What to Do If an Emergency Occurs on the Oak Ridge Reservation

What to do if an emergency occurs on the Oak Ridge Reservation

A cooperative publication of the following agencies:

United States Department of Energy Oak Ridge Office, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Site Office, and Oak Ridge Office of Environmental Management

National Nuclear Security Administration Production Office Public Affairs

Tennessee Emergency Management Agency

This document is also available at: http://science.energy. gov/isc/emergency-information/

March 2014 Emergency Public Information What to do if an emergency occurs on the Oak Ridge Reservation

United States Department of Energy Oak Ridge Office, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Site Office, and Oak Ridge Office of Environmental Management

National Nuclear Security Administration Production Office

Tennessee Emergency Management Agency Contents

How safe is the Oak Ridge Reservation?...... 4

Key emergency information...... 5

If you hear the sirens ...... 8

If you are advised to shelter-in-place ...... 10

If you are asked to evacuate to shelters...... 11

Evacuation sector maps and shelters...... 14

Emergency supplies checklist...... 37

About radiation ...... 38

About chemical hazards...... 40

Oak Ridge Reservation sites ...... 42

2 3 How Safe is the Oak Ridge Reservation? Key Emergency Information The Department of Energy (DOE) and safety of employees and the What do I do if there is an sirens will sound to notify the public is committed to the safety of our public. If something happens, emergency? within two miles of the site. If you live employees, the public, and the DOE, contractors, and state and in a potentially affected area, you environment. Our missions are complex. local government agencies are DOE is committed to public safety in may be asked to shelter-in-place or Transformational research, science, trained to respond and ensure the event an emergency arises. You evacuate. The key is to stay tuned national security, environmental cleanup public safety and environmental will be informed of an emergency to the television, radio, and social and the next generation of nuclear energy protection. through the radio, television, and/or media for instructions and the latest technology are performed at three sites in social media updates, and, depending information. Oak Ridge: The following sections highlight on the level of emergency, the actions you should take in the warning siren system and Emergency The following pages of this book • East Tennessee Technology Park event of an emergency along Alert System messages. describe this process in detail. You • Oak Ridge National Laboratory with background information will know the types of emergencies • Y-12 National Security Complex about facilities at the Oak Ridge If an emergency occurs, emergency declared, some background Reservation. Preparation is crucial, responders are dispatched to the on our sites, and a map of the Each site is unique. Some of our so please take a moment to scene and trained technical and sectors. By reading this publication, operations involve handling radioactive become familiar with what you will management staff are called to you will know what to do if an and hazardous materials while others need to do if an emergency occurs the Emergency Operations Center. emergency occurs on the Oak Ridge involve tearing down old industrial on the Oak Ridge Reservation. Conditions are assessed to determine Reservation. facilities that are no longer needed. what actions are necessary to protect Whatever the task, we diligently strive the public and the environment. to understand the hazards involved and Information about the emergency will take the proper precautions to protect our be provided through social media, workers and the public. news releases, and Emergency Alert System messages. The Emergency The risk Alert System messages will provide of a major specific protective actions emergency the public should take, if is very low. necessary, as directed by That’s because the Tennessee Emergency of extensive Management Agency. environmental, safety and health Often these events are programs in confined to a building or place at our site and only impact the sites to protect employees working in the the health immediate area. Should an event impact the area beyond our site boundaries, warning

Oak Ridge Reservation 4 5 Key Emergency Information Key Emergency Information How We Notify the Public Categorization and Classification of Events resulting in the airborne release of hazardous materials are further Events classified into one of three levels in order of increasing severity (alert, site area For less severe emergencies, where emergency, general emergency). there is not a hazardous materials The following describes how release or the release is not causing emergencies are classified at DOE The figure below provides a representation of the classification levels. a level of concern off the Oak Ridge sites. These levels increase in severity Classifying the event into a severity level activates the needed resources for Reservation, news releases will be based on the emergency. You will the given condition. issued. Protective actions by the hear these terms used during public public may not be necessary. announcements.

If there is a release of hazardous Events that do not involve the materials resulting in a level of release of harmful levels of concern offsite, a combination of hazardous materials but require resources is utilized to notify the significant response by the site public to take protective actions. (such as evacuation of buildings and These include the Public Warning response by the Fire Department) Sirens, the Emergency Alert System, are categorized as an Operational social media, and news releases. Emergency.

Alert Harmful airborne release not exceeding the facility boundary.

Site Area Emergency Harmful airborne release that goes beyond the facility but is still onsite.

General Emergency Harmful airborne release that has the potential to or has gone offsite.

