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View and Facilitates the Results’ Reproducibility Mocnik et al. Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards (2018) 3:7 Open Geospatial Data, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40965-018-0047-6 Software and Standards SOFTWARE Open Access Open source data mining infrastructure for exploring and analysing OpenStreetMap Franz-Benjamin Mocnik* , Amin Mobasheri and Alexander Zipf Abstract OpenStreetMap and other Volunteered Geographic Information datasets have been explored in the last years, with the aim of understanding how their meaning is rendered, of assessing their quality, and of understanding the community-driven process that creates and maintains the data. Research mostly focuses either on the data themselves while ignoring the social processes behind, or solely discusses the community-driven process without making sense of the data at a larger scale. A holistic understanding that takes these and other aspects into account is, however, seldom gained. This article describes a server infrastructure to collect and process data about different aspects of OpenStreetMap. The resulting data are offered publicly in a common container format, which fosters the simultaneous examination of different aspects with the aim of gaining a more holistic view and facilitates the results’ reproducibility. As an example of such uses, we discuss the project OSMvis. This project offers a number of visualizations, which use the datasets produced by the server infrastructure to explore and visually analyse different aspects of OpenStreetMap. While the server infrastructure can serve as a blueprint for similar endeavours, the created datasets are of interest themselves too. Keywords: Infrastructure, Data repository, Volunteered geographic information (VGI), OpenStreetMap (OSM), Information visualization, Visual analysis, Data quality Introduction and background sport sites, and shops; and many more information. The The way geographical information is collected and used, data derived and maintained by the OSM project can be and also the characteristics of the data themselves, has used for different purposes [4]. While the data are often changed in the last years and decades. Geographical used to create street maps (www.openstreetmap.org), information is not longer the domain of experts, but also other services have been created based on or using citizens, often without formal qualification, voluntarily OSM data: topographic maps (www.opentopomap.org), collect information about the environment they are living thematic maps for cyclists (www.opencyclemap.org), for or working in, or are familiar with for some other reason. sailors (www.openseamap.org), and for users of ski pistes Citizens also derive geographical information from aerial (www.opensnowmap.org); a (reverse) geocoder (nominatim. images and other sources. Such geographical information openstreetmap.org); a digital globe (marble.kde.org); that is collected in a cummunity-driven process is called routing services (www.project-osrm.org, www.openroute Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) [1, 2]. service.org); etc. OSM data are used by citizens, com- One of the most prominent examples of VGI is Open- panies, and organizations for producing and viewing StreetMap (OSM) [3] – a community-driven effort to maps, for planning tasks, for humanitarian aid, and crisis collect geographical information about the environment: management. streets and buildings; villages, cities, administrative divi- DataqualityisamajorissueforOSMandVGIingen- sions, and country boundaries; land use classification; natural eral, because a holistic and deep understanding of the and physical land features; amenities; leisure, tourism, data creating process is needed [5–7]. The characteristics of VGI to be collected and maintained by a commu- *Correspondence: [email protected] nity implies that the advancement of the dataset and its Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 348, underlaying folksonomy, that is, the semantics of the tags 69120 Heidelberg, Germany used in OSM, are not controlled by a single person or © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Mocnik et al. Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards (2018) 3:7 Page 2 of 15 authority but rather the result of a community-driven pro- Taginfo (taginfo.openstreetmap.org), Tag finder (tagfinder. cess [8–10]. The tools and services used to produce and herokuapp.com), OSM Tag History (taghistory.raifer. process the data are neither. The data are rather edited tech), and OSMstats (osmstats.neis-one.org). Further- and the folksonomy and tools created on a voluntary basis more, a first statistical analysis of OSM users has been by individuals who coordinate their activities, leading to provided by Mooney and Corcoran [9, 14]. strong heterogeneity among the users and their mapping The quality of OSM data has been examined in respect behaviour [11, 