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An Assessment of the Household Food Wastage In

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An Assessment of the Household Food Wastage In AN ASSESSMENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD FOOD WASTAGE IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: A CASE STUDY OF FIVE AREAS IN THE CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY, GAUTENG PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA by FHUMULANI RUTH RAMUKHWATHO Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the subject ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: MRS ROELIEN DU PLESSIS CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF SUZAN OELOFSE FEBRUARY 2016 DECLARATION Student No.: 49028464 I, Ramukhwatho Fhumulani Ruth, hereby declare that this dissertation for the Master’s Degree in Environmental Management with specialisation in food waste, at the University of South Africa, is my own original work and has not been previously submitted to any other university. I also declare that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of a complete reference. Signed:………………………………… (Ms Fhumulani Ruth Ramukhwatho) Date: …………………………………….. i DEDICATION I warmly dedicate this study to my son Tshilidzi and to the poor black child who thinks that poverty defeats our dreams. I encourage them to persevere and not give up on their dreams because the future belongs to those who prepare for it today. I wish to gratefully thank my parents; I will never forget you. To God, Almighty ‘Consuming Fire’, I thank you for your grace upon me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge and extend my sincere gratitude to God Almighty, for the wisdom and perseverance that He has been bestowed upon me during this research project. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Ms R. du Plessis for guiding the work and providing valuable input throughout. Her comments have increased the value of this research work. I also want to express my gratitude to my co-supervisor Prof Suzan Oelofse for her wide knowledge and logical thinking. This research work would hardly have been possible without her encouragement and personal guidance. This study would not have been possible if the participants had not been willing to take part. I wish to acknowledge the 210 households from the CTMM, who participated and provided the data which was used in this study. To my parents Wilson and Violet Ramukhwatho, I thank you for your endless prayers, provision and unconditional love. I am blessed to be your daughter. My young sister Tshimangadzo Ramukhwatho, I thank you for assisting me with field data, travelling with me from house to house while I was collecting data for this study. Thank you for your support, I love you. My success is your success. Renee Koen, thank you for analysing the data. I appreciate your time and your willingness to help at all times. To the Unisa Master’s and Doctoral Support Programme, thank you for the funding. To Owen Molokwe, thank you for your assistance and for understanding my busy schedule during the course of this study. iii ABSTRACT Food waste has been proclaimed to be the key issue of concern that has drawn the attention of national and international scientific communities. This is due to changes in food systems and global situations. The issue of food waste is important because a large amount of food is being wasted during the production and distribution of food. One-third of food produced globally is wasted or lost from farm to fork. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the factors that contribute to generation of household food waste. The evaluation was done using face-to-face interviews based on a structured questionnaire and the actual weighing of households’ food wasted was quantified using a weighing kitchen scale. A total of 210 participants were interviewed. Food waste samples were collected from five selected study areas of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM): Atteridgeville Ext 6, 16 and 17, Lyttelton, Montana Park, Olievenhoutbosch Ext 36 and Silver Lakes Golf Estate, in Gauteng province, South Africa. The acquired data was captured into Microsoft Excel, and analysed. The chi-square statistical test was done using SAS statistical software. Out of 210 interviewed participants, 55% of the households had a monthly income of R10 000+ and 45% had a monthly income of less than R10 000. A total of 59% of respondents agreed that they wasted food, while 41% thought they did not waste food at all. The results also show that 35% of households included in the survey in selected areas of the CTMM threw away pap (referred as maize porridge), 26% wasted rice, 25% bread and 14% fruit and vegetables. Households wasted an average total of 6 kg per week per household. This was attributed to over preparation of porridge and rice; buying too much food; falling for special offers; poor storage; food residue, and fruit and vegetables going off. Households with a monthly income of R500 - R5 000 wasted more food than households with an income of more than R5 000. As such, it can be concluded that income has an impact on the amount of food wasted within the selected areas of CTMM. Moreover, analysis of the data confirmed that there is a statistically significant relationship between income level and food waste. The statistical chi-square test was applied and a probability value (p-value) of < 0.0001 was obtained, indicating that the difference between income categories was more than just a iv random pattern. (Note that any p-value of < 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant, i.e. an indication of an underlying consistent, non-random pattern.) Key terms Food waste drivers; Household income; Assessment v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BMR Bureau of Market Research BOGOF buy one get one free CO2 carbon dioxide CTMM City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DKK Danish Krone EC European Commission EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FUSIONS Food Use for Social Innovation by Optimizing Waste Prevention Strategies GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change kg kilogram kJ kilojoule NORSTAT Norway Statistic NSW New South Wales PPE personal protective equipment RSA Republic of South Africa vi SACN South African Cities Network SEPA Swedish Environmental Protection Agency TMA Tshwane Metropolitan Area UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USA United States of America USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WRAP Waste and Resources Action Programme vii CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... I DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... VI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ....................................................... 1 1.1 Background of study ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Motivation for the study ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Research questions ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Aim and objectives of study ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.5.1 Aim .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.5.2 Objectives of the study ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Thesis layout .................................................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 6 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Defining Food waste ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Reasons for food wastage ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.1 Household behaviour ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 The influence of demographic characteristics ................................................................................ 10 2.3.2.1 Gender ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2.2
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