Site is defined as the boundaries of either Y-12, ETTP or ORNL. ORNL Fire Protection 6 7 If You Hear the Sirens If You Hear the Sirens Public Warning Sirens EAS STATIONS In the unlikely event that a release of hazardous materials causes a level of STATION NAME STATION ID concern beyond the site’s boundary, warning sirens will sound within two miles of the affected site. A steady wailing sound will be heard for three to five minutes. EAS Radio

Upon hearing the sirens, immediately go WIVK (Primary - Knoxville) FM 107.7 indoors or into a vehicle and tune to one of the local radio or television Emergency Alert System (EAS) stations for specific WJXB FM 97.5 instructions. If you are on a lake or river, travel away from the sound of the sirens and tune to a local EAS station for specific instructions. Local Television News

Emergency Alert System (EAS) WATE (regional ABC affiliate) Channel 6

The EAS is a network of radio and television stations that provide emergency instructions WBIR (regional NBC affiliate) Channel 10 to the public. The radio and television stations in the Oak Ridge area that broadcast EAS messages are listed on the following WVLT (regional CBS affiliate) Channel 8 page. EAS messages providing specific protective action instructions may also be sent over weather alert radios.

Protective Actions WTNZ (regional FOX affiliate) Channel 43

Protective actions are taken to avoid or minimize the exposure of individuals to the hazard. During emergencies, the local authorities may direct the public to take protective actions. The two primary protective actions are to shelter- in-place or evacuate. These are described in further detail on the following pages. If an emergency situation requires continuous updates to the public, a Joint Information Center will be opened for the media to obtain the latest information for broadcast to the public. A citizen’s hotline will also be Note: Public warning sirens are tested monthly, usually the first Wednesday activated at (865) 362-8600 to answer questions from the public. between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m.

8 9 If You Are Advised to Shelter-in-Place If You Are Asked to Evacuate to Shelters Sheltering-in-place provides • Determine what sector you are in Evacuation protection from potential airborne (see pages 14-15). An evacuation may hazardous materials that may have be conducted when been released. • Continue to shelter-in-place and there is a concern listen to one of the EAS stations. that hazardous If you are asked to shelter-in-place materials may at work or at home, follow these • When the outside air is no longer impact people in instructions: dangerous, the EAS will announce a certain area. If that sheltering-in-place has ended, you are directed to • Bring everyone inside (including and that it is safe to open and evacuate from your pets). ventilate your home or building. home or while at work, follow these • Close all doors and windows. • Shelters may be opened for guidelines: individuals who cannot return • Turn off or close all ventilation home because a shelter-in-place • Write down the systems, including: has been ordered for the area in evacuation route and designated Emergency Planning Air conditioning which they live. If you are affected shelter provided by the EAS Attic & exhaust fans in this manner, please listen to EAS stations. These instructions will • If you are at home, gather items Furnaces stations for announcements of depend on what sector you are you will need for a short stay away Fireplace dampers shelters being opened or go to the currently in (see map and shelter from home, such as: Heating/cooling systems home of a friend or relative that is list) and what site is involved in the outside the area of concern. emergency. This booklet Medicine and all prescriptions • If you do not have transportation, call a neighbor or co-worker for Personal health products assistance. DO NOT CALL 911. Special diet food and supplies

• Keep your vehicle windows closed Food, water, and pet food and turn off air systems to eliminate Blankets, pillows, and/or the possible intake of outside air sleeping bag into your vehicle. Cash, checkbook, debit • Tune your vehicle’s radio to one of and credit credit cards, and the EAS stations listed on page 9. important papers Items for baby • Secure your home or workplace. Before leaving home, tie a white Items for children cloth or towel on your front door to Change of clothing indicate to emergency officials that you have evacuated. Cell phone and charger Oak Ridge Emergency Operations Center 10 11 If You Are Asked to Evacuate to Shelters If You Are Asked to Evacuate to Shelters Special Needs Children in If you or someone in your household has special needs, such as hearing or School physical impairments that would prevent taking protective actions, contact the local emergency management agency serving your residence to submit During an a special needs request. emergency, affected schools Anderson County Emergency Management Agency (865) 457-6765 or will be contacted (865) 457-6767 immediately by local officials. Knox County/Knoxville Emergency Management Agency (865) 215-1166 Your children will be sheltered in Loudon County Emergency Management Agency (865) 458-7298 their school until it is safe to leave. Roane County Office of Emergency Services (865) 717-4115 In the event of a relocation, your children will be transported by school officials School administration will handle to the following pre-determined emergency actions at their facilities. locations.

[PARENTS: DO NOT pick up your Y-12 Two-Mile Sector (Y) School children until you are told it is safe.] Relocations

ETTP Two-Mile Sector (K) School Schools and daycares will relocate Relocations to Anderson County High School in Clinton. Schools and daycares will relocate to Roane State Community College in If relocation is necessary for sectors Harriman. beyond the two-mile area, relocation information will be released through ORNL Two-Mile Sector (X) School media broadcasts. Relocations

There are no permanent residences or schools located in the ORNL Immediate Notification Zone, which is entirely within the DOE Oak Ridge Reservation.

