Unravelling Tort and Crime Edited by Matthew Dyson Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06611-3 - Unravelling Tort and Crime Edited by Matthew Dyson Frontmatter More information

UNRAVELLING TORT AND CRIME

Tort law and criminal law are closely bound together but their relationship rarely receives sustained and rigorous scrutiny. This is the first significant project in England and Wales to address that shortcoming. Building on growing interest amongst both academics and practitioners in the relationship between tort and crime, it draws together leading experts to chart the field and explore key points of interest. It uses a range of perspectives from legal theory, doctrine, legal history and comparative law to address some of the most important and interesting links between tort and crime. Examples include how the illegality defence operates to avoid stultification of the law, the difference between criminal and civil causation, how the Motor Insurers’ Bureau not only insures but acts to enforce laws and alter behaviour, and why civil law only very rarely restores specific property but the criminal law does it daily.

matthew dyson is a Fellow in Law at Trinity College, University of Cambridge, where he specialises in the relationship between tort and crime. He teaches tort law, criminal law, Roman law, comparative law and European legal history. He has held visiting positions at the Universities of Girona, Valencia, Sydney and Göttingen and been a visitor at Harvard, as well as a Visiting Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg.

UNRAVELLING TORT AND CRIME

Edited by MATTHEW DYSON

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107066113 © Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2014 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Unravelling tort and crime / edited by Matthew Dyson. pages cm ISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 (Hardback) 1. Torts–England. 2. Criminal law–England. I. Dyson, Matthew, 1982– editor of compilation. KD1949.A2U57 2014 346.4203–dc23 2014007592 ISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 Hardback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9781107066113 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

CONTENTS

List of contributors vii Foreword ix Preface xi Table of cases xii Table of legislation xxvi 1 Disentangling and organising tort and crime 1 matthew dyson

2 Policing tort and crime with the MIB: remedies, penalties and the duty to insure 22 rob merkin and jenny steele

3 Tort law and criminal law in an age of austerity 58 nicholas j. mcbride

4 Wrongs and responsibility for wrongs in crime and tort 82 g. r. sullivan

5 Private rights and public wrongs 111 robert stevens

6 Torts, crimes and vindication: whose wrong is it? 146 r. a. duff

7 Illegality’s role in the law of torts 174 graham virgo

8 Defences in tort and crime 208 james goudkamp

vi contents 9 Causation in tort law and criminal law: unity or divergence? 239 sandy steel

10 Complicity 275 paul s. davies

11 Civil liability for crimes 304 j. r. spencer

12 Consent and assumption of risk in tort and criminal law 330 kenneth w. simons

13 The interaction of crime and delict in Scotland 356 john blackie

14 The properties of the law: restoring personal property through crime and tort 389 matthew dyson and sarah green

Index 422

CONTRIBUTORS

john blackie is Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of Strathclyde

paul s. davies is fellow and tutor at St Catherine’s College and Associate Professor, University of Oxford

r. a. duff is Emeritus Professor, Department of Philosophy at the University of Stirling and Russell M. and Elizabeth M. Bennett Chair in Excellence at the University of Minnesota Law School

matthew dyson is fellow in law at Trinity College, University of Cambridge

james goudkamp is fellow and tutor at Keble College and Associate Professor, University of Oxford

sarah green is fellow and tutor at St Hilda’s College and Associate Professor, University of Oxford

nicholas j. mcbride is James Campbell Fellow in Law at Pem- broke College, University of Cambridge and Quondam Fellow, All Souls College, University of Oxford

rob merkin is Lloyd’s Professor of Commercial Law at the Univer- sity of Exeter

kenneth w. simons is Professor of Law and The Honorable Frank R. Kenison Distinguished Scholar in Law at Boston University School of Law

j. r. spencer qc is Bye Fellow of Murray Edwards College, retired fellow of Selwyn College and Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of Cambridge vii

viii list of contributors

sandy steel is Lecturer in Law at the Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London

jenny steele is Professor of Law at the University of York

robert stevens is Herbert Smith Freehills Professor of English Private Law at the University of Oxford

g. r. sullivan is Professor of Criminal Law at the University of Sussex and Emeritus Professor of Law at University College, London

graham virgo is fellow of Downing College and Professor of English Private Law at the University of Cambridge

FOREWORD

By far the most striking feature of the development of the criminal law in recent years has been the obsession of Parliament for the creation of new offences. The courts have an important secondary role in the interpret- ation of the legislation, but it is not for the courts to create new criminal offences or defences. By contrast, over the same period Parliament has shown far less interest in the law of tort and the considerable development of the law in this area has been largely the work of the courts. Moreover, while Parliament has been highly expansionist in its creation of new offences, its approach to tort (insofar as it has given attention to the subject) has tended towards the opposite direction. Professor Spencer gives the example of the amendment of section 47 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013. In its original form the section provided that a breach of health and safety regulations would be actionable in civil law unless the regulation provided otherwise. The amended version provides the opposite: breach of a health and safety regulation shall not be actionable unless the regulation so provides. This is a strange volte- face. Since the purpose of health and safety regulations is the prevention of personal injury, one might expect a person who is injured as a result of a breach to be entitled to appropriate compensation. It is an odd legisla- tive framework that denies compensation to the injured person but makes the lawbreaker liable to a ﬁne payable to the state. It is worth reﬂecting about this. When some untoward event or series of events hits the headlines, and the government comes under public pressure to do something to prevent a repetition, all too often the standard response is to create a new offence rather than considering whether a civil remedy might be as well or better adjusted to the welfare of the victim and the need for deterrence. One possible reason for this is that there is also a lamentable tendency to legislate in the broadest terms and to rely on prosecutorial discretion not to institute proceedings in

x foreword minor cases, whereas the institution of civil proceedings would be in the hands of the injured party. Whilst the courts must give effect to the will of Parliament, they have at the same time a responsibility to try to secure the coherent development of the law. Coherence does not necessarily require symmetry or even tidiness. The criminal law and the law of tort are themselves wide subjects, each serving a variety of purposes and requiring the balancing of a variable range of diverse interests. However, they contain many common topics. Examples include causation, complicity, consent and illegality. “Only connect!” So wrote E. M. Forster in Howard’s End. Making connections between different branches of the law presents a particular challenge in the present century because the legal world has become a world of specialists. This is a by-product of the complexity of modern society but it carries with it the risk of a silo effect. For all of these reasons, this collection of writings by a group of distinguished academics on different aspects of tort and crime is particu- larly timely and valuable. As Matthew Dyson states at the beginning of his introductory chapter, tort and crime are woven together in under- researched ways. This volume contains many ideas which are original and stimulating. It deserves to be read not only by practitioners and students of the law of crime and tort but by anyone with an interest in the common law.

Roger Toulson

PREFACE

This volume is the first outcome of a project to promote scholarship on tort and crime. It is the first such dedicated volume in England, but hopefully not the last. The chapters in the volume are the evolved states of papers presented at two workshops held at the Faculty of Law and Trinity College, Cambridge, in February 2013 and January 2014. It was a privilege to work with such a warm, interesting and academically rigorous group of scholars and I know that everyone involved benefited immensely from collaborating together. In addition to the authors, it has been of immense value to share ideas with three leading practitioners: John Randall QC, Edward Faulks QC and Tim Owen QC. The endeavour has benefited from being under the aegis of the Cambridge Centre for Private Law, and its Directors, Graham Virgo and Sarah Worthington. Graham in particular has been a constant source of support and guidance. The conception of the project owes much to the sage advice of Andrew Simester and Peter Glazebrook as well as formative years spent working with David Ibbetson and John Bell. In addition, its completion was achieved thanks to the backing of Janet Thomasson, Michael Dyson, Emma Smith, Louise Smith, Ken Smith and colleagues and friends like Catherine Barnard, Jo Miles, Louise Merrett, Ann-Christin Maak, Richard Hart, James Lee, Stephen Watterson, Paul Mitchell, Paula Giliker and Findlay Stark. The whole project was made possible by the financial support of the Cambridge Humanities Research Grant Scheme and Trinity College. The Faculty of Law has provided logistical support and facilities, with particular thanks owed to Rosie Šnajdr, Laura Smethurst, Elizabeth Aitken and Norma Weir. Finally, sincere thanks are due to Joe Sampson and Emma Bickerstaffe for their assistance with the completion of the manuscript as well as to the incomparable Finola O’Sullivan and to Richard Woodham and the rest of the staff at CUP for making the process so easy.

TABLE OF CASES

Adams v. Andrews [1964] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 347 32 Adorian v. Commissioner of the Metropolis [2009] EWCA Civ 18, [2009] 1 WLR 1859 200 Aitchison v. Thorburn (1870) 7 SLR 347 376 Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 138 Allcard v. Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 125 Allen v. Hounga [2012] EWCA Civ 609 178 Andersen v. Hameed [2010] CSOH 99 (Scotland) 195 Anderson v. Cooke [2005] IEHC 221; [2005] 2 IR 607 (Ireland) 195 Arnott v. Burr (1872) 11 M 62 378 Ashley v. Chief Constable of Sussex Police [2008] UKHL 25; [2008] 1 AC 962 11, 85, 126, 150–3, 154, 156, 160, 161, 209, 221, 236, 376 Ashmore v. Rock Steady Security Ltd 2006 SLT 207 376 Ashton v. Turner [1981] QB 137 178, 195 Askey v. Golden Wine Co. Ltd [1948] 2 All ER 35 191, 192, 317 Attorney General v. Able [1984] QB 795 291 Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands v. Hartwell [2004] 1 WLR 1273 319 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773 295 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 375 AXN v. Worboys [2012] EWHC 1730 35

Bailey v. Gill [1919] 1 KB 41 417 Bailey v. Ministry of Defence [2008] EWCA Civ 883; [2009] 1 WLR 1052 244 Baillie v. Bryson (1818) 1 Mur 317 378 Baker v. Snell [1908] 2 KB 825 325 Barker v. Corus, UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20 110, 261 Barnett v. Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969] 1 QB 428 241 Barnfather v. London Borough of Islington Education Authority and Secretary of State for Education and Skills [2003] EWHC 418 (Admin) 91 Barratt Homes Ltd v. Dŵr Cymru Cyfyngedig (No 2) [2013] EWCA Civ 233 246

xii

table of cases xiii

Barros Mattos Jnr. v. MacDaniels Ltd. [2004] EWHC 1188 (Ch), [2005] 1 WLR 247 182 Barry v. Sutherland (Damages) 2002 SLT 413 371 Belegging-en Exploitatiemaatschapij Lavender B.V. v. Witten Industrial Diamonds Ltd. [1979] FSR 59 301 Bell v. Shand (1870) 7 SLR 267 375 Bennett v. Commonwealth (1912) 150 SW 806 255 Bentley v. Vilmont (1887) 12 App. Cas. 471 400–1 Beresford v. Royal Insurance Co. Ltd. [1938] AC 586 185 Bice v. Jarvis (1885) 49 JP 264, 1 TLR 306 410 Blakely and Sutton v. DPP [1991] RTR 405 289 Bolitho v. City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232 242 Bonnington Castings Ltd v. Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 244, 259 Bowen v. Hall (1881) 6 QBD 333 247 Bowmakers Ltd. v. Barnet Instruments Ltd [1945] KB 65 182 Box v. Jubb (1879) 4 Ex. D. 76 325 Boyle v. Kodak [1969] 1 WLR 661 311–12 Breunig v. American Family Insurance Co 45 Wis 2d 536; 173 NW 2d 619 (1970) 233 Brimelow v. Casson [1924] 1 Ch. 302 292 British Columbia v. Zastowny [2008] 1 SCR 27 191 Brown Jenkinson and Co Ltd v. Percy Dalton (London) Ltd. [1957] 2 QB 621 181 Brown v. United States 256 US 335, 343 (1921) 223 Brumder v. Motornet Service and Repairs Ltd [2013] 1 WLR 2783 311 Bryson v. Somerville (1565) 1703 364 Buckley v. Gross (1863) 3 B. & S. 566; 122 ER 213 410 Bullock v. Dunlap (1877) 13 Cox 581 418 Burns v. Edman [1970] 2 QB 541 186 Byrne v. Motor Insurers Bureau [2009] QB 66, [2008] Lloyd’s Rep IR 705 28

Callow v. Tillstone (1900) 83 LT 411 284 Campbell v. Ord and Maddison (1873) 1 R 149 363 Carroll v. Barclay (Andrew) & Sons, Ltd. [1948] AC 477 12 Carter v. Richardson [1974] RTR 314 289 Cassell v. Broome [1972] AC 1027 86 CBS Inc v. Ames [1982] Ch 91 283 CBS Songs Ltd v. Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc [1988] AC 1013 278, 280, 283, 287, 292, 294 Chappel v. Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 244 Chester v. Afshar [2004] UKHL 41; [2005] 1 AC 134 245, 343 Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire v. Parkin [2000] Po. L.R. 54 (QBD) 412 Chilton v. Carrington and Whitehurst (1855) 15 CB 730; 139 ER 612 417 Chubb Fire Ltd v. Vicar of Spalding [2010] EWCA Civ 981 319

xiv table of cases

City of Levis v. Tetreault [2006] SCC 12 99 Cleisham v. BTC 1964 SC (HL) 8 381, 382 Cleveland Park Club v. Perry 165 A 2d 485 231 Clunis v. Camden and Islington Health Authority [1998] QB 978; [1998] 1 WLR 1093 191, 192, 313 Cobbs v. Grant, 502 P.2d 1 (Cal. 1972) 343 Colburn v. Patmore (1834) 1 Crop M and R 73, 149 ER 999 194 Colby v. McClendon 85 Okla 293 (1922) 118 Collins v. Blantern (1767) 2 Wils. KB 347 188 Collins v. Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172 (QBD) 236 Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v. Caldwell [1982] AC 341 288–9 Corr v. IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13; [2008] 1 AC 884 250, 265, 295 Costello v. Chief Constable of Derbyshire Constabulary [2001] EWCA Civ 381, [2001] 1 WLR 1437 183, 397 Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland N.V. (Now Generale Bank Nederland N.V.) v. Export Credit Guarantee Department [2000] 1 AC 486 280 Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland N.V. (Now Generale Bank Nederland N.V.) v. Export Credit Guarantee Department [1998] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 19 (CA) 107, 276, 298, 301 Crippen, In re [1911] P 108 313, 315 Cross v. Kirby [2000] EWCA Civ 426, The Times, 5 April 2000 (CA) 183, 189, 199, 237 Customs and Excise Commissioners v. Total Network SL [2008] UKHL 19; [2008] 1 A.C. 1174: 15 Cutler v. Wandsworth Stadium [1949] AC 398 12

D v. East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust [2005] UKHL 23, [2005] 2 AC 373 323 Davis v. Hampshire Police Authority [1978] C.L.Y. 3024 (CC) 412 Delaney v. Pickett [2011] EWCA Civ 1532, [2012] 1 WLR 2149 43–5, 191, 193, 196, 314 Devine v. Greeves [1957] Tas SR 27 (SC) 235 Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562 20, 65, 230 Dorset Yacht v. Home Ofﬁce [1970] AC 1004 250 Dover v. Child (1876) 1 Ex D 172 419 DPP v. Lynch [1975] AC 653 107, 291 DPP for Northern Ireland v. Maxwell [1978] 3 All ER 1140 287 DPP v. Morgan [1976] AC 182 158 Dramatico Entertainment Ltd v. British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [2012] EWHC 268 (Ch), [2012] 3 CMLR 14 276, 281 Duller v. South East Lines Engineers [1981] CLY 585 182 Dunlop and Sylvester v. R (1979) 47 CCC (2d) 93 ([1979] 2 SCR 881) 290

table of cases xv

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. v. Moseley & Sons Ltd. [1904] 1 Ch. 612 301 Dyer v. Munday [1895] 1 QB 742 326

E v. English Province of Our Lady of Charity [2012] EWCA Civ 938; [2013] QB 722 328 Earl of Macclesﬁeld v. Davis (1814) 3 V & B 16; 35 ER 385 394 Ecclestone v. Khazami [2014] EWHC 29 (QB) 183 Eisten v. North British Railway Co (1870) 8 M 980 377 EMI Records Ltd v. British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [2013] EWHC 379 (Ch) 286 Environment Agency (formerly National Rivers Authority) v. Empress Car Company (Abertillery) Ltd. [1999] 2 AC 22 104, 257 Equus Corp Pty. Ltd. v. Haxton [2012] HCA 7 185 EUI Ltd v. Bristol Alliance Partnership Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 1267; [2013] QB 806 35, 37 Euro-Diam Ltd. v. Bathurst [1990] 1 QB 1 176, 187 Evans v. Cockayne [2012] EWCA Civ 1166; [2013] 1 WLR 1776 45 Evans v. Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions Case C-63/ 01, [2005] All ER (EC) 763; [2004] Lloyd’s Rep IR 391 33 Everett v. Comojo (UK) Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 13; [2012] 1 WLR 150 321–2 Ewing v. Earl of Mar (1851) 14 D 314 368

F v. West Berkshire Health Authority [1990] 2AC 1 86 Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 439 86 Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services [2003] 1 AC 32 110 Fairclough Homes v. Summers [2012] UKSC 26 38 Falcon v. The Famous Players Film Company Ltd [1926] 1 KB 393; [1926] 2 KB 474) 280 Fish & Fish v. Sea Shepherd UK [2013] EWCA Civ 544, [2013] 1 WLR 3700 107, 282, 286, 292, 297, 298, 300 Fontin v. Katapodis (1962) 108 CLR 177 (HCA) 221 Football Dataco Ltd v. Stan James (Abindgon) Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 27, [2013] 2 CMLR 36 276, 289 Fowler v. Lanning [1959] 1 QB 86 86

Gala v. Preston (1991) 172 CLR 243 195 General and Finance Facilities Ltd v. Cooks Cars (Romford) Ltd [1963] 1 WLR 644 391, 393 Giles v. Thompson [1994] 1 AC 142 181 Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 (HL) 106, 285, 291 Ginty v. Belmont Building Supplies Ltd [1959] 1 All ER 414 311–12, 315 Giorgianni v. R (1985) 156 CLR 473 290

xvi table of cases

Girardy v. Richardson (1793) 1 Esp 13; 170 ER 265 181 Global Resources Group Ltd v. Mackay 2009 SLT 104 371 Gray v. Thames Trains [2009] UKHL 33; [2009] 1 AC 1339 14, 15, 47, 175, 184, 190, 191, 193–4, 240, 312–13, 315, 317, 376 Greenland v. Chaplin (1850) 5 Ex 243, 248; 155 ER 104 247 Grehan v. Kann [1948] QWN 40 (SC) 222 Grifﬁn v. UHY Hacker Young and Partners [2010] EWHC 146 (Ch) 205 Grimme Landmaschinenfabrik GmbH v. Derek Scott (t/a Scotts Potato Machinery) [2010] EWCA Civ 1110, [2011] FSR 7 285–6 Groom v. Crocker [1939] 1 KB 194 (CA) 237

H & J M Bennet (Potatoes) Ltd v. Secretary of State for Scotland 1986 SLT 665 371 Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch. 341; 156 ER 145 248 Hall v. Hebert [1993] 2 SCR 159 179, 185–6, 196, 201 Hampshire County Council v. E [2007] EWHC 2584 (Admin) 91 Hardie and Lane Ltd v. Chilton [1928] 2 KB 306 (CA) 18 Harper Collins Publishers Ltd v. Young [2007] Court of Session, Outer House 65 385 Hart v. Geysel 159 Wash 632 (1930) 118 Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v. Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 125 Hegarty v. Shine (1878) 14 Cox CC 145 181 Henderson v. Chief Constable of Fife 1988 SLT 361 368, 386 Hendry v. Clan Line Steamers 1949 SC 320 378 Hewison v. Meridian Shipping Services Pte. Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 1821, [2003] ICR 766 175–6, 179, 185, 186–7, 196, 202, 206–7 Hill v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 320, 322 Hill v. New River Co (1868) 7 B&S 308 248 HM Advocate v. Rutherford 1947 JC 1 375 Hoebergen v. Koppens [1974] 2 NZLR 597 (SC) 221 Hollington v. F Hewthorn & Co Ltd [1943] KB 587 314 Hollins v. Fowler (1874–75) LR 7 HL 757 398 Holman v. Johnson (1775) 1 Cowp. 341; 98 ER 1120 175, 177 Holtby v. Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Ltd [2000] 3 All ER 421 244, 245 Home Ofﬁce v. Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 319 Horwood v. Smith (1788) 2 TR 750; 100 ER 404 401 Howard E Perry & Co Ltd v. British Railways Board [1980] 1 WLR 1375 394 Howard v. Shirlstar Container Transport Ltd. [1990] 1 WLR 1292 176 Howitt v. Alexander & Sons 1948 SC 154 (Ct of Sess) 234 Hughes v. Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837 252 Hunter v. Butler [1996] RTR 396 176, 182 Hurley v. Moore (1993) 112 Nﬂd & PEIR 40; (1994) 107 DLR (4th) 664 (CA) 221 Huyton SA v. Peter Cremer GmbH [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 620 244 Hymas v. Ogden [1905] 1 KB 246 417

table of cases xvii

Imbree v. McNeilly [2008] HCA 40 26, 30 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v. Shatwell [1965] AC 656 234 Impress (Worcester) Ltd v. Rees [1971] 2 All ER 357 258

Jain v. Trent Strategic Health Authority [2009] 1 AC 853 67 Jason v. Hobbs [1953] VLR 397 (SC) 235 Jeremy D Stone Consultants Ltd. v. National Westminster Bank [2013] EWHC 208 (Ch) 206 Jobling v. Associated Dairies [1982] AC 794 253 Johnson v. Youden [1950] 1 KB 544 286, 290 Jones v. Ruth [2011] EWCA Civ 804 252 Jones v. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change [2012] EWHC 2936 259 Jones v. First Tier Tribunal [2013] UKSC 19 35 Joyce v. O’Brien [2013] EWCA Civ 546, [2014] 1 WLR 70 85, 196, 199, 202, 204, 206–7

Kaplan v. Mamelak, 75 Cal. Rptr. 3d 861 (Ct. App. 2008) 349 Kellar v. Williams [2004] UKPC 30 180 Kennedy v. Glenbelle Ltd 1996 SC 95 365 Khaliq v. HM Advocate 1984 JC 23 366 Kirkham v. Chief Constable of Greater Manchester [1990] 2 QB 283 182 Knightley v. Johns [1982] 1 WLR 349 247 Kuddus v. Chief Constable of Leicestershire [2002] 2 AC 122 86 Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Iraq Airways Co (Nos 4 and 5) [2002] 2 AC 883 243, 251

L’Oréal SA v. eBay International AG Case C-324/09, [2012] All ER (EC) 501 286 Lancashire County Council v. Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd [1997] QB 897, [1996] 3 All ER 545 29 Lane v. Holloway [1968] 1 QB 379 (CA) 118, 221 Lees v. Tod (1882) 9 R 807 371 Leicester v. Cherryman [1907] 2 KB 101 402–3, 405 Lennon v. Co-Operative Insurance Society Ltd 1986 SLT 98 379 Les Laboratoires Servier v. Apotex Inc [2012] EWCA Civ 593; [2013] Bus LR 80 174, 181, 184, 189, 205 Letang v. Cooper [1965] 1 QB 232 86 Lindsay v. Cundy (1876) 1 QBD 348 401 Lister v. Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215 327–8 Lister v. Romford Ice and Cold Storage Ltd [1957] AC 555 22–3 Lloyd v. Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716 327 Lonrho v. Fayed [1990] 1 AC 448 121 Lonrho v. Shell [1982] 1 AC 173 121

xviii table of cases

Lord Advocate’s Reference (No. 2 of 1992) 1993 JC 43 367 Love v. Egan (1971) 65 QJPR 102 (Dist Ct) 222 Lowther v. Lord Lowther (1806) 13 Ves. Jr. 95; 33 ER 230 394 Lumley v. Gye (1853) 2 E & B 216; 118 ER 749 278, 284, 286, 293 Lunnun v. Singh (1999) The Times, 19 July (CA) 235 Lykins v. Hamrick 144 Ky 80 (Ct App 1911) 118 Lynch v. DPP for Northern Ireland [1975] AC 653 291 Lynch v. Knight (1861) 11 ER 854 247 Lyon v. Lamb 1838 16 S 1188 378

M.T.S. In re 609 A.2d 1266 (N.J. 1992) 355 M’Laughlin v. Pryor (1842) 4 Man & G 48 (134 ER 21) 280, 283 Mackay v. M’Cankie (1883) 10 R 537 138 MacLeod v. Rooney 2010 SLT 499 371 MacLeod v. Kerr 1965 SC 253 386 MacLeod v. MacAskill 1920 SC 72 370 Maes Finance Ltd v. AL Phillips & Co (1997) The Times, 25 March (Ch D) 235 Maga v. Archbishop of Birmingham [2010] EWCA Civ 256, [2010] 1 WLR 1441 320, 327 Mainstream Properties v. Young [2005] EWCA Civ 861 285 Maisel v. Financial Times Ltd [1915] 3 KB 336 (CA) 236 Manuel v. Fraser (1818) Mur 387 378 March v. E & M H Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506 244 Matuszczyk v. National Coal Board (No. 2) 1955 SC 418 365 McKendrick v. Sinclair 1972 SC (HL) 25 377 McLaughlin (Rennie’s Guardian) v. Morrison [2013] Court of Session Outer House 163 376 Meah v. McCreamer (No 1) [1985] 1 All ER 367 192, 312 Meah v. McCreamer (No 2) [1986] 1 All ER 943 187, 312 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc v. Grokster Ltd 545 US 913 (2005) 276, 282, 293, 296 Micosta SA v. Shetland Islands Council (The Mihalis) (Reparation) [1984] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 525 357 Midland Railway Co. v. Martin & Co. [1893] 2 QB 172 419 Millar v. Ministry of Transport [1986] 1 NZLR 660 290 Miller v. Ministry of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372 260 Miller v. Miller (2011) HCA 9 15, 183, 195, 199 Mills v. Baitis [1968] VR 583 189 Milne v. Thomson (1841) D 1163 378, 380 Mitchell v. Glasgow City Council [2009] 1 AC 874 320–1 Monk v. Warbey [1935] 1 KB 75 34 Morriss v. Marsden [1952] 1 All ER 925 (QBD) 233

table of cases xix

Mouse’s Case (1608) 12 Co Rep 63; 77 ER 1341 214 Murphy v. Culhane [1977] QB 94 (CA) 221 Mutua v. Foreign and Commonwealth Ofﬁce [2012] EWHC 2678 (QB) 282

National Coal Board v. England [1954] AC 403 178, 194–6, 201, 279 Nayyar v. Denton Wilde Sapte [2009] EWHC 3218 (QB), [2010] Lloyd’s Rep PN 139 181 NCB v. Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 107, 279, 291–2, 296 Nettleship v. Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 30 Newman v. Folkes [2002] PIQR Q 2 182 News Group Newspapers Ltd v. Society of Graphical and Allied Trades ’82 (No 2) [1987] ICR 181 282 Norman v. Ali [2000] Lloyd’s Rep IR 395 34 Norman v. Aziz [2000] Lloyd’s Rep IR 52 34 North v. Great Northern Railway (1860) 2 Giff 64; 66 ER 28 394 Nwachukwu v. Karl 222 FRD 208 (DCC, 2004) 237

O’Flaherty [2004] EWCA Crim 526, [2004] Crim LR 751 293 O’Hara v. Central SMT Co Ltd 1941 SC 363 382 OBG Ltd v. Allan [2007] UKHL 21, [2008] 1 AC 1 121, 278, 285, 371 Olmstead v. United States 277 US 438 (1828) 189 Orient-Express Hotels Ltd v Assicurazioni General SpA [2010] EWHC 1186 243 Osman v. UK (2000) 29 EHRR 245 324 Osman v. Ferguson [1993] 4 All ER 344 324 Osman v. J Ralph Moss Ltd [1970] 1 Lloyd’s Law Reports 313 47, 192, 317–8 Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd. [1961] AC 388 (The Wagon Mound (No. 1) 18, 249

Page v. Smith [1996] AC 155 22 Palmer v. The Queen [1971] AC 814 (PC) 223 Pamplin v. Express Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1988] 1 WLR 116n 236 Pankhurst v. White [2006] EWHC 2093 (QB) 235 Parking Eye Ltd. v. Somerﬁeld Stores Ltd. [2012] EWCA Civ 1338, [2013] QB 840 181, 182, 189, 202, 206 Pasmore v. Oswaldtwistle UDC [1898] AC 387 12 Patel v. Mirza [2013] EWHC 1892 (Ch).183 Paterson Zochonis Limited v. Merfarken Packaging Limited [1983] FSR 273 281, 301 Pattni v. First Leicester Buses Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 1384, [2012] RTR 17 22–3 Payne v. Wilson [1895] 1 QB 653 (DC) 405 People v. Denbo, 868 N.E.2d 347 (Ill. App. 2007) 349 People v. Hall, 999 P.2d 207 (Colo. 2000) 333 People v. Lewis (1899) 124 Cal 551 255

xx table of cases

Petrie v. Lamont (1841) Car & M 93; 174 ER 424 280 Pitts v. Hunt [1991] 1 QB 24 175, 179, 194–5, 206, 314, 316 Polemis and Furness, Withy & Company [1921] 3 KB 560 87, 249 Pratt v. British Medical Association [1919] 1 KB 244 280 Performing Right Society Ltd v. Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd [1924] 1 KB 762 280 Preston, Re [1949] SCR 156; US 290

R (F) v. DPP [2013] EWHC 945 (Admin) 349 R (Faithfull) v. Crown Court at Ipswich [2008] 1 WLR 1636 308 R (Lumba) v. Secretary of state for the Home Department [2011] 2 WLR 671 87 R v. Alan Ellis T20087573 (Teeside Crown Court) 276 R v. Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129 287 R v. Becerra (1976) 62 C App R 212 293 R v. Beckford [1998] AC 130 85 R v. Blaue [1975] 3 All ER 446, 61 Cr App R 271 103, 134, 256, 258, 263 R v. Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R 125 293 R v. Bournewood Community and Mental Health NHS Trust [1999] 1 AC 458 86 R v. Broadbridge (1983) 5 Cr App R (S) 269 301 R v. Brown [1994] 1 AC 312 85, 117, 142, 331, 375 R v. Bryce [2004] EWCA Crim 1231, [2004] 2 Cr App R 35 107, 284, 288, 290, 291, 294 R v. Burstow, R v Ireland [2001] 3 WLR 534 138 R v. Calhaem [1985] QB 808 296 R v. Chappell (1985) 80 Cr App R 31 307 R v. Cheshire (1991) 93 Cr App R 251 256 R v. Clarkson [1971] 1 WLR 1402 283 R v. Collins and French 2006 BCSC 1531 254 R v. Corporation of London (1858) El. Bl. & El. 509; 120 E.R. 599 410 R v. Coutts [2006] UKHL 39; [2006] 1 WLR 2154 237 R v. Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 288 Rv.D’Eyncourt (1888) 21 QBD 109 410 R v. Dear [1996] Crim LR 595 256 R v. Denyer [1926] 2 KB 258 (CCA) 18 R v. Donovan (1981) 3 Cr App R (S) 192 308 R v. Dyson [1908] 2 KB 454 253 R v. Eaton [1976] Crim LR 390 317 R v. Elliott [1908] 2 KB 452 (CCA), 454 405 R v. Ferguson [1970] Crim LR 652; 54 Cr App R 415 406 R v. Fretwell (1862) L & C 161; 169 ER 1845 106, 291 R v. G [2003] UKHL 50; [2004] 1 AC 1034 286, 289 R v. George (1901) 65 JP 729 402 R v. Giannetto [1997] 1 Cr App R 1 280, 283, 296

