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2017 2017 Ulises Cortés UlisesCortés [email protected] Reflections on Ethics & ArtificialIntelligence Reflectionson Ethics&
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ia /~ [email protected] www.cs.upc.edu Head of the HPAI research group at Barcelona Professor of Artificial Intelligence Intelligence Artificial Professor of AI Mastersthe of programon Coordinator Supercomputing Center Supercomputing
" " " [email protected] [email protected] http:// UlisesCortés
! !
Who am I amI Who !
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[email protected] [email protected] is a group of people who share a common society Through Through social institutions---family, educational, Culture has both conscious and unconscious values, A Culture–ways of living, built up by a group of human set of valuesof set and norms ideas,attitudes,and symbols religiousand business institutions beings, that are transmitted from one generation to another
• • • What is Culture?is What •
U. Complutense 4 Water Water line Iceberg Expressedvalues Basicassumptions [email protected] Manifest culture Levels Culture of Sathe’s
U. Complutense 5 and wrong in right wrong. and and right [email protected] . What is Ethics?is What Oxford American dictionary: Concerned with Ethics Ethics is the practice of making a principled the the principles of what is conduct choice between between choice
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” Texts “ Theogony [email protected]
Heraclitusand Parmenides Notmuchabout Ethics Hesiod’s Hunter-GathererBehavior
Mythology Pre-Socratic Pre-Historic • • • •
• • History •
U. Complutense 7 beautiful s pious?s ’ (the form) v/s v/s (theform) : Socrates & Plato Plato Socrates& [email protected] Beautiful That by virtue of whichbyvirtue That of all areother Forms e.g. truequa form
• • The Form of theGoodof TheForm Is it piousit becauseIs theGodslove it? DotheGodslove becauseit it
• • OR • The Theory of theForms TheTheory of Euthyphro Dilemma Euthyphro
• •
U. Complutense 8 : [email protected] Socrates & Plato Plato Socrates& Apology Being virtuous requires one to tend to the Those who know the right thing to do will Virtue = KnowledgeVirtue= Happiness = healthhisof soul which resultsin happiness alwaysact accordingly No one knowingly harms himself or does evil
soul. • • •
From theFrom The Form Virtue TheForm things to others because that would harm his
• • •
U. Complutense 9 [email protected] Do the right thing Dotherightthing : Always : do theright thing. That’sit : : Doctor... Doctor... : : C’mon, what: What? That’sit? : gone.I’m gotit, I : Mookie DaMayor Mookie DaMayor Mookie DaMayor
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U. Complutense 10 12 in A Companion to ch.
, , “Modern moral philosophy,” : : extending the belief that humans [email protected] : focus shifting from individual to public : focus shifting from individual to public : : moral authority shifted from above Schneewind From J. B. Ethics, Peter Singer, ed. ISBN: 0631187855PeterSinger, Ethics, ed.ISBN:
• Appliedethics ispopular Virtueethics isgaining ground Risenihilismof and relativism Threestagesin EthicsHistorythe of
• • • Second Second stage Third stage First stage areresponsible only humansto ethics—towardutilitarianism. humansdivine),(the humans.to
• • •
U. Complutense , and , and 11 good ? . [email protected] ethical Philosophicalethics--Assumptions Reason Reason is a sufficient basis for developing What happensWhat with machines Humansareaccountable only other humans.to Assumes that humans are basically ethics. canbemore
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[email protected] Humansareessentially animals. boundand changing Truth and right are intrinsically time- Nature ultimateisthe reality
2. 3. 1. Henry,ChristianH. Carl F. Personal 1957, Ethics, 23 p. Philosophicalethics--Assumptions Henry CarlnotedF.H. these assumptions:
U. Complutense 13 let nature take its i.e. [email protected] (actionless action ) in) Taoistperspective. te Virtue( Intellectualhumility asan ethical virtue. course). Wu Wei Taoismand ethics
3. 2. 1.
