DOCSLIB.ORG

Analyte Stability Issues During Sample Preparation: Recommendations for the Best Practices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analyte Stability Issues During Sample Preparation: Recommendations for the Best Practices Analyte Stability Issues during Sample Preparation: Recommendations for the Best Practices Aihua Liu, Ph.D. Director, R&D Dyad Labs 1 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Outline Background Recommendations for the Best Practices Examples: Case I and Case II Conclusion 2 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Background Ensuring analyte stability under various environmental conditions is critical for creation of an accurate and precise quantitative method. Known environmental conditions causing instability can be intentionally avoided during method development. It’s very important to comprehensively understand the compound stability before developing a quantitative method. 3 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Recommendations for the Best Practices Assess the stability of analytes under a variety of environmental conditions. Three main environmental conditions are pH, light exposure and temperature. The assessment should use extreme conditions. Apply appropriate pH, light and temperature conditions during sample preparation to prevent instability issue. 4 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Recommendations for the Best Practices 5% NH4OH Different pH Levels Water 5% FA 5 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Recommendations for the Best Practices Different Temperatures o Ice-Water RT 60 C 6 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Recommendations for the Best Practices Different Light Exposures 300 Watts Light Protection Light Exposure 7 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Recommendations for the Best Practices Stability Experiment Design Sample Replicates Conditions Solution-Acidic 3 Light Protection, RT (Control) Solution-Acidic 3 Elevated Light, RT Solution-Acidic 3 Light Protection, 60 C Solution-Neutral 3 Light Protection, RT (Control) Solution-Neutral 3 Elevated Light, RT Solution-Neutral 3 Light Protection, 60 C Solution-Basic 3 Light Protection, RT (Control) Solution-Basic 3 Elevated Light, RT Solution-Basic 3 Light Protection, 60 C 8 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Examples: Case I---Vitamin B12 Stability Study USP and AOAC have compendia method only for B12 raw material, while finished goods needs sensitive and fast method. Vitamin B12 supplements are typically derived from two sources: Methylcobalamin (mB12) and Cyanocobalamin (cB12). mB12 is a better source, but its product has stability issues. mB12 improves bioavailability mB12 has better retention in tissues mB12 contains no toxic cyanide mB12 cB12 9 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Examples: Case I---Vitamin B12 Stability Study Stability Study of mB12 2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Light sensitive Temperature sensitive pH sensitive 10 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Examples: Case I---Vitamin B12 Stability Study Stability Study of cB12 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Light sensitive Temperature sensitive pH sensitive 11 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Examples: Case I---Vitamin B12 Stability Study 1. Sample is stored in black bag. 2. Sample is prepared in amber container under yellow light. 3. Sample is extracted in neutral solvent. 4. Sample is sonicated in ice-water and stored at 1-8 oC. 12 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Examples: Case II---CBD Stability Study In 2018, AOAC has published a method to quantify 10 cannabinoids (CBDs) with the range of 0.500-10.0 µg/mL in cannabis. The standard solutions are expensive, but only have 3 days stability indicated in AOAC method, . It’s very important to understand the stability information for these cannabinoids. Analyte and IS Abbreviation Cannabidivarinic acid CBDVA Cannabidivarin CBDV Cannabidiolic acid CBDA CBDVA CBDV CBDA THCA Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid THCA Cannabigerolic acid CBGA Cannabigerol CBG Cannabidiol CBD Terahydrocannabivarin THCV CBGA CBG CBD THCV Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid THCVA Cannabinol CBN Cannabinolic Acid CBNA Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol delta9-THC Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol delta8-THC THCVA CBN CBNA delta9-THC Cannabicyclol CBL Cannabichromene CBC Cannabichromenic Acid CBCA Cannabidiol-D3 (IS) CBD-d3 Cannabinol-D3 (IS) CBN-d3 delta8-THC CBL CBCA Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-D3 (IS) delta9-THC-d3 CBC 13 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Examples: Case II---CBD Stability Study delta-9 THC Stability Study CBD Stability Study 140000 300000 120000 250000 100000 200000 80000 150000 60000 40000 100000 20000 50000 0 0 THCA Stability Study CBDA Stability Study 70000 3.50E+05 60000 3.00E+05 50000 2.50E+05 40000 2.00E+05 30000 1.50E+05 20000 1.00E+05 10000 5.00E+04 0 0.00E+00 14 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Examples: Case II---CBD Stability Study Sample preparation is in amber container under yellow light. The optimized solvent is acidic. Sample is sonicated at room temperature for 15 mins. Concentration Storage Temperature Storage Container Stability (days) Standard (50.0 ug/mL) -20 oC Amber/Glass 149 Standard (20-2000 ng/mL) 1 oC-8 oC Amber/Glass 4 Extract 1 (20-2000 ng/mL) 1 oC-8 oC Amber/Glass 9 Extract 2 (20-2000 ng/mL) 1 oC-8 oC Amber/Glass 4 15 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Conclusions With the best practices the analyte stability could be comprehensively evaluated. The information of analyte stability can provide the optimized storage conditions for original sample and extracted sample. The information of analyte stability can provide the optimized sample preparation conditions. The quantitative method is more accurate and precise with comprehensively understanding the analyte stability 16 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020 Questions? Aihua Liu Ph.D, [email protected], 801-554-2835 17 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition | September 8 – 24, 2020.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cannabinoids in Dermatology: a Scoping Review
    Volume 24 Number 6| June 2018| Dermatology Online Journal || Review 24(6): 1 Cannabinoids in dermatology: a scoping review Lauren R M Eagelston1 MD, Nazanin Kuseh Kalani Yazd1 BS, Ravi R Patel2 MD, Hania K Flaten1 BS, Cory A Dunnick3,4 MD, Robert P Dellavalle3,4 MD PhD MSPH Affiliations: 1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA, 2Gwinnett Medical Center, Lawrenceville, Georgia, USA, 3University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Aurora, Colorado, 4Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Department of Dermatology, Denver, Colorado Corresponding Author: Robert P. Dellavalle MD PhD MSPH, Professor of Dermatology, Chief of Dermatology Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, 1055 Clermont Rm 6A-105 Mail Stop 16, Denver, CO 80220, Tel: 303.339.8020 x2475, Email: [email protected] Introduction Abstract The cannabinoids are a diverse class of The therapeutic applications of cannabis and pharmacologically active compounds that are cannabinoids are an increasingly conspicuous topic structurally and biologically similar to the primary as de-criminalization and legalization of these products continues to expand. A limited number of psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis cannabinoid compounds have been approved for a sativa -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), [1-4]. There specific set of conditions. However, the current role are three classes of cannabinoids. Endogenous of cannabinoids for the treatment of dermatologic cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) occur conditions remains to be defined. We conducted a naturally/are constitutively produced in the bodies review of the current literature to determine the of humans and animals [3, 5, 6]. The most well-known applications of cannabinoids for the therapy of members of this class include 2-arachidonoyl- various skin diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Cannabinoids in a Pre-Clinical Drug-Screening Platform for Alzheimer’S Disease
    Molecular Neurobiology https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1637-8 Efficacy of Cannabinoids in a Pre-Clinical Drug-Screening Platform for Alzheimer’s Disease David Schubert1 & Devin Kepchia1 & Zhibin Liang1 & Richard Dargusch1 & Joshua Goldberg & Pamela Maher1 Received: 30 January 2019 /Accepted: 6 May 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Finding a therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is perhaps the greatest challenge for modern medicine. The chemical scaffolds of many drugs in the clinic today are based upon natural products from plants, yet Cannabis has not been extensively examined as a source of potential AD drug candidates. Here, we determine if a number of non-psychoactive cannabinoids are neuroprotective in a novel pre-clinical AD and neurodegeneration drug-screening platform that is based upon toxicities associated with the aging brain. This drug discovery paradigm has yielded several compounds in or approaching clinical trials for AD. Eleven cannabinoids were assayed for neuroprotection in assays that recapitulate proteotoxicity, loss of trophic support, oxidative stress, energy loss, and inflammation. These compounds were also assayed for their ability to remove intraneuronal amyloid and subjected to a structure-activity relationship analysis. Pairwise combinations were assayed for their ability to synergize to produce neuropro- tective effects that were greater than additive. Nine of the 11 cannabinoids have the ability to protect cells in four distinct phenotypic neurodegeneration screening assays, including those using neurons that lack CB1 and CB2 receptors. They are able to remove intraneuronal Aβ, reduce oxidative damage, and protect from the loss of energy or trophic support.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD (Cannabidiol)