table of cases xxi

R v. Gomez [1993] AC 442 84 R v. Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans (No 2) [2000] UKHL 48; [2001] 2 AC 19 122 R v. Gnango [2011] UKSC 59; [2012] 2 WLR 17 109, 198, 258, 263, 277, 295 R v. Gul [2013] UKSC 64 99 R v. H [2011] EWCA Crim 1508 104, 253 R v. Hinks [2000] UKHL 53; [2001] 2 AC 241 84, 124–6 R v. Holland (1841) 2 Mood & R 351; 174 ER 313 255 R v. Howe [1987] AC 417 107 R v. Hughes [2013] UKSC 56 36, 104, 256, 258, 262, 263–5, 271, 273 R v. JM and SM [2012] EWCA Crim 2293 104 R v. Jefferson (1994) 99 Cr App R 13 277 R v. JF Alford Transport Ltd [1997] 2 Cr App R 291 R v. Johnstone [2003] UKHL 28; [2003] 1 WLR. 1736 276 R v. Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 256 R v. Kennedy [2007] UKHL 38, (No. 2) [2008] 1 AC 269 104, 258, 295 R v. Khan, Rahman and others [2013] EWCA Crim 468 99, 100, 101 R v. Krakouer [2006] WASCA 81 254 R v. L [2011] RTR 19 252 R v. Lamb [1967] 2 QB 981 203 R v. Lawrence [1972] AC 626 84 R v. Lewis [2010] EWCA Crim 151 252 R v. Luffman and Briscoe [2008] EWCA Crim 1739 280 R v. Maidstone Magistrate Court Ex p. Knight (Unrep.) (QBD) (2000) 412 R v. Martin [2010] EWCA Crim 1450; [2011] RTR 4 276 R v. McKechnie (1992) 94 Cr App R 51 256 R v. Mendez and Thompson [2010] EWCA Crim 516; [2011] QB 876 106, 253–4, 295 R v. Morris [1984] AC 442 84 R v. Nette (2001) 3 SCR 488 255 R v. Newell [1989] Crim LR 906 (CA) 237 R v. Pace (No. 2) [2008] VSC 308 255 R v. Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 255, 258 R v. Powell and English [1999] 1 AC 1 289, 291 R v. Rahman [2009] 1 AC 129 107, 109 R v. Reardon [1998] EWCA Crim 613 107 R v. Rehman and Woods [2005] EWCA Crim 2056 89, 98 R v. Roberts (1972) 56 Cr App R 95 259 R v. Robinson-Pierre [2013] EWCA Crim 2396 262 R v. Rock and Overton T20097013 (Gloucester Crown Court) 276 R v. Rook [1993] 1 WLR 1005; 2 All ER 955 107, 290 R v. Royall (1991) 172 CLR 378 255 R v. Savage [1992] 1 AC 699 86

xxii table of cases

R v. Smith [1959] 2 QB 35 103, 255, 261, 264 R v. Smithers [1978] 1 SCR 506 255 R v. Stapylton [2012] EWCA Crim 728 308 R v. Stringer [2011] EWCA Crim 1396; [2012] QB 160 106, 277, 278, 279, 294, 295 R v. Uxbridge Justices, Ex parte Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1981] QB 829; [1981] 3 WLR 410 (CA) 412 R v. Wacker [2003] 1 Cr App R 22; QB 1207 85, 195 R v. Waya [2012] UKSC 51 16 R v. Webster [2006] EWCA Crim 415; [2006] 2 Cr App R 6 276, 290 R v. Williams (Gladstone) [1987] 3 All ER 411 85, 156 R v. Williams [2010] EWCA Crim 2552; [2011] 1 WLR 588 36, 104, 253 R v. Willoughby [2004] EWCA Crim 3365 85, 195 R v. Wilson [1997] QB 47 375 R v. Woollin [1999] 1 AC 82 285 Rahman v. Arearose Ltd [2001] QB 351 251 Ras Behari Lal v. King-Emperor (1933) 50 TLR 1 318 Raymond Lyons & Co. Ltd. v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1975] QB 321; [1975] 2 WLR 197 (DC), 326 412 Redland Bricks v. Morris [1970] AC 652 394 Reed v. Wastie [1972] Crim LR 221 223 Reeves v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1999] QB 169 (CA) 174, 176, 179, 182 Reeves v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 AC 360 246, 247, 295 Reference re Section 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act (BC) [1985] 2 SCR 486 99 Reibl v. Hughes [1980] 2 SCR 880 334 Reid v. Mitchell (1885) 12 R 1129 368 Revenue and Customs Commissioners v. Total Network SL [2008] 1 AC 1174 305, 372 Revill v. Newbery [1996] QB 567 199, 201 Richardson v. Mellish (1824) 2 Bing 229; 130 ER 294 175 Rickards v. Lothian [1913] AC 263 325 Ridgeway v. Hilhorst (1967) 61 DLR (2d) 398 178–9 Robbins v. London Borough of Bexley [2013] EWHC Civ 1233 242 Robinson v. Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd [1910] AC 295 116 Rondos v. Wawrin (1968) 66 DLR (2d) 272 179 Rookes v. Barnard [1964] AC 1129 86, 305 Ross v. Bryce 1972 SLT (Sh Ct) 76 376 Rouse v. Squires [1973] QB 889 246 Rowlands v. Chief Constable of Merseyside Police [2007] 1 WLR 1065 86 Rylands v. Fletcher (1868) LR3 HL 330 54–5, 240, 324–6