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) subject Trust Principles Principles Loyaltyand duty Loveand obedience Obligationand submission Seniorityand modeling Ruism ) ) Lun [email protected] Confucianism( Husbandand Wife Elderand younger brothers Friendand friend Sovereignand subject (Rulerand ruled) Fatherand Son Five basic human Five basic (Wu relationships
U. Complutense 15 ) ) Ren Zhi )
Xin [email protected] ProprietyEtiquetteof (Li) Wisdom(Knowledge) ( Faithfulness( Humanity/Benevolence( RighteousnessJusticeof (Yi) " " " " " FiveConstant Chang)Virtues(Wu The core of Confucianism Thecore of humanism.is Confucianism ! !
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[email protected] . ) Confucianism Xiào Thehierarchical socialof structure life Respectseniority.of Thecultivation moralityof and self-restraint Theemphasis on hard work Confucianism rests on the belief that human Value the importance of the family and filial piety beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially andself-creation self-cultivation (
• • • • • •
U. Complutense 17 ). ).
[email protected] notastatisticalmean Implication for business world: nothing should It It urges individuals to avoid competition and A conceptual state of control to a proper gobeyond appropriateits domain. sustains( conflict,and maintainto inner harmony. degree degree where no extreme but harmony
Confucianism • • • Doctrine of the Golden Mean Golden the of Doctrine
•
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2:3 18 11:11 & 11:11 Analects --
: : "If you govern the people [email protected] Confucianism Confucius Confucius said thuscorrectthemselves." they will avoid crime, sense of but shame. If you govern have them by means no personal of virtue and control them they will with gain propriety their own (li), sense of shame, and legalistically and control them by punishment,
•
U. Complutense . 19 involving involving conduct and wrong and in right ethical ethical situations wrong. [email protected] and and . right What is Ethics?is What We We encounter Oxford American dictionary: Concerned with the Ethics Ethics is the practice of making a principled choice computers computers and other technology forms of information principles of what is of what principles between between
• • •
U. Complutense ? 20 bad and and wrong good and and right [email protected] moral decisions - what is - what decisions moral how to live a good life good life a live how to responsibilities and our rights of language the
• • • • What is Ethics?is(2) What Ethics covers the following dilemmas: dilemmas: following the covers Ethics
U. Complutense 21 [email protected] Are there ethical machines? machines? ethical Are there Is this applicable to a machine? machine? a to Is applicable this machines? of kind which To What is the use of Ethics?usetheis of What
• • • they they need to behave. affect the way human beings If ethical theories are to be useful in practice,
U. Complutense 22 the world should be behavior in any given how bad or
good people ought to act. act. to ought people [email protected] how Ethics (a frame) (a Ethics Using ethical principles as a basis for decision making Ethical Ethical principles are ideas of behavior that are commonly Ethics Ethics as a discipline explores Ethics is concerned with issues of value, such as judgments prevents prevents us from preference relying only on intuition or personal about about what constitutes context. Ethics are the standards, values, or actions. one's decisions guide which etc., morals, principles, society. to acceptable understood, and and understood,
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23 machine machine ethics
investigation investigation of machine (2005 AAAI,(2005 Symposium) Fall Research in machine ethics is key to alleviating [email protected] Past research concerning the relationship between technology and ethics theories, advancing our thinkingtheories, about Ethics. of autonomous machines without such a dimension is at the root of fear concerning machine intelligence. Further, all ethics could enable the discovery of problems with current ethical is concerned with the behavior of machines towards and other human machines. users concerns with autonomous systems—it could be argued that the notion potential potential developments in contrast to machine computer hacking, software autonomy, property issues, privacy and necessitate other issues topics normally ascribed to this. computer ethics, In beings beings ought to treat machines. In all engaged cases, in only ethical reasoning. human The beings time has have come for adding dimension an ethical to at ramifications least of behavior some involving machines. machines, as Recognition well as of recent the and ethical has largely focused on responsible and irresponsible use of technology by human beings, with a few people being interested in how human Machine Ethics Ethics Machine
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24 [email protected] Why Should we Care About (AI) About Ethics we Care Should Why We We should care about ethics for our own self Some unethical actions can violate law. can violate actions Some unethical Others, though not illegal, can have drastic So many ethical situations that we encounter interest interest consequences for our careers and reputations our careers consequences for each day thateach we should care.