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Driving Toward the Truth - Dispelling the Myths About Cannabis Products February 10, 2021 @NASEMTRB #TRBwebinar PDH Certification The Transportation Research Board has met the standards and Information: requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Providers •1.5 Professional Development Program. Credit earned on completion Hour (PDH) – see follow-up of this program will be reported to email for instructions RCEP. A certificate of completion will •You must attend the entire be issued to participants that have registered and attended the entire webinar to be eligible to receive session. As such, it does not include PDH credits content that may be deemed or •Questions? Contact Reggie construed to be an approval or Gillum at [email protected] endorsement by RCEP. #TRBwebinar Learning Objectives 1. Identify impacts of the Farm Bill on use of THC and CBD products 2. Describe the toxicology of THC and CBD products 3. Discuss how THC and CBD products affect driving performance and crash risk #TRBwebinar TRB Standing Committee on Impairment in Transportation (ACS50) TRB Webinar: Driving Toward the Truth - Dispelling the Myths About Cannabis Products Dr. Barry K. Logan Executive Director, Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE); Senior Vice President of Forensic Sciences, and Chief Scientist at NMS Labs Michelle Peace, Ph.D. Associate Professor and PI, Laboratory for Forensic Toxicology Research Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University Dr. Darrin Grondel Vice President,
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Microorganisms for Heterologous Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids Angelaˆ Carvalho1, Esben Halkjær Hansen1, Oliver Kayser2, Simon Carlsen1,∗ and Felix Stehle2
    FEMS Yeast Research, 17, 2017, fox037 doi: 10.1093/femsyr/fox037 Advance Access Publication Date: 4 June 2017 Minireview MINIREVIEW Designing microorganisms for heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids Angelaˆ Carvalho1, Esben Halkjær Hansen1, Oliver Kayser2, Simon Carlsen1,∗ and Felix Stehle2 1Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkalle´ 42-44, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark and 2Laboratory of Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany ∗Corresponding author: Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkalle´ 42-44, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. Tel: +45-35-200-243; E-mail: [email protected] One sentence summary: In this review, the authors explore the use of synthetic biology as an alternative approach for the synthesis of pharmaceutical cannabinoids in a heterologous host organism. Editor: John Morrissey ABSTRACT During the last decade, the use of medical Cannabis has expanded globally and legislation is getting more liberal in many countries, facilitating the research on cannabinoids. The unique interaction of cannabinoids with the human endocannabinoid system makes these compounds an interesting target to be studied as therapeutic agents for the treatment of several medical conditions. However, currently there are important limitations in the study, production and use of cannabinoids as pharmaceutical drugs. Besides the main constituent tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, the structurally related compound cannabidiol is of high interest as drug candidate. From the more than 100 known cannabinoids reported, most can only be extracted in very low amounts and their pharmacological profile has not been determined. Today, cannabinoids are isolated from the strictly regulated Cannabis plant, and the supply of compounds with sufficient quality is a major problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabinoids: Novel Molecules with Significant Clinical Utility
    CANNABINOIDS: NOVEL MOLECULES WITH SIGNIFICANT CLINICAL UTILITY NOEL ROBERT WILLIAMS MD FACOG DIRECTOR OPTIMAL HEALTH ASSOCIATES OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA How Did We Get Here? • In November 2012 Tikun Olam, an Israeli medical cannabis facility, announced a new strain of the plant which has only CBD as an active ingredient, and virtually no THC, providing some of the medicinal benefits of cannabis without euphoria. The Researchers said the cannabis plant, enriched with CBD, “can be used for treating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, liver inflammation, heart disease and diabetes.” Cannabis CBD like in this article is legally derived from the hemp plant. • CBD is the major non-psychoactive component of Cannabis Sativa (Hemp). Hemp plants are selectively developed and grown to contain high amounts of CBD and very low amounts of the psychoactive component THC found in marijuana. A few CBD oil manufacturers further purify their products to contain high amounts of CBD and no THC. 2014 Farm Bill Terminology • Active Ingredient • Zero THC • Cannabidiol • Isolate • PCR – Phytocannabinoid-Rich • Hemp Oil Extract • “Recommendation” vs. “Prescribed” • Full Spectrum Endocannabinoids (AEA) Phytocannabinoids Full Spectrum & Active Ingredient • CBD – Cannabidiol • A major phytocannabinoid, accounting for as much as 85% of the plant’s extract • CBC – Cannabichromene • Anti-inflammatory & anti-fungal effects have been seen • CBG – Cannabigerol • The parent molecule from which many other cannabinoids are made • CBDV – Cannabidivarin • A homolog of CBD that has been reported to have powerful anti-convulsive effects • CBN – Cannabinol • Sleep & Appetite regulation • Terpenes • Wide spectrum of non-psychoactive molecules that are know to act on neural receptors and neurotransmitters, enhance norepinephrine activity, and potentially increases dopamine activity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Cannabinoids in Animals and Therapeutic Implications for Veterinary Medicine: a Review
    Veterinarni Medicina, 61, 2016 (3): 111–122 Review Article doi: 10.17221/8762-VETMED The use of cannabinoids in animals and therapeutic implications for veterinary medicine: a review L. Landa1, A. Sulcova2, P. Gbelec3 1Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 2Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 3Veterinary Hospital and Ambulance AA Vet, Prague, Czech Republic ABSTRACT: Cannabinoids/medical marijuana and their possible therapeutic use have received increased atten- tion in human medicine during the last years. This increased attention is also an issue for veterinarians because particularly companion animal owners now show an increased interest in the use of these compounds in veteri- nary medicine. This review sets out to comprehensively summarise well known facts concerning properties of cannabinoids, their mechanisms of action, role of cannabinoid receptors and their classification. It outlines the main pharmacological effects of cannabinoids in laboratory rodents and it also discusses examples of possible beneficial use in other animal species (ferrets, cats, dogs, monkeys) that have been reported in the scientific lit- erature. Finally, the article deals with the prospective use of cannabinoids in veterinary medicine. We have not intended to review the topic of cannabinoids in an exhaustive manner; rather, our aim was to provide both the scientific community and clinical veterinarians with a brief, concise and understandable overview of the use of cannabinoids in veterinary
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids
    Open Access Archives of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Article Pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids Alexandra Sulcova* ISSN ICCI - International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute, Jachymova 26/2, 110 00 Praha, 2639-992X Czech Republic “Pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids “(i.e. a set of biological effects elicited in the *Address for Correspondence: Alexandra Sulcova, M.D, Ph.D, Professor of Pharmacology, living organism by interaction with its biochemical and biophysical functions up to the FCMA, FECNP, FCINP, ICCI - International cellular level) is studied for a long time during both, physiological and pathological Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute, Jachymova conditions. Cannabinoids received their names according to their natural occurrence 26/2, 110 00 Praha, Czech Republic, Tel: 420 732167678; Email: [email protected] as constituents of Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana). The species was classiied in the “Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum (1753)”, the word “sativa” means things that are Submitted: 12 April 2019 Approved: 07 May 2019 cultivated [1]. For ages, people have used cannabis-based preparations for healing and Published: 08 May 2019 pain suppression until the discovery (in 1897) of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) which contemporary medicine uses until today. Chemical investigation of marijuana conirmed Copyright: © 2019 Sulcova A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative various cannabinoid-type components called cannabinoids (presently estimated at Commons Attribution License, which permits about 150). Regarding their possible pharmacodynamic effects, tetrahydrocannabinol unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most explored. The determination of THC structure in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited by means of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging increased sharply the number of professional scientiic reports dealing with the studies of THC pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action [2].