12 13 Emergency Planning Sectors Evacuation Shelters by Sector

Site TP ET ORNL Y-12 A LHS LHS - B RS - - C RS - - D RS - - E RS - - F OR RS RS G OR RS RS H - AC RS J - - RS K RS RS - L - - AC Legend: M - - AC AC - Anderson County High School N - - CHS Evacuation Shelters by Sector CHS - Clinton High School P - - KHS KHS - Karns High School LHS - Loudon High School Q - KHS KHS OR - Oak Ridge High School R - KHS LHS RS - Roane State Community College S - LHS - X OR KHS LHS A dash in a sector’s box indicates that no action is Y - CHS AC required

The following pages show sectors on and around the Oak Ridge Reservation. Each sector has a designated evacuation shelter. Shelters are opened based on the site where the incident has occurred and the impacts of the event.

14 15 Where the Shelters are Located Where the Shelters are Located

Anderson County High School Karns High School 130 Maverick Circle 2710 Byington Solway Road Clinton, Tennessee 37716 Knoxville, Tennessee 37931

Clinton High School Loudon High School 425 Dragon Drive 1039 Mulberry St. Clinton, Tennessee 37716 Loudon, Tennessee, 37774

Oak Ridge High School Roane State Community 127 Providence Road College - Harriman Campus Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 276 Patton Lane Harriman, Tennessee 37748

16 17 Sector A Sector B

Relocation Shelters for Sector A Relocation Shelters for Sector B

If there is an emergency at ETTP or ORNL requiring evacuation, Sector A If there is an emergency at ETTP requiring evacuation, Sector B reports to reports to the shelter at: the shelter at:

Loudon High School Roane State Community College 1039 Mulberry St 276 Patton Lane Loudon, Tennessee, 37774 Harriman, Tennessee 37748

Take the most direct route to southbound Interstate 75. Travel south on Take the most direct route to westbound Interstate 40. Travel west on Interstate 75 to Exit #72. Turn left (eastbound) onto State Route 72 towards Interstate 40 to Exit #347. Turn left onto State Route 61 (westbound) Loudon. Travel east on State Route 72 for 2.3 miles to U.S. Highway 11. towards Rockwood. Travel 2.2 miles on State Route 61 to State Route 382 Turn left onto U.S. Highway 11 (northbound) to Loudon High School. (Patton Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to Roane State Community College.

18 19 Sector C Sector D

Relocation Shelters for Sector C Relocation Shelters for Sector D

If there is an emergency at ETTP requiring evacuation, Sector C reports to If there is an emergency at ETTP requiring evacuation, Sector D reports to the shelter at: the shelter at:

Roane State Community College Roane State Community College 276 Patton Lane 276 Patton Lane Harriman, Tennessee 37748 Harriman, Tennessee 37748

Take the most direct route to westbound Interstate 40. Travel west on Take the most direct route to Sugar Grove Valley Road. Take southbound Interstate 40 to Exit #347. Turn left onto State Route 61 (westbound) Sugar Grove Valley Road over the Clinch River to North Kentucky Street. towards Rockwood. Travel 2.2 miles on State Route 61 to State Route 382 Travel south on North Kentucky Street to Interstate 40. Travel west on (Patton Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to Roane State Interstate 40 to Exit #347. Turn left onto State Route 61 (westbound) Community College. towards Rockwood. Travel 2.2 miles on State Route 61 to State Route 382 (Patton Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to Roane State Community College.

20 21 Sector E Sector F

Relocation Shelters for Sector E Relocation Shelters for Sector F

If there is an emergency at ETTP requiring evacuation, Sector E reports to If there is an emergency at ETTP If there is an emergency at ORNL or the shelter at: requiring evacuation, Sector F reports to Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector F the shelter at: reports to the shelter at: Roane State Community College 276 Patton Lane Oak Ridge High School Roane State Community College Harriman, Tennessee 37748 127 Providence Road 276 Patton Lane Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 Harriman, Tennessee 37748 Take the most direct route to westbound State Route 61 (Harriman Highway). Travel west on State Route 61 to U.S. Highway 27. Travel south Take the most direct route to northbound Take the most direct route to on U.S Highway 27 towards Rockwood for 8.8 miles to State Route 382 State Route 95 (Oak Ridge Turnpike) to westbound State Route 61 (Harriman (Patton Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to Roane State the City of Oak Ridge. Oak Ridge High Highway). Travel west on State Community College. School is on your left 0.5 miles past the Route 61 to U.S. Highway 27. Travel intersection of State Route 95 and State south on U.S Highway 27 towards Route 62 (Illinois Avenue). Rockwood for 8.8 miles to State Route 382 (Patton Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to Roane State Community College. 22 23 Sector G Sector H