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U. Complutense 25 Ethics Regular [email protected] s computers file and browsing their desk drawer? ’ Machines allow people to perform unethical actions Or perform actions that were too difficult or impossible No! What we have are ethical situations where computers Is machine Is ethicsregular different from ethics? Is there an ethical difference in browsing someone faster thanfaster ever before. usingmanual methods. else and/orintelligent aresystems involved. MachineandEthics
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t see theethicalt implications: o [email protected] I I didn‘t do anything wrong. The file is still there for I I didn‘t know I did anything wrong. I only looked at the file, I didn‘t thefile,I takeit. justmadetheowner. I acopy.
If theycopy afilesay: they If Many who perform unethical practices with Whencaught,reaction their first is: A characteristic common to machine ethics is • computersdo n • the difficulty of identifyingthedifficultyof ethical issues. IdentifyingEthical Issues
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[email protected] Ethics and AI and Ethics Prioritize Prioritize the maximum benefit to Mitigate risks and negative impacts as AI/ Embody the highest ideals of human AS evolveAS associo-technical systems humanityand naturalthe environment. rights.
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[email protected] Ethics and AI (issues) AI and Ethics
the risks of AI/AS technology (Framing being misused? the Principle Awareness). of Education and (FramingthePrinciple Responsibility)of (FramingthePrinciple Transparency)of human rights? (Framing the Principle of Human Rights) How can we ensure that AI/AS are transparent? How can we ensure that AI/AS do not infringe
• How can we extend the benefits and minimize • • How can we assure that AI/AS are accountable? • 3/12/17
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shall shall machines 29 machines to the practice of the [email protected]
ethical approach Principle of Responsibility (issues) Responsibility of Principle SELF SELF - Software engineers/ JUDGMENT JUDGMENT - Software engineers/ an profession. participate in lifelong practice learning of their regarding profession and the shall promote shall maintain integrity and theirprofessional judgment. ... independence in
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[email protected] transparency demands that all all that demands transparency Radical Varietyand Variability decision decision making should publicly. be carried out Ethics and AI (2) AI and Ethics
How can we extend the benefits and minimize How can we ensure that AI/AS are transparent? How can we ensure that AI/AS are transparent? the risks of AI/AS technology being (Framing misused? the Principle Awareness). of Education and (FramingthePrinciple Transparency)of
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” [email protected] When an ethical problem is identified, a policy or I was just testing to see how secure the system was. I was just testing to see how secure the system was. strategy should be developed to prevent the problem recurring.from I wasperforming I avaluable service. I I was going to report the weakness to management.
One goal of this course is to increase Machine ethics should have a strong link to Hackers oftensay, policy orstrategy • sensitivity sensitivity to ethical machines intelligent issues involving • IdentifyingEthical (2)Issues
• • •
U. Complutense , good 32 ethical. , or , moral [email protected] , proper , At At a higher more abstract level our behavior is On another level, we are guided by laws, At At biological level, we are directed by drives for modified by our understanding of what is right established by a group like congress, a church, orculture. food,shelter,and love
• • • CompetinginDecision Factors Making
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how 33 straightforward, at rarely [email protected] Individuals Individuals must weigh risks and Leadingcompetingto outcomes consequences before determining act. to
• • Human action is affect our behavioraffect any time influences from several levels
• CompetinginDecision Factors Making (2)
U. Complutense 34 [email protected] What What about in computing, software What What are some small business situations What aboutWhat alarge corporation? aboutWhat individual orpersonal situation development,administration?system involvingethics
• • • • One risk in situations involving ethics is the risk of poorjudgment (liston board)
ConsequencesPoorValue of Judgments •
U. Complutense 35 [email protected] Causebeto suedafirm orgo bankrupt Canhurtapersons feelings (disappoint them) Loweremployee morale Causeabusiness loseto customers Decreaseprofits
• • • • • A poor judgment, or low quality decision can have a widerange results of
PoorJudgments (2) •
U. Complutense 36 ) decisions?) ethical [email protected] not religion, although one dictionary dictionary one although religion, not is
It Canmachines make ( Ethics is the practice of making principled choices definesasamoralit philosophy.
