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241R-17: Report on Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Concrete Report on Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Concrete Reported by ACI Committees 236 and 241 ACI 241R-17 ACI First Printing January 2017 ISBN: 978-1-945487-50-7 Report on Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Concrete Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at http://concrete.org/Publications/ DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions. ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information. All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards. Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops. Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1.248.848.3700 Fax: +1.248.848.3701 www.concrete.org ACI 241R-17 Report on Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Concrete Reported by ACI Committees 236 and 241 ACI Committee 241 Konstantin Sobolev, Chair Mahmoud M. Reda Taha, Secretary Aali R. Alizadeh William S. Hart Jose F. Munoz Todd S. Rushing Kejin Wang Muhammed P. A. Basheer Aulis Kappi Scott Muzenski Aly Said Kay Wille Jon S. Belkowitz Shiho Kawashima Moncef L. Nehdi Florence Sanchez Brett Anthony Williams Haroldo de Mayo Bernardes Maria S. Konsta-Gdoutos Narayanan Neithalath Surendra P. Shah Erik E. Wotring Jeremy Betts Konstantin Kovler Kamran M. Nemati Lin Shen Ardavan Yazdanbakhsh Paul W. Brown Kimberly E. Kurtis Jan Olek Mohammed Sonebi Min-Hong Zhang Samir E. Chidiac David A. Lange H. Celik Ozyildirim Dietmar Stephan Igor Zhernovsky Vyatcