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Fisheries in Faroese Waters and Potential Bycatch Risk of Marine Mammals

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Fisheries in Faroese Waters and Potential Bycatch Risk of Marine Mammals NAMMCO/SC/24/BYC/13 Not to be cited NAMMCO Scientific Committee Working Group on Bycatch, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2-4 May 2017 Fisheries in Faroese waters and potential bycatch risk of marine mammals Bjarni Mikkelsen, Museum of Natural History, Faroe Islands ([email protected]). 1 NAMMCO/SC/24/BYC/13 Introduction Bycatch of marine mammals, and direct interactions between sea mammals and Man, has been given increased attentions in the last two decades. Economic recessions for fishermen due to gear and catch destructions, caused by seals and whales, was probably the initial motivating reason. Competition between marine mammals and Man for the same food resources has not been given same attention, perhaps because of a more theoretical approach. However, in recent years some effort has been made to estimate the economic loss for fishermen due to marine mammal predation upon a shared resource. Fishing activities affect ecosystems at many levels, and there are fisheries with high bycatch levels that may affect sustainable population levels of whale and seal species. Not all fisheries have bycatch problems. Fisheries and fishing gears have been identified that seems to bycatch marine mammals more regularly, although this will vary by area, season and marine mammal behaviour. The bycatch problem seems to be largest in gillnet fisheries, especially in set nets in shallow waters, where coastal seals, porpoises and dolphin species regularly occurs. These animals are easily entangled in the gears and drown. Also driftnets, drop nets, purse seining and pelagic/midwater trawling for pelagic shoaling fish accidentally bycatch marine mammals. In the northeast Atlantic, the harbour porpoise and common dolphin have probably been the species mostly affected by bycatch. The present working document provides a description of the logbook system, the various fisheries in Faroese waters, including the midwater and pelagic fisheries, fisheries regulations, fleet composition and fishing effort by fleet categories. Also, the occurrence of marine mammals in Faroese waters and bycatch potential in the Faroese fisheries is discussed. Bycatch registrations Electronic logbooks, with on-line access and delivery (e-logbooks) to the Faroese Fisheries Inspection (www.vorn.fo), were introduced for the Faroese fleet larger than 15 GRT in the fishing year 2012/13, when also bycatch registration of marine mammals became mandatory. The bycatch registration occurs in a dedicated column in the logbook, where fishermen are prompted to set “null”, for no bycatch, before being able to close the registration form. The reliability of the bycatch reporting has not been evaluated. This is an important task for the near future, in order to secure that the reported numbers are reliable, and also for making potential changes and improvements of the reporting early in the process. Also, it is important to motivate fishermen to register bycatch. Information on the species of bycaught whales and seals is not given, because the option is not available in the e-logbook. The information can be added under comments. It is important to have the species information implemented in the system as soon as possible. The bycatch that has been registered so far in the e-logbooks, are 6 whales in 2012/13, 2 whales in 2013/14 and 2014/15, respectively, and 9 whales in 2015/16. For some bycaught whales, the species has been given, and most frequently this has been pilot whales, but in a few incidents, killer whales have been registered. Almost all bycatches have occurred in the pelagic/midwater fisheries for mackerel. 2 NAMMCO/SC/24/BYC/13 Regulations The Faroese fishery within the Faroese exclusive economic zone is regulated (since 1 June 1996) by individual transferable effort quotas in days within fleet groups (Table 1). The fishing year is running from 1 September to 31 August. Table 1. Number of allocated and used fishing days for each fleet group in the fishing year 2015/16. Group Fleet ISSCFG Vessels (licenses) Allocated, inner ring Allocated, outer ring Effort, inner Effort, outer 2 Trawlers OTB / 03.12 36 4354,27 1523,3 3786,52 1272,56 3 Longliners >110 BRT LLS / 09.31 20 2148,22 0 1451,71 0 4A Longliners 15‐40 BRT LLS / 09.31 9 642,02 0 314,65 0 4B Longliners 40‐110 BRT LLS / 09.31 13 1125,59 0 698,59 0 4T Trawlers 40‐110 BRT OTB / 03.12 7 1180,84 0 918,56 0 5A Hooks and lines, boats <15 BRT LX / 09.9 23 2640 0 810 0 5B Hooks and lines, open boats LX / 09.9 557 7555 0 4421 0 The individual transferable effort quotas (number of fishing days) applies primarily to four main fleet categories (see Table 2). The single trawlers greater than 400 HP (Category 