Relocation Shelters for Sector G Relocation Shelters for Sector H

If there is an emergency at ETTP If there is an emergency at ORNL or Y-12 If there is an emergency at ORNL If there is an emergency at Y-12 requiring requiring evacuation, Sector G requiring evacuation, Sector G reports to requiring evacuation, Sector H evacuation, Sector H reports to the reports to the shelter at: the shelter at: reports to the shelter at: shelter at:

Oak Ridge High School Roane State Community College Anderson County High School Roane State Community College 127 Providence Road 276 Patton Lane 130 Maverick Circle 276 Patton Lane Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 Harriman, Tennessee 37748 Clinton, Tennessee 37716 Harriman, Tennessee 37748

Take the most direct route to Take the most direct route to westbound Take the most direct route to State Take the most direct route to State Route northbound State Route 95 (Oak State Route 58 (Gallaher Road) to Route 61 (via either State Route 58.Take southbound State Route 58 Ridge Turnpike) to the City of Oak Interstate 40. Travel west on Interstate 61 or State Route 95) eastbound (Gallaher Road) to Interstate 40. Travel Ridge. Oak Ridge High School 40 to Exit #347. Turn left (westbound) to Clinton. Turn left onto Maverick west on Interstate 40 to Exit #347. Turn is on your left 0.5 miles past the onto State Route 61 towards Rockwood. Circle to Anderson County High left onto State Route 61 (westbound) intersection of State Route 95 and Travel 2.2 miles on State Route 61 to School, which is 4.7 miles past the towards Rockwood. Travel 2.2 miles on State Route 62 (Illinois Avenue). State Route 382 (Patton Lane). Turn left intersection of State Route 61 and State Route 61 to State Route 382 (Patton onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to U.S. Highway 25 (Clinton Highway). Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 Roane State Community College. (Patton Lane) to Roane State Community 24 College. 25 Sector J Sector K

Relocation Shelters for Sector J Relocation Shelters for Sector K

If there is an emergency at ETTP or ORNL requiring evacuation, Sector K If there is an emergency at Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector J reports to reports to the shelter at: the shelter at: Roane State Community College Roane State Community College 276 Patton Lane 276 Patton Lane Harriman, Tennessee 37748 Harriman, Tennessee 37748

Take the most direct route to westbound State Route 61 (Harriman Take the most direct route to westbound Interstate 40. Travel west on Highway). Travel west on State Route 61 to U.S. Highway 27. Travel south Interstate 40 to Exit #347. Turn left onto State Route 61 (westbound) on U.S Highway 27 towards Rockwood for 8.8 miles to State Route 382 towards Rockwood. Travel 2.2 miles on State Route 61 to State Route 382 (Patton Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to Roane State (Patton Lane). Turn left onto State Route 382 (Patton Lane) to Roane State Community College. Community College.

26 27 Sector L Sector M

Relocation Shelters for Sector L Relocation Shelters for Sector M

If there is an emergency at Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector L reports to If there is an emergency at Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector M reports to the shelter at: the shelter at:

Anderson County High School Anderson County High School 130 Maverick Circle 130 Maverick Circle Clinton, Tennessee 37716 Clinton, Tennessee 37716

Take the most direct route to State Route 61 eastbound to Clinton. Turn Take the most direct route to State Route 61 eastbound to Clinton. Turn left onto Maverick Circle to Anderson County High School, which is left onto Maverick Circle to Anderson County High School, which is 4.7 miles past the intersection of State Route 61 and U.S. Highway 25 4.7 miles past the intersection of State Route 61 and U.S. Highway 25 (Clinton Highway). (Clinton Highway).

Note: Residents from Sector M will be routed to Karns High School once they report to Anderson County High School.

28 29 Sector N Sector P

Relocation Shelters for Sector N Relocation Shelters for Sector P

If there is an emergency at Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector N reports to If there is an emergency at Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector P reports to the shelter at: the shelter at:

Clinton High School Karns High School 425 Dragon Drive 2710 Byington Solway Road Clinton, Tennessee 37716 Knoxville, Tennessee 37931

Take the most direct route to northbound State Route 95 (Oak Ridge Take the most direct route to eastbound State Route 170 (Edgemoor Road). Turnpike).Take State Route 61 eastbound to Clinton. Turn left onto Hillcrest Turn right (southbound) onto New Henderson Road (becomes Henderson Street, then right onto Dragon Drive to Clinton High School. Road). Travel South on Henderson Road to West Emory Road. Take a left (Eastbound) on to West Emory Road to State Route 131 (Beaver Ridge Road). Turn right (southbound) onto Beaver Ridge Road crossing Oak Ridge Highway onto Byington Beaver Ridge Road. Turn right onto Byington Solway Road to Karns High School.

Take the most direct route to State Route 62 (Oak Ridge Highway) eastbound 30 towards Knoxville. Turn right (south) onto State Route 131 (Byington Beaver 31 Ridge Road). Turn right onto Byington Solway Road to Karns High School. Sector Q Sector R

Relocation Shelters for Sector Q Relocation Shelters for Sector R

If there is an emergency at ORNL or Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector Q If there is an emergency at ORNL If there is an emergency at Y-12 reports to the shelter at: requiring evacuation, Sector R reports requiring evacuation, Sector R to the shelter at: reports to the shelter at: Karns High School 2710 Byington Solway Road Karns High School Loudon High School Knoxville, Tennessee 37931 2710 Byington Solway Road 1039 Mulberry St. Knoxville, Tennessee 37931 Loudon, Tennessee, 37774 Take the most direct route to State Route 62 (Oak Ridge Highway) eastbound towards Knoxville. Turn right (south) onto State Route 131 Take the most direct route to Take the most direct route to (Byington Beaver Ridge Road). Turn right onto Byington Solway Road to eastbound Hardin Valley Road. Turn southbound Interstate 75. Travel Karns High School. left (northbound) onto State Route 131 south on Interstate 75 to Exit #72. (Ball Camp Byington Road). Turn left Turn left (eastbound) onto State OR onto Crosslane Road. Turn right onto Route 72 towards Loudon. Travel Byington Solway Road to Karns High east on State Route 72 for 2.3 miles Take the most direct route to Hardin Valley Road (eastbound). Turn left onto School. to U.S. Highway 11. Turn left onto Westcott Blvd. Continue right on Westcott Blvd and straight onto Byington U.S. Highway 11 (northbound) to Solway Road to Karns High School. Loudon High School. 32 33 Sector S Sector X

Relocation Shelter for Sector S Relocation Shelters for Sector X If there is an emergency at ETTP requiring evacuation, Sector X reports to the shelter at: If there is an emergency at ORNL requiring evacuation, Sector S reports to the shelter at: Oak Ridge High School Take the most direct route to northbound State Route 127 Providence Road 95 (Oak Ridge Turnpike) to the City of Oak Ridge. Oak Ridge, TN 37830 Oak Ridge High School is on your left 0.5 miles past Loudon High School the intersection of State Route 95 and State Route 62 1039 Mulberry St. (Illinois Avenue). Loudon, Tennessee, 37774 If there is an emergency at ORNL requiring evacuation, Sector X reports to the shelter at: Take the most direct route to State Route 62 (Oak Take the most direct route to southbound Interstate 75. Travel south Karns High School 2710 Byington Solway Road Ridge Highway) eastbound towards Knoxville. Turn on Interstate 75 to Exit #72. Turn left (eastbound) onto State Route 72 right (southbound) onto State Route 131 (Byington Knoxville, TN 37931 towards Loudon. Travel east on State Route 72 for 2.3 miles to U.S. Beaver Ridge Road). Turn right onto Byington Solway Highway 11. Turn left onto U.S. Highway 11 (northbound) to Loudon Road to Karns High School. High School. If there is an emergency at Y-12 requiring evacuation, Sector X reports to the shelter at: Take the most direct route to southbound Interstate Loudon High School 75. Travel south on Interstate 75 to Exit #72. Turn 1039 Mulberry St. left (eastbound) onto State Route 72 towards Loudon, Tennessee, 37774 Loudon. Travel east on State Route 72 for 2.3 miles to U.S. Highway 11. Turn left onto U.S. Highway 11 34 (northbound) to Loudon High School. 35 Sector Y Emergency Supplies Checklist To help you prepare for any type Evacuation supplies: of emergency, two supply lists are provided for your assistance. • This booklet • Medicine and all prescriptions The first list contains items you may • Personal health products need to keep in your home to aid (shaving cream, deodorant, and in response to any emergency. The toothbrush) second list recommends supplies • Special diet food and supplies you should take with you if you are • Food, water, and pet food asked to evacuate. Add any additional • Blankets, pillows, and/or sleeping supplies that you need. You may desire bag to prepare a to-go bag in case of an • Cash, checkbook, debit and emergency. If you are evacuating with credit credit cards, and important a pet, please ensure you transport your papers pet in a carrier with plenty of food and • Items for baby (diapers, formula, water. clothing) • Items for children (toys, books, Emergency supplies for your home: clothing) (For at least 72 hours) • Change of clothing • Cell phone and charger • This booklet • First aid kit Relocation Shelters for Sector Y • Toolbox • Candles and matches If there is an emergency at ORNL If there is an emergency at Y-12 • Portable radio requiring evacuation, Sector Y reports to requiring evacuation, Sector Y • Flashlight the shelter at: reports to the shelter at: • Extra batteries • Food and water Clinton High School Anderson County High School 425 Dragon Drive 130 Maverick Circle Clinton, Tennessee 37716 Clinton, Tennessee 37716

Take the most direct route to Take the most direct route to State northbound State Route 95 (Oak Route 61 eastbound to Clinton. Turn Ridge Turnpike).Take State Route 61 left onto Maverick Circle to Anderson eastbound to Clinton. Turn left onto County High School, which is Hillcrest Street. Turn right onto Dragon 4.7 miles past the intersection of Drive to Clinton High School. State Route 61 and U.S. Highway 25 (Clinton Highway).

36 37 About Radiation About Radiation What is radiation? The average dose to a member of Types of Radiation A Nuclear Emergency in Oak the U.S. population is about 620 Ridge? Radiation is a form of energy that is mrem. About 310 mrem is from You may be familiar with some of the a part of our everyday lives. We are natural sources, and the other 310 common types of radiation: alpha While it is possible that a nuclear exposed to radiation every day. Most mrem from man-made sources. To and beta particles, gamma rays and emergency impacting the Oak Ridge of the radiation dose we are exposed put this in perspective, the average neutrons. Alpha and beta particles are area could occur, it is not likely. Even to comes from naturally occurring dose from a chest X-ray is about 10 usually hazardous only if inhaled or if there is a nuclear emergency, most radioactive materials such as uranium, mrem, and we get about 3 mrem ingested. Gamma rays and neutrons members of the public would not thorium, radon, and certain forms of when we make a cross country flight. can penetrate the body from the be expected to receive a radiation potassium and carbon. The air we outside. All radioactive materials dose. For those people who did, the breathe contains radon, the food we The DOE has established a emit at least one of these types of average doses would be expected to eat contains uranium and thorium 100-millirem dose limit to members radiation. be less than the 360 mrem the public from the soil, and our bodies contain of the public from exposure receives each year. radioactive forms of potassium and pathways that are the result of its carbon. Cosmic radiation from the operations. The maximum dose any Levels of Radiation sun also contributes to our natural member of the public could have radiation dose. possibly received from activities on the Oak Ridge Reservation in 2012 Gastrointestinal series (upper and lower)...... 1400 millirem We also receive radiation doses from was 3 mrem. It is very unlikely any CT scan (head and body)...... 1100 millirem man-made sources such as X-rays, one person could have actually Radon in average household...... 200 millirem/year nuclear medical procedures, power received this dose. plants, smoke detectors and older Plutonium-powered pacemaker...... 100 millirem/year television sets. Some people, such as Natural radioactivity in our body...... 40 millirem/year nuclear plant operators, flight crews, Cosmic radiation...... 31 millirem/year and nuclear medicine staff may also receive an occupational radiation Mammogram...... 30 millirem dose. Smoking cigarettes (1 pack/day)...... 15-20 millirem/year Consumer products...... 11 millirem/year Measuring Dose Chest X-ray...... 10 millirem Radiation doses are normally Dental X-ray...... 10 millirem measured in a unit called rem. The Using natural gas in the home...... 9 millirem/year dose is based both on the amount of radiation received by an individual Road construction materials...... 4 millirem/year and the biological effect associated Living near a nuclear power station...... 1 millirem/year with the particular type of radiation. Air travel (every 2000 miles)...... 1 millirem Since our radiation doses are normally very small, we usually record *Maximum possible from normal operations on the the dose in millirem (mrem). One rem Oak Ridge Reservation...... 3 millirem/year equals 1,000 mrem. *Source, 2012 DOE Annual Site Environmental Report Summary 38 39 About Chemical Hazards About Chemical Hazards What Is a Chemical Hazard? know about toxic chemicals being Chemical Emergency in Oak Ridge However, as a matter of simple released into the environment. The prudence and for compliance A chemical hazard is any substance Toxics Release Inventory maintained DOE Oak Ridge has dozens of with Federal government safety that can cause harm, primarily to by the U.S. Environmental Protection facilities engaged in chemical requirements, DOE has prepared people. Chemicals of all kinds are Agency provides information about operations. Most operations involve emergency response plans for stored in our homes and can result the types and amounts of toxic such small quantities of chemicals accidents that could occur. DOE in serious injuries if not properly chemicals that are released each year that an accident poses little threat and its contractors maintain an handled. to people. However, DOE also has experienced group of emergency Household some larger chemical operations and, response personnel trained to items such as in some locations, larger amounts respond to chemical accidents. bleach can of stored chemicals where workers result in harmful and the public can be impacted by chlorine gas or accidents. hydrochloric acid if used carelessly. While accidents are Gasoline fumes possible, DOE believes from containers the risk of exposure to its for lawnmowers workers is low due to the or boats can safety precautions followed result in major throughout the DOE Oak health hazards if Ridge Reservation. The risk inhaled. to the public from harmful levels of material being DOE Oak Ridge released outside of the DOE uses thousands of chemicals in its to the air, water, and land as well as property areas is even lower. varied research and other operations. information on the quantities of toxic In the event of a chemical New chemicals are or can be chemicals sent to other facilities for release with the potential for created as a result of research or further waste management. Data for off-site impacts, the sirens other activities. DOE follows national the Department of Energy’s facilities will sound and a message safety requirements in storing and in Oak Ridge is included in this will be broadcast on the handling these chemicals to minimize Inventory. Emergency Alert System. the risk of injuries from its chemical usage. However, accidents can occur despite careful attention to proper handling and storage procedures.