S v. Authority Reporter 2012 SLT (Sh Ct) 89 367 Sabaf SpA v. MFI Furniture Centres Ltd. [2002] EWCA Civ 976; [2003] R.P.C. 14 278

table of cases xxiii

Safeway Stores Ltd. v. Twigger [2010] EWHC 11 (Comm); [2010] 3 All ER 577 180, 181, 192 Safeway Stores v. Twigger [2010] EWCA Civ 1472; [2011] 2 All ER 841 47, 192 Saltpetre Case (1606) 12 Co Rep 12; 77 ER 1294 214 Sarjantson v. CC Humberside Police [2013] EWCA Civ 1252 324 Saunders v. Edwards [1987] 1 WLR 1116 176, 205 Scott v. Bradford 606 P.2d 554; 559 (Okla. 1979) 343 Scott v. Shepherd (1773) 2 Black W 892; 96 ER 525 222 Selangor United Rubber Co v. Cradock (No. 3) [1968] 1 WLR 1555 179, 183 Serious Organised Crime Agency v. Gale [2011] 1 WLR 2760 379 Shah v. Gale [2005] EWHC 1087 (QB) 281, 286 Shaw v. R [2001] UKPC 26; [2001] 1 WLR 1519 209 Shay v. Thompson 59 Wis 540 (1884) 118 Shelley v. Paddock [1980] QB 348 205 Sherras v. de Rutzen [1895] 1 QB 918 318 Sidaway v. Board of Governors of the Behtlem Royal Hospital [1985] AC 871 334 Sienkiewicz v. Greif (UK) Ltd [2011] UKSC 10; [2011] 2 AC 229 110, 241, 260 Smart v. HM Advocate 1975 JC 30 367, 375 Smeaton v. Equifax plc [2012] EWHC 2322 (QB) 67 Smith v. Leech Brain & Co Ltd. [1962] 2 QB 405 252 Smith v. New Court Securities Ltd v Citibank N.A. [1997] AC 254 252 Smith v. Jenkins (1969) 119 CLR 397 175, 178, 195 Smith v. Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 319, 321–2 Smith v. Stone (1647) Style 65; 82 ER 533 293 Sofola v. Coles [2000] EWCA Civ 392 222 Somerville v. Hamilton (1541) Mor 8905 364 Sony Corp of America v. Universal City Studios 464 US 417 (1984) 293 Spring v. Guardian Assurance Ltd [1995] 2 AC 296 67 St John Shipping Corp. v. Joseph Rank Ltd. [1957] 1 QB 267 188 Stamp v. United Dominions Trust Ltd [1967] 1 QB 418 406 Standard Chartered Bank v. Pakistan National Shipping Corp. (No 2) [2000] 1 Lloyds Rep 218 182 Stannard v. Gore [2012] EWCA Civ 1248; [2013] 3 WLR 623 56 Stansbie v. Troman [1948] 2 KB 48 321 Stapley v. Gypsum Mines [1953] AC 663 265 State Rail Authority of New South Wales v. Wiegold (1991) 25 NSWLR 500 191 State v. Baby, 946 A.2d 463 (Md. 2008) 349 State v. Tally 15 So 722 (Ala. 1894) 279, 282, 298 Stewart v. Nisbet 2013 SCL 209 375 Stirling Council v. Harris (2009) SLT (Sh Ct) 103 379 Stone and Rolls Ltd v. Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39; [2009] 1 AC 1391 176, 182, 193, 205

xxiv table of cases

Stovin v. Wisc [1996] AC 923 56 Sugden v. HM Advocate 1934 JC 103 373 Sweet v. Parsley [1970] AC 132 318 Sykes v. Howorth (1879) 12 Ch D 826 301

Tear v. Freebody (1858) 4 CB (NS) 228 86 The Carslogie [1952] AC 292 245 The Koursk [1924] P 140 280–1, 282 The Oropesa [1943] P 32, 38 295 The Scottish Ministers v. Stirton [2012] Court of Session Outer House 15 379 Thorne v. Motor Trade Association [1937] AC 797 18 Tinsley v. Milligan [1992] Ch 310 188 Tinsley v. Milligan [1994] 1 AC 340 175, 176, 182, 187 Topp v. London Country Bus (South West) Ltd [1993] 1 WLR 976 318 Townsend v. Haworth (1875) 48 L.J. (NS) Ch. 770 301 Transco v. HM Advocate (No. 1) 2004 JC 29 364 Transco v. Stockport [2004] 2 AC 1 56 Trebor Bassett Holdings Ltd. v. ADT Fire and Security Plc. [2011] EWHC 1936 251 Tribe v. Tribe [1996] Ch 107 183 Trigger-BAI Run Off Ltd (in the scheme of arrangement) v. Durham [2012] UKSC 14; [2012] 1 WLR 867 110 Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California 383 P.2d 441 (Cal 1963) 116 Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation v. Newzbin Ltd [2010] EWHC 608 (Ch); [2010] ECC 13 276, 278, 281, 287, 289

Unilever Plc v. Gilette (UK) Ltd [1989] RPC 583 281 United States v. Peoni 100 F.2d 401 (US Second Circuit Court of Appeals 1938) 285, 290

Van Colle v. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire [2008] UKHL 50; [2009] 1 AC 225 324 Vandervell’s Trusts (No 2), Re [1974] Ch 269 236 Various Claimants v. Catholic Child Welfare Society [2012] UKSC 56; [2013] 2 AC 1 328 Various Claimants v. Institute of Brothers [2013] 2 AC 1 108 Vellino v. Chief Constable of Greater Manchester [2001] EWCA Civ 1249; [2002] 1 WLR 218 199, 201, 206 Vicars v. Wilcox (1806) 103 ER 244 247 Vincent v. Lake Erie Transportation Co. 109 Minn 456; 124 NW 221 (1910) 211, 212, 213 Vita Food Products Inc. v. Unus Shipping Co Ltd. [1939] AC 277 177