    [Show full text]
  • SNP in Potentially Defunct Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase Is a Marker for Cannabigerolic Acid Dominance in Cannabis Sativa L
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article SNP in Potentially Defunct Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase Is a Marker for Cannabigerolic Acid Dominance in Cannabis sativa L. Andrea R. Garfinkel * , Matthew Otten and Seth Crawford Oregon CBD, Independence, OR 97351, USA; [email protected] (M.O.); [email protected] (S.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The regulation of cannabinoid synthesis in Cannabis sativa is of increasing research interest as restrictions around the globe loosen to allow the plant’s legal cultivation. Of the major cannabi- noids, the regulation of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) production is the least understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the inheritance of CBGA dominance in C. sativa and describe a marker related to this chemotype. We produced two crossing populations, one between a CBGA dominant cultivar and a tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) dominant cultivar, and one between a CBGA dominant cultivar and a cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) cultivar. Chemical and genotyping analyses confirmed that CBGA dominance is inherited as a single recessive gene, potentially governed by a non-functioning allelic variant of the THCA synthase. The “null” THCAS synthase contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that may render the synthase unable to convert CBGA to THCA leading to the accumulation of CBGA. This SNP can be reliably used as a molecular marker for CBGA dominance in the selection and breeding of C. sativa. Citation: Garfinkel, A.R.; Otten, M.; Keywords: cannabinoids; cannabinoid synthesis; CBG; hemp Crawford, S. SNP in Potentially Defunct Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase Is a Marker for Cannabigerolic Acid Dominance in 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Models Cannabinoid Modulation Effects Alzh Eim Er's D Isease
    Supplementary Table 1 – Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System in pathophysiological conditions. Cannabinoid Models Effects Modulation Microglial cell cultures (mice) + Aβ1-42 JWH-015 ↓ Production of proinflammatory cytokines; ↑ Aβ phagocytosis [243] WIN 55,212-2; JWH-133; Microglia cell cultures (rat) + Aβ1-40 ↓ Microglial activation [275] HU-210 Microglia-neuron co-cultures (rat) + Aβ1-40 WIN 55,212-2; JWH-133 ↓ Microglial induced neurotoxicity by ↑ neuronal survival [275] Hippocampal neuron cultures (rat) + Aβ25-35/Aβ1-42 2-AG; URB602, JZL184 ↓ Neurodegeneration and apoptosis [289] Cortical neuron cultures (rat) + Aβ1-42 ↑ Notch-1 signalling [316] AEA PC12 cells (rat) + Aβ1-40 ↓ Neuronal cell loss [290] PC12 cells (rat) + Aβ1-42 ↑ Cell survival; ↓ ROS production, lipid peroxidation [292] SHSY5Y cell cultures (human) + Aβ1-42 CBD ↓ Aβ neurotoxicity [296] SHSY5Y(APP+) cell cultures (human) ↓ Aβ production; ↑ Cell survival [293] HEK(APP+) cell cultures (human); mixed glia-neuron PPARy activation ↓ APP expression; ↑ Aβ clearance [294,295] cultures (mice) transfected with APPswe mutation Icv Aβ1-42 injection (mice); Intracortical Aβ1-42 injection VDM-11 ↓ Hippocampal neuronal damage (rats); memory impairment (mice) [276] (rats) CBD (mice); WIN 55,212-2 Icv Aβ1-40 injection (mice); Icv Aβ25-35 injection (rats) ↓ Microglial activation; spatial learning/memory impairment [244,275] (rats) Intrahippocampal Aβ1-42 injection (rats) WIN 55,212-2 ↓ Neuroinflammation; spatial learning/memory impairment [298] Intrahippocampal Aβ1-42 injection (rats/mice)
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Activity of Cannabichromene, Its Homologs and Isomers
    J C/in Pharmacol. 1981; 21:283S-291 S. Biological Activity of Cannabichromene, its Homologs and Isomers CARLTON E. TURNER, Ph.D., and MAHMOUD A. ELSOHLY, Ph.D. University, Miss. Abstract: Cannabichromene (CBC) is one of four major cannabinoids in Csnnebb sativa L. and isthe second most abundant eannabinoid in drug-type cannabis.Cartna- bichromene and some of its homologs, analogs, and isomers were evaluated for- antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema andthe eqfhrocyte membrane- stabilization method. In both tests, CBC was superior to phenylbutazone. Antibacte- rial activity of CBC and its isomers and homologs was evaluated using gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast-bacteria. Antifungal activity was evaluated using yeast- like and filamentous fungi and a dermatophyte. Antibacterial activity was strong, and the antifungal activity was mild to moderate. RUDE drugs from the cannabis plant was carried out on mixtures of these com- C have been used by man for over 5000 pounds in the ratios in which they occur in years. Some of these crude drugs have been the crude drugs. Also, the “most active” in- associated with varying degrees of medical gredient, THC, was considered to be the applications in many countries. However, only significant compound in understand- as new and better medicinal agents were ing the pharmacologic action of mari- discovered, these crude drugs lost favor in huana. Actually, marihuana contains formal medical clinics. Interest in these many compounds that are active in biologic crude drugs has recently been renewed. The systems,’ U.S. Federal Government, since 1968, has Cannabis-is-a comprtix lplant which con- sponsored considerable research on can- tai’ns 421 known compoufids Fran 18 differ--~ nabis (mostly marihuana and hashish) and ent chemical classes.