A federal law called the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act gives you the right to

40 41 East Tennessee Technology Park East Tennessee Technology Park The East Tennessee Some of the key facilities include: Several hundred above-ground Technology Park facilities, including buildings, tanks, was originally named K-27 Demolition Project sheds, and other structures have “The Oak Ridge been demolished. Most had actual Gaseous Diffusion The K-27 Building is a rectangular or potential elevated concentrations Plant.” As part of building that is approximately 374,000 of radiological and/or other the Manhattan square feet. It was built in 1945. hazardous substances. Project, the Plant was The building contains radioactive designed to produce contamination and hazardous The program has already removed enriched uranium materials. The Office of Environmental large uranium enrichment facilities, for use in atomic Management plans to demolish it as such as K-25, K-29, K-33, the weapons operations quickly as possible. ETTP Steam Plant, the former during World War II. administration building, cafeteria, Main Plant and medical facility. Other buildings, After the war, this Plant was East Tennessee Technology Park including K-1225, K-1330, K-1007, renamed the Oak Ridge K-25 Most facilities at ETTP, except those K-1580, K-1036, and K-1400, have Site and produced enriched uranium park. URS|CH2M Oak Ridge LLC designated for reuse, have been, or been transferred to CROET for reuse for the commercial nuclear power (UCOR) is conducting cleanup at are scheduled to be, demolished as by private industry. industry from 1945 to 1985. In 1987, the site. As cleanup is completed, part of DOE’s environmental cleanup DOE renamed the site the East DOE transfers ownership of the program. Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) uncontaminated buildings and and began a major environmental land to the Community Reuse cleanup project with the long-term Organization of East Tennessee goal of transitioning the site into a (CROET), who in turn leases this privately owned and operated industrial property for immediate private industrial use.