12]; among the choice of what to map; to many purposes and many areas using different methods among the chosen representation; and among the sources [7]. Trame et al. [15], for example, examined the lineage used to map, for example, aerial images, local knowledge, of OSM objects and visualized the result as a cartographic and GPS tracks. This heterogeneity implies that some heat map. Roick et al. [16, 17] have visualized several sta- regions are mapped more complete than others [11, 12]; tistical properties of OSM data by a cartographic heat concepts are used differently [13]; the data are not always map, with the aim to understand the quality of the data. up to date [12]; and locations are described with differing An overview of how the quality of OSM data compares precision [12]. to the one of other datasets has been provided by Hak- The comprehension of the complex, community-driven lay [18] for the first time and repeated in several other process that leads to VGI datasets is necessary to under- studies and use case scenarios. In terms of geographic stand the data and their quality, because it is foremost areas, the quality of OSM has, among others, been exam- this process which distinguishes VGI data from other ined for Germany [19], France [20], Brazil [21]aswellas data and potentially causes heterogeneity. Information for Iran [22]. OSM data have been widely used in various visualization investigates visual representations of com- application domains including disaster management [23], plex information to reinforce human cognition and, in routing and navigation [24, 25], and urban demographic turn, make complex processes more tangible. This article estimation [26]. demonstrates how techniques from information visual- In the context of the community-driven process, data ization can be used to gain a deeper understanding of quality has widely been discussed, among others, by the community-driven process of creating and modifying Keßler et al. [27] in respect to trust; by Arsanjani et al. OSM data. [28] in respect to the quality of single contributors; by There are several studies and tools that inspect, anal- Rehrl et al. [29] in respect to contribution patterns; by yse and/or employ VGI and OSM data in particular. In Rehrl et al. [30] in respect to the motivations to con- the case of OSM there exist several systems to display tribute; and by Mooney et al. [9] in respect to the com- and investigate OSM data, for example, the OSM web munity consisting of individual contributors. Hashemi platform, GIS systems such as QGIS (open source), and et al. [31] have assessed the logical consistency; Ballatore ArcGIS. Several other software also exist for editing OSM et al. [6], the conceptual quality; and Vandecasteele et al. data, with iD, Potlach 2, JOSM, Maps.me, Vespucci being [32] and Mooney et al. [13] have discussed the influ- the most common tools for this purpose. A capability that ence of the tagging process on data quality. Some intrin- is lacking in before-mentioned software is the possibil- sic quality measures have been discussed by Mooney ity to analyse and display information about the creation et al. [33] and Gröchenig et al. [11]. A general overview process of data. over methods and indicators to assess data quality of For this specific purpose, several other software tools OSM has been provided by Barron et al. [34]and exist that can only examine and visualize the creation Senaratne et al. [7]. process of a small part of the database. An example Despite the extensive literature body on the examination of such services is show-me-the-way (www.github. of OSM data and OSM mapping efforts as well as on data com/osmlab/show-me-the-way), which provides users quality in respect to VGI and OSM in particular, technolo- the possibility to visualize the recent changes of OSM gies to support these aims have been discussed rarely. This data (with short delay). Further examples include osm- is despite the fact that technology is an important tool for deep-history (www.github.com/osmlab/osm-deep-history), conducting research. This article aims at developing and which allows to analyze the history of OSM; Aug- improving the view on infrastructure to investigate OSM mented OSM Change Viewer (overpass-api.de/achavi), data and OSM mapping efforts in a scientific context. In which allows to analyze a collection of changes sub- particular, we present new infrastructure that mitted to OSM in the form of a ‘changeset’; and the tool Who did it? (zverik.osm.rambler.ru/whodidit/), (1) fosters the analysis and the comprehension of differ- which provides information about local changes. ent aspects of OSM, In addition, there exist websites that collect, aggre- (2) efficiently supports the analysis without overusing gate, and analyse information about the tags used to existing server infrastructure, and describe OSM objects. The most famous websites are: (3) makes the analysis of the data reproducible.
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