    [Show full text]
  • Minireview the Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol
    1521-0103/376/2/204–212$35.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000340 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS J Pharmacol Exp Ther 376:204–212, February 2021 Copyright ª 2021 by The Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC Attribution 4.0 International license. Minireview The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol Rahul Nachnani, Wesley M. Raup-Konsavage, and Kent E. Vrana Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania Received September 15, 2020; accepted November 4, 2020 ABSTRACT Downloaded from Medical cannabis and individual cannabinoids, such as D9- antibacterial activity. There is growing interest in the commercial tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), are re- use of this unregulated phytocannabinoid. This review focuses ceiving growing attention in both the media and the scientific on the unique pharmacology of CBG, our current knowledge literature. The Cannabis plant, however, produces over 100 of its possible therapeutic utility, and its potential toxicolog- different cannabinoids, and cannabigerol (CBG) serves as the ical hazards. precursor molecule for the most abundant phytocannabinoids. jpet.aspetjournals.org CBG exhibits affinity and activity characteristics between SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT D9-THC and CBD at the cannabinoid receptors but appears Cannabigerol is currently being marketed as a dietary supple- to be unique in its interactions with a-2 adrenoceptors and ment and, as with cannabidiol (CBD) before, many claims are 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1A). Studies indicate that CBG may being made about its benefits. Unlike CBD, however, little have therapeutic potential in treating neurologic disorders research has been performed on this unregulated molecule, (e.g., Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, and multiple and much of what is known warrants further investigation to sclerosis) and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as having identify potential areas of therapeutic uses and hazards.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of the Effects of the Cannabinoids Anandamide and Cannabidiol on the Feeding Processes of Tetrahymena Pyriformis
    Study of the Effects of the Cannabinoids Anandamide and Cannabidiol on the feeding processes of Tetrahymena pyriformis Charou Jaisswar Student ID: 32171241 December 2019 Masters by Research Project Thesis Supervised by Dr Jackie Parry and Dr Karen L. Wright Declaration This thesis is entirely my own work and has not been submitted in full or in part for the award of a higher degree at any other educational institution. No sections of this thesis have been published. Word count: 23,091 1 Table of Contents Abstract 4 Glossary 5 1. Introduction 8 1.1 The human endocannabinoid system 8 1.2 Cannabinoids 8 1.2.1. Phytocannabinoids 8 1.2.2. Endogenous cannabinoids (Endocannabinoids) 9 1.3 Biosynthetic and degradation enzymes 10 1.4 Endocannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid interactions 13 1.4.1. CB1 13 1.4.2. CB2 15 1.4.3. TRPV1 15 1.4.4. Other receptors 16 1.5. Single celled protists and cannabinoids 17 1.5.1. Introduction to protists 17 1.5.2. Presence of ECS components in ciliates 18 1.5.2.1. Endocannabinoids 18 1.5.2.2. Enzymes 18 1.5.2.3. Receptors 19 1.5.3. Effect of exogenous cannabinoids on protists 19 1.5.4. Ciliate feeding process 20 1.5.4.1. Ingestion 20 1.5.4.2. Digestion 22 1.6. Rationale and aims of this study 24 2. Materials and Methods 26 2.1. Organisms and maintenance 26 2.1.1. Preparation and maintenance of prey 26 2.1.2. Preparation and maintenance of Tetrahymena pyriformis 26 2.2.
    [Show full text]