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Gst! Disposal/Recovery Options for Brine Waters from Oil and Gas Production

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Gst! Disposal/Recovery Options for Brine Waters from Oil and Gas Production RECEIVED MAR 2 5 1998 GST! DISPOSAL/RECOVERY OPTIONS FOR BRINE WATERS FROM OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION IN NEW YORK STATE nmxou NERGY AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORTIY The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) is a public benefit corporation created in 1975 by the New York State Legislature. F. William Valentino is President and Chief Operating Officer. NYSERDA's primary mission is to carry out a broad program of energy research, development and demonstration projects designed to develop and apply efficient technologies to help ensure that New York has secure and economical future supplies of energy, while protecting environmental values and promoting economic growth. NYSERDA derives its basic research revenues from an assessment levied on the intrastate sales of New York State's investor-owned electric and gas utilities. Additional research dollars come from limited corporate funds and a voluntary annual contribution by the New York Power Authority. In its research program, NYSERDA stresses consultation and collaboration with other organizations, including utilities, universities, industries, private engineering and scientific research firms, local governments, and Stateand federal agencies. These efforts stretch NYSERDA's limited research funds and ensure the involvement of those who can use the results of the research. In its federally funded Energy Services program, NYSERDA provides technical assistance to improve the energy and environmental performance of businesses and institutions, helps secure energy-project funding from private and public sources, and converts fleet vehicles to alternative fuels. The Energy Analysis program focuses on using energy, regulatory, and environmental policies to help New York State businesses grow and to meet the needs of New York State's energy consumers. NYSERDA also has responsibility for: • Managing the 3,300-acre Western New York Nuclear Service Center at West Valley 35 miles south of Buffalo, the site of a former commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing plant and a low-level radioactive waste disposal area. These responsibilities include: — Participating in the West Valley Demonstration Project, a joint federal/State effort to solidify the high-level radioactive wastes left over from the reprocessing operation and to clean up the facilities used. — Maintaining the portion of the site not being used in the Demonstration Project, including the shut-down low-level radioactive waste disposal area • Issuing tax-exempt bonds to finance facilities for electric and gas utilities and energy projects for private companies. • Constructing and operating facilities for disposal of low-level radioactive wastes produced in New York State, once the State makes disposal method and site decisions and approvals have been issued by State regulatory agencies. • Managing a 365-acre portion of a Superfund clean-up site in Malta, 20 miles north of Albany. Part of the site was once owned by the federal government Portions of it have been used by the federal government and its contractors since the 1940s for activities that have included rocket engine and fuel testing, weapons testing, and space research. For more information, contact the Technical Communications unit, NYSERDA, 2 Empire State Plaza, Suite 1901, Albany, New York 12223-1253, (518) 465-6251, ext 250. State of New York Energy Research and Development Authority George E. Pataki, F. William Valentino, Governor President DISPOSAL/RECOVERY OPTIONS FOR BRINE WATERS FROM OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION IN NEW YORK STATE Final Report Prepared for THE NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Dr. Burton Krakow Project Manager and GAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 8600 West Bryn Mawr Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60631 James M. Evans Project Manager Prepared by THE STATE UMVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO Departments of Civil Engineering, Marketing, and Geology Buffalo, New York 14260 Mark R. Matsumoto, Joseph F. Atkinson, Michele D. Bunn, and Dennis S. Hodge 1591-ERER-RIER-91 NYSERDA October 1992 Report 96-4 First Printing — March 1996 MASTE OBIBIBUK0N OF WIS DOCUMENT IS WITO) * ' NOTICE This report was prepared by the State University of New York at Buffalo in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority and the Gas Research Institute (hereafter the "Sponsors"). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the Sponsors of the State of New York, and reference to a specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it. Further, the Sponsors and the State of New York make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. The Sponsors, the State of New York, and the contractor make no representation that the use of any product, apparatus, process, method, or other information will not infringe privately owned rights and will assume no liability for any loss, injury, or damage resulting from, or occurring in connection with, the use of information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. Final Report ii Brine Disposal Study ABSTRACT Produced water from oil and gas operations, or brine as it is typically referred, may be characterized as being highly saline, with total dissolved solids greater than 100 g/L. If these brines are disposed improperly there may be severe adverse environmental effects. Thus, it is important that brine be disposed using environmentally sound methods. Unfortunately, costs for the disposal of brine water are a significant burden to oil and gas producers in New York State. These costs and the relatively low market price of oil and natural gas have contributed to the decline in gas and oil production in New York State during the past 10 years. The objectives of this study were to evaluate new and existing options for brine disposal in New York State, examine the technical and economic merits of these options, and assess environmental impacts associated with each option. Two new disposal options investigated for New York State oil and gas producers included construction of a regional brine treatment facility to treat brine prior to discharge into a receiving water and a salt production facility that utilizes produced water as a feed stock. Both options are technically feasible; however, their economic viability depends on facility size and volume of brine treated. KEYWORDS produced water, brine, treatment, reclamation, New York State, oil and gas production Hi Brine Disposal Study ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their appreciation to the following graduate students at the State University of New York at Buffalo, Mr. Mahmoud Hammoud, Mr. Anthony Konecki, Mr. Robert J. Seyfried, and Mr. Ketan M. Shah for the invaluable work for this study. In addition the authors gratefully acknowledge the work of Dr. Burton Krakow of the Energy Authority and Mr. James Evans of the Gas Research Institute for their interest in this project. Final Report IV Brine Disposal Study TABLE OF CONTENTS Notice ii Abstract and Key Words Hi Acknowledgments iv Table of Contents v List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Executive Summary xi 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 Objectives 1-2 Scope of Project 1-3 Organization of Report 1-3 2. STATUS OF OIL/GAS PRODUCTION AND BRINE DISPOSAL IN NEW YORK STATE 2-1 Oil Gas, and Brine Production in New York State 2-1 Specific Aspects of Brine Generation in New York State 2-2 Brine Quality Characterization 2-12 Current Disposal Methods Used by Oil/Gas Producers in New York State 2-18 Road Spreading 2-20 Discharge to Surface Waters 2-21 Underground Injection 2-22 Need for Brine Disposal Alternatives in New York State 2-24 3. BRINE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL FACILITY DEVELOPMENT 3-1 Environmental Concerns 3-1 Chlorides 3-1 Heavy Metals 3-2 Total Dissolved Solids 3-3 Oil and Grease 3-3 Turbidity 3-4 Existing Brine Treatment Facilities with Surface Water Discharges 3-4 Final Report v Brine Disposal Study Basic Flowsheet of Treatment Facility 3-5 Bench Scale Studies 3-7 Lime Study 3-8 Polymer Study 3-11 Acid Neutralization Study 3-13 Sludge Analysis 3-15 Estimate of Sludge Amount 3-16 Settling Velocity 3-17 Proposed Site Location for Brine Treatment Facility 3-19 Proximity to Major Brine Generation Areas 3-19 Proximity to a Suitable Receiving Stream 3-19 Contaminants of Concern 3-20 Potential Receiving Streams (based on flow volume) 3-21 Stream Classifications 3-23 Brine Treatment Facility Siting 3-24 Environmental Impact Assessment 3-30 Economic Cost Assessment 3-38 4. UNDERGROUND INJECTION WELLS 4-1 Basics of Injection Wells 4-1 Possible Locations for Injection Wells 4-2 Economic Assessment 4-4 5. BRINE TREATMENT/SALT RECOVERY FACILITY DEVELOPMENT.. 5-1 Marketability of Reclaimed Brine Products 5-1 Supply and Demand for Sodium Chloride 5-1 Production of Sodium Chloride 5-2 Consumption of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 5-8 Supply and Demand for Calcium Chloride 5-10 Production of Calcium Chloride (CaC12) 5-11 Consumption of Calcium Chloride (CaC12) 5-14 End-Use Segments 5-15 Chlor-Alkali Industry * 5-15 Roadway Uses: Ice Control, Stabilization, and Dust Control.... 5-18 Final Report vi Brine Disposal Study Study of Buyer Behavior. 5-23 Research Method .'. 5-23 Highway Departments 5-25 Chlor-Alkali Producers 5-35 Other Industries 5-35 Discussion 5-39 Resource Recovery Facility Development and Design 5-42 Preheating Brine Prior to Evaporators 5-46 Most Economic Salt Recovery Facility Alternative 5-56 Summary 5-59 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6-1 Conclusions 6-1 Recommendations 6-3 No Regulatory Changes, Steady or Declining Brine Generation 6-3 Roadspreading Restricted and/or Treatment Required, Increasing Brine Volumes 6-4 REFERENCES 7-1 Final Report vii Brine Disposal Study LIST OF FIGURES Figure No.
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