Wainwright v. Home Ofﬁce [2001] EWCA Civ 2081 252 Wainwright v. Home Ofﬁce [2004] 2 AC 406 65

table of cases xxv

Walker, Ex parte (1869) 33 JP 310 400 Waller v. Parker 45 Tenn 476 (1868) 222 Ward v Chief Constable of Strathclyde 1991 SLT 292 374 Ward v. Weeks (1830) 7 Bing 211; 131 ER 81 248 Ware and de Freville, Ltd v. Motor Trade Association [1921] 3 KB 40 (CA) 18 Watkins v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] UKHL 17; [2006] 2 AC 395 146 Waugh v. James K Allan Ltd 1964 SC (HL) 102 374 Weld-Blundell v. Stephens [1920] AC 956 247, 248, 249 White v. Connolly [1927] St R Qd 75 (SC) 222 White v. Whittall 113 Mich 493 (1897) 118 Wickham v. Lee (1848) 12 QB 521; 116 ER 963 417 Wilcox v. Jeffery [1951] 1 All ER 464 296 Wilkinson v. Downtown [1897] 2QB 57 139 Wilkinson v. Fitzgerald [2012] EWCA Civ 1166; [2013] 1 WLR 1776 45 William Hamilton & Co Ltd v. WG Anderson & Co. Ltd 1953 SC 129 365 Wilson v. Lombank Ltd [1963] 1 WLR 1294 86 Wilson v. Robertsons (London) Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1088 398 Wilson v. Zeron [1941] OWN 353; [1941] 4 DLR 510 (HCJ); [1942] OWN 195; [1942] 2 DLR 580 (CA) 233 Wright v. Cambridge Medical Group [2013] QB 312 242, 246, 264

X (Minors) v. Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633 323

Z v. United Kingdom (2002) 34 EHRR 3 323

TABLE OF LEGISLATION

Metropolitan Police Courts Act 1839 403, 406, 416, 418 Evidence (Scotland) Act 1840 s. 3 380 County Courts Act 1846 417 s. 78 415 Common Law Procedure Act 1854 s. 78 394, 417 Criminal Justice Act 1855 s. 8 400 Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 s. 8 106, 277 Trespass (Scotland) Act 1865 s. 3 386 Forfeiture Act 1870 401 Summary Jurisdiction Act 1879 s. 27(3) 401 Police (Property) Act 1897 410–11, 412, 413, 418 s. 1(2) 411 Probation of Offenders Act 1907 s. 1(4) 401 Larceny Act 1916 401 s. 29(1) 18 Road Trafﬁc Act 1930 23, 26, 31 Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 1930 31 Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 31 s. 1 210, 332 s. 1(1) 265 s. 4 201 Building (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1948 311 Magistrates Courts Act 1952 s. 33 401

xxvi

table of legislation xxvii

Occupiers Liability (Scotland) Act 1960 365 New Zealand Crimes Act 1961 s. 164 253 Suicide Act 1961 114 Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 106 Civil Evidence Act 1968 414 s. 11 314 s. 13 314 Firearms Act 1968 98 s. 5(1) 143 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1968 s. 9 381 s. 10 377 s. 11 377 Theft Act 1968 123, 126 s. 1 86 s. 2 158 s. 16 186 s. 28 404 s. 28(4) 405 s. 31(2) 404 s. 33(3) 411 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 s. 5(1) 240 Criminal Justice Act 1972 s. 1(1) 412 s. 58 411 Powers of the Criminal Courts Act 1973 382 Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973 373 Consumer Credit Act 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 105 s. 47(2) 305 Damages (Scotland) Act 1976 377 Fatal Accidents Act 1976 182 s. 1A(3) 149 Criminal Law Act 1977 s. 1 106 s. 1(2) 288 Patents Act 1977 s. 60(2) 285

xxviii table of legislation

Patents Act 1977 (cont.) s. 60(3) 292 Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977 391 s. 2 391 s. 3 391 s. 11(1) 399 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 s. 2(1) 116 Sale of Goods Act 1979 s. 63 404 Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 382 Supreme Court Act 1981 s. 152(4) 404 Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 s. 60 386 s. 67 386 Insolvency Act 1986 s. 281(5) 48 Public Order Act 1986 s. 5 140, 142 Animals (Scotland) Act 1987 365 Consumer Protection Act 1987 95, 97, 324 s. 2 325 s. 4 325 s. 5 325 Civil Evidence (Scotland) Act 1988 381 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 107 276 Firearms Amendment Act 1988 98 Road Trafﬁc Act 1988 s. 3ZB 36, 240, 253, 256 s. 151 23 s. 143 24, 36, 143 s. 145(4) 24 s. 148 24, 31 s. 148(7) 34 s. 149 31 s. 149(3) 118, 202 s. 151 23, 31 s. 151(5) 34 s. 151(7) 34

table of legislation xxix

s. 151(8) 34, 45 s. 151(5) 34, 45 Crimes Act 1990 (NSW) s 421 221 Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991 363 Trade Marks Act 1994 s. 92 276 Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1995 42 Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 s. 41A 363 ss. 249-254 382 s. 249(3) 383 s. 249(4) 382 s. 253E 384 s. 253H 384 s. 267(2) 380 ss. 302A-302C 383 Firearms Amendment Act 1997 98 Financial Services and Market Act 2000 s. 404 79 Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 s. 130 307 ss. 130–132 41 ss. 130–133 168 ss. 130–134 75, 87 s. 130(6) 32, 308 s. 148 404 s. 149 404 s. 149(3) 405 s. 165 404 s. 168 404 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Part 2 87 Part 7 397 Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 s. 39 98 Communications Act 2003 s. 127 141 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s. 142 87 s. 224-236 101

xxx table of legislation

Criminal Justice Act 2003 (cont.) s. 329 200 Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 1 85, 156 s. 1–5 85 158 s. 73 291 ss. 74-76 355 Animal Welfare Act 2006 s. 4 114 Compensation Act 2006 s 3 261 Fraud Act 2006 ss. 1–4 186 s. 3 187 s. 4 126 Road Safety Act 2006 s. 21(1) 36 s. 87(1) 36 s. 103(1) 36 s. 143 36 Terrorism Act 2006 s. 5 99 Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 s. 34 98 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 s. 1 97 s. 2 97 s. 2(6) 198 Criminal Proceedings etc (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007 s. 50 383 Serious Crime Act 2007 ss. 44–66 106, 283 s. 50 291 s. 50(3) 292 Part 2 279 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 s. 76(4) 209 s. 76(7) 223 s. 79 114 Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 143 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 140 ss. 54–56 218