K-27

42 43 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory The Oak Ridge High Flux Isotope Reactor National Laboratory (ORNL) is DOE’s The High Flux Isotope largest multipurpose Reactor (HFIR) began science laboratory full-power operations in and is managed by 1966 and is the highest flux UT-Battelle LLC. ORNL reactor-based source of was established in neutrons for research in the 1943 as a part of the United States. It provides Manhattan Project and one of the highest steady- was formerly known as state neutron fluxes of any the X-10 site. research reactor in the world. Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Flux Isotope Reactor Today, ORNL is an international leader One of the original primary chemical processing equipment in a range of scientific areas that of six DOE laboratories to purposes of the HFIR was the for dissolution, solvent extraction, support DOE’s mission in the Office of provide the most intense pulsed production of californium-252 ion exchange, and precipitation Science. The Laboratory’s six major neutron beams in the world for and other transuranium isotopes operations. Three contain equipment scientific competencies include neutron scientific research and industrial for research and industrial and for the preparation and inspection science, energy, high performance development. medical applications. Today, HFIR’s of transuranic element targets, computing, complex biological main mission is neutron scattering while one cell is used for analytical systems, advanced materials, and Neutron research at the Spallation research. chemistry operations, and another national security. Neutron Source helps researchers is used for waste collection and improve materials used in high- Radiochemical Engineering sorting. Spallation Neutron Source temperature superconductors, Development Center - Building 7920 powerful lightweight magnets, Transuranic (TRU) Waste Facility This one-of-a-kind facility was built aluminum bridge decks, and Since the mid-1960s, the on Chestnut Ridge by a partnership stronger, lighter Radiochemical Engineering The Transuranic Waste Processing plastic products. Development Center (REDC) has Center is managed by Wastren This research has been the production, storage, and Advantage Inc. The site is located on already led to distribution center for the heavy- 5.2 acres of land off Highway 95. improved shatter- element research program of DOE. proof windshields, This includes work with transuranic The TWPC mission is to pocket calculators, elements, such as neptunium, receive legacy TRU wastes and adjustable seats, and americium, and californium. These future wastes to be generated more accurate satellite elements are used in a number from decontamination and weather forecast of applications, including medical decommissioning, remediation, information. research and industry. and ongoing mission operations at the ORNL complex. The facility The heart of the REDC is a battery processes, treats, repackages and of nine heavily shielded hot cells ships the waste for final disposal at Spallation Neutron Source housed in a two-story building. the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. 44 Of the nine cells, four contain 45 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Y-12 National Security Complex involves separating components The site is the only facility of its type Facts: ORNL in the region specifically designed to of retired weapons and recovering nuclear materials from accomplish this mission. • Sector X them. Safe and secure Storage • Located on Bethel Valley occurs throughout all these Molten Salt Reactor Experiment Road in the Roane County processes. Facility section of Oak Ridge • 4,000 employees and 3,000 Y-12 works with NNSA and The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment guest researchers annually other federal agencies to secure (MSRE) operated at ORNL from 1965 • 4,470 acres vulnerable nuclear materials to 1969. Its purpose was to test an • www.ornl.gov alternative concept for powering a domestically and internationally. nuclear reactor. Rather than using fuel Y-12 National Security Complex Activities encompass detection, rods to contain the radioactive source, Radiochemical Development removal and security of nuclear as today’s commercial power reactors Facility - Building 3019 The Y-12 National Security Complex material and ultimately doing do, the MSRE pumped a mixture of (Y-12) is a key site in the U.S. Nuclear the swords-to-plowshares work radioactive molten salt through a series Building 3019 is the one of the Security Enterprise and is responsible of making weapons material of pipes to generate heat and power the nation’s few repositories for for uranium storage, processing and available for peaceful uses such reactor. uranium-233 and other special manufacturing operations. Y-12 is as fueling research reactors and nuclear materials, with a history managed by CNS, llc for the National producing medical isotopes. When the reactor was shut down, the dating back to the Manhattan Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Through NNSA’s Global Threat fuel salt was drained into two large Project. Located near the center Production Office. Reduction Initiative, Y-12 safely metal tanks. A flush salt was then of the ORNL campus, 3019 is secures materials and transports circulated through the tank and drained where the majority of the nation’s Y-12 is responsible for maintaining the them to Y-12 for ultimate storage into a third storage tank. In late 1994, separated uranium-233 is stored. safety, security and effectiveness of researchers detected that radioactive the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile. material had traveled from the storage U-233 is an alpha-particle emitter, Weapons component production, Facts: Y-12 tanks into pipes connected to the drain similar to the better-known surveillance, dismantlement and storage tanks. The material was removed from isotope, U-235. Associated are four distinct facets of this mission. • Sector Y the pipes, and DOE is now planning with the U-233 and regarded Production includes the manufacture of • Located on 811 acres in the removal of fuel salts from the drain as a contaminant is U-232. This new components, which oftentimes are Anderson County on Bear tanks. uranium isotope emits high- combined with recycled components Creek Road energy gamma radiation that into subassemblies. This process, • 2-½ miles long x ½ mile An expected nine metric tons of material requires extensive shielding to referred to as refurbishment, extends wide complex will be removed from the tanks and protect workers. the lifetimes of systems in the active • 4,800 CNS, llc employees transported to a storage facility at weapons stockpile and ensures their • 69 NPO employees at Y-12 ORNL, where it will await final disposal effectiveness. Another aspect of this • 343 buildings at an appropriate site. mission is surveillance testing, which • 7.3 million square feet of determines how weapons in the active floor space on 811 acres stockpile are aging. Dismantlement • www.y12.doe.gov

46 47 See map and remember: Y-12 National Security Complex million lives worldwide. Afterward, Y-12 provided I live in Sector ______lithium separation and key components for the thermonuclear weapons that helped end the Cold I work in Sector ______War. Using its precision machining capabilities, Y-12 produced the Evacuation Locations for my Children’s Schools: “moon boxes” in which Apollo astronauts ______brought material from the lunar surface back to Earth. Y-12’s expertise in machining, handling For More Information: or disposition. Additionally, Y-12 works and protecting radiological domestically and internationally to ensure materials has made the Oak that materials are appropriately protected Ridge site central to the DOE Oak Ridge Office Public Affairs through training of protective forces. nation’s nuclear security. (865) 576-0885 Y-12 provides highly enriched uranium (HEU) used in the fabrication of fuel for NNSA Production Office reactors in the Navy’s nuclear-powered (865) 576-9918 aircraft carriers and submarines under an agreement with NNSA’s Naval Reactors Tennessee Emergency Management Agency Office requiring the availability of HEU through 2050. 1-800-533-7343

Constructed as part of the World War II This brochure is available on the DOE Emergency Manhattan Project, Communications website at: Y-12 provided the enriched uranium for “Little Boy,” the atomic http://science.energy.gov/isc/emergency-information/ bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, to help the United States and her allies end a war that had taken 63