1) do not have effort limitations, but they are not allowed to fish within the 12 nautical mile limit, and are also, together with the pair trawlers, regulated by areas closures. Also, their catch of cod and haddock is limited by maximum by-catch allocation. The single trawlers less than 400 HP are given special licenses to fish inside 12 nautical miles with a by-catch allocation of 25% cod and 12% haddock (Table 2). In addition, they are obliged to use sorting grids in their trawls. One fishing day by longliners <110 GRT is considered equivalent to two fishing days for jiggers in the same gear category. Longliners <110 GRT could therefore double their numbers of days by converting to jigging. Table 2. Percentage of cod, haddock, saithe and redfish of total catches allowed for each fleet category. Category Fleet Cod Haddock Saithe Redfish 2 Trawlers 25% 12% 82% 99% 3 Longliners >110 BRT 37% 45% 4 Jiggers and longliners >15 BRT, trawlers >40 BRT 17% 17,50% 11,50%0,50% 5 Jiggers and longliners <15 BRT 20% 23,50% 6% 6 Others 1% 2% 0,50% 0,50% In Figure 1, the location of the inner and outer ring is demonstrated, the inner area being between inner and outer ring, while the outer area is outside the outer ring. In Table 1, the number of allocated fishing days for the inner and outer areas, by fleet groups, is provided. Holders of individual transferable effort quotas can fish for three days when outside the outer line, for each day allocated inside the line. Trawlers are generally not allowed to fish inside the 12 nautical mile limit. Inside the innermost thick line only longliners <110 GRT and jiggers <110 GRT are allowed to fish. The Faroe Bank shallower than 200 m is closed to trawling. The effort quotas are transferable within gear categories. The allocations of number of fishing days by fleet categories was made such that together with other regulations of the fishery they should result in average fishing mortalities on each of the 3 main stocks (cod, haddock, saithe) of 0.45, corresponding to average annual catches of 33% of the exploitable stocks by numbers. Built into the system is also an assumption that the day system is self-regulatory, because the mixed-species fishery will move between stocks according to the relative availability of each of them and no stock will be overexploited. In addition to the number of days allocated in the law, it is also stated in the law what percentage of total catches of cod, haddock, saithe and redfish, each fleet category on average is allowed to fish (Table 2). 3 NAMMCO/SC/24/BYC/13 Figure 1. Closed areas, mainly between the inner and outer ring, by period. Technical measures such as area closures during the spawning periods, to protect juveniles and young fish and mesh size regulations, are also in effect (see Figure 1). Fisheries in Faroese waters The main fisheries in Faroese waters are mixed-species, demersal fisheries and single- species, pelagic fisheries. The demersal fisheries are mainly conducted by Faroese vessels, fishing primarily for cod, haddock and saithe. The pelagic/midwater fisheries, which targets blue whiting, herring and mackerel, are conducted by Faroese and foreign fishing vessels, licensed through bilateral and multilateral fisheries agreements. The Faroese fleets participating in the pelagic fisheries are primarily 4 NAMMCO/SC/24/BYC/13 Fisheries in Faroese waters 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cod 12851,2 12359,2 10819 9724,1 12506,5 11731,9 7287,7 5209,7 6529,3 7103,3 Haddock 15457,8 11291,9 6763,2 4474,1 4514,4 3195,5 2353,1 2624,6 2499,1 2660,7 Tusk 2386,9 2031,6 2556,6 2243,9 3323,7 2872,2 3232,2 1274,8 1522 1124,5 Ling 3430,7 3006,4 3341,4 3237 4518,4 4060,9 5010,7 3513,5 5065,6 3795,1 Blue ling 1690,2 1600,9 926,1 853,5 1413,4 1294,9 1062,7 540,7 799,8 578,6 Saithe 59884,2 54961,4 50966,0 52579,5 39713,5 26842,6 31968,8 23660,2 21391,0 22666,4 Greenland halibut 900,8 1586,8 2103,9 2311,9 1165,1 1738,1 2241,1 2739,9 2904,4 3007,1 Redfish 3464,5 3031,4 1455,1 1468,7 1650,5 913,7 677,8 786,1 591,2 785 Monkfish 4334,1 3401,7 1869 1779,5 2015,3 1901,2 1079,2 454,8 590,8 543,6 Greater silver smelt 12270 13437 19248,8 19740,3 19189,5 18711,7 12265,6 14195,7 12018,8 14093,9 Salmon 0000000000 Blue whiting 161939 145889,4 105167,8 24261,8 26964,1 14435 40594,4 83761 173810 231502 Norway pout 0 0 0 0 2,5 49,6 1751,2 586,1 1098,4 0 Herring 24559 10925 4256,7 4181,4 11891,3 56487,6 43005 110791,8 37448,5 37829 Horse mackerel 0 12,4 9,5 0 199,5 8,7 0,1 0 15,1 4,5 Mackerel 0 201,3 120,7 4990,7 66072,2 122047,4 107115,7 142735,1 95301 71148 Total 303168,4 263736,4 209603,8 131846,4 195139,9 266291 259645,3 392874 361585 396841,7 Landings (tonnes) of the main fisheries in Faroese waters – colours indicate fisheries with potential for bycatch of marine mammals (blue=gillnets, purple=high vertical opening trawl, green=pelagic trawl).
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