• • • All of us must makemust ethicalAllus of decisions isethics? What
Ethicaldecisions? • •
U. Complutense 37 wrong right s childs isstarving? ’ from from [email protected] right right Thequick recovery orgeneral welfare thepatientof
• Some might lie about how the friend looks to achieveaperceived higher good
• Is it wrong it steal foodIs to isone starving?is wrongit oneIs if Some ethical choices are harder when the situation Lying may be wrong but if you visit a sick friend is it Most of us know that stealing, lying, and cheating These three actions are taboos of a commonsense wrongexaggerateto how well theylook? morality isnotasclear arewrong
• • • • The Types of Ethical of TypesTheChoices • • Choosing Choosing Choosing
• •
U. Complutense 38 [email protected] The necessity to choose a course of action Eachhaving desirablea result from two ormoretwoalternativesfrom
• • In an ethical choice then, an individual/ a machine These trivial examples illustrate the complexity of must often choose between two or more goods or thelesser twoevils.of ethicalchoice.
• • Types of Ethical of TypesChoices (2)
U. Complutense 39 [email protected] A robot must protect its own existence as A robot must obey any orders given to it by A robot may not injure a human being or, long as such protection does orSecond withFirst theLaw. not conflict comeharm.to human beings, except where such orders wouldLaw.conflict with First the through inaction, allow a human being to
3. 2. 1. Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics (1942) Asimov’sThreeLaws Robotics of (1942)
U. Complutense , laws 40
ethicalprinciples [email protected] , and What harmWhat might be done byeach alternative Whichcourse actionof results in theleast harm What the facts are facts theWhat
Some ways to do this are to use In ethical decision making the individual must Makingethical decisions scienceisnota Peopledodifferentlyit • • guidelines decidewhat theanswer depends on •
• • • • PracticalApproaches Ethicalto Decision Making
U. Complutense to to prior 41 [email protected] s constructions ’ What areWhat some laws you like? areWhat some good laws?
UsingLawmake Ethicalto Decisions Often, Often, an ethical principle was used When When a law tells us to do nor not to do a law the the law prescribes society is of • benefit to • something something it implies that a recognized authority has decided that the action
• •
U. Complutense 42 [email protected] reason and conscience towards and one should another act brotherhood. in a spirit of dignity and rights. They are endowed with Article1 All human beings are born free and equal in
U. Complutense 43 [email protected] UsingLawmake Ethicalto Decisions So, So, law is often grounded in ethical Ethical principles are ideas of behavior that principles, principles, a good making decision ethical starting point for arecommonly acceptable societyto
• •
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44 , , except where ARE THOSE EASY TO USE? TO EASY ARE THOSE machines What aboutWhat othermachines? [email protected] A robot must protect its own existence as A robot must obey any orders given to it by A robot may not injure a human being or, long as such protection does orSecond withFirst theLaw. not conflict human beings/ such orders would conflict Law. with the First through inaction, allow a human harm.come to being to
3. 2. 1. Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics (1942) Asimov’sThreeLaws Robotics of (1942)
U. Complutense 45 [email protected] dignity, and supplemented, othermeans socialof protection. if necessary, by unionstheprotection for hisof interests. unemployment. rightequal to payequal for work. favourable remuneration ensuring and his for family himself an existence worthy of human of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against Article23 (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice
U. Complutense 46 I I IV Not Legal Legal Not
I III Legal [email protected] Ethical Ethical Not Ethical Ethical Not possiblestates The relationship between ethics and law leads to four Relationshipbetween andEthics Law
U. Complutense 47 [email protected] theenvironmentcare of 26000) (ISO Take * Contribute * knowledgeto * Consider * end use (Aristotle) Evaluate * both ends and means (Kant) stakeholderBe * oriented 26000) (ISO Do good* work (Aristotle) Plan holistically* theory) (systems Relevance of ethics to ICT/IA ICT/IA Relevance to ethics of
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Act rationally Think rationally rationally Think [email protected]
Act like people Actpeople like Think like people Think like What kind AI? What of
U. Complutense 49 [email protected] Goals are expressed in terms of utility (of Rationality only concerns what decisions are Rationality only concerns what decisions are Rational: maximally achieving pre-defined outcomes) made goals
• • • RationalDecisions
U. Complutense Alan Kay Alan Kay
.upc.es/~webia/KEMLG/ .upc.es/~webia/KEMLG/ cs http://www. “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” it.” “The to predict best way the future is to invent
Barcelona-Madrid, 24/11/17 Barcelona-Madrid,24/11/17 U. Complutense