti- life satisfaction involves satisfaction of different aspects of macy with parents indirectly causes the improvement of life, family, school, friends and other areas (8). In this re- resilience and directly causes the improvement of life sat- search, this construct was operationalized through indica- isfaction, and lack of depression. tors which have been obtained by reviewing the research In Levin’s “Field Theory” or “Typology”, it is assumed literature. Reviewing the research literature (9-12) showed that behavior is determined by the fields which exist in any students who had a high level of life satisfaction enjoyed moment in time. In other words, in the analysis of behav- more resilience compared to their peers who had a lower ior, attention should be paid to the whole situation (as was level of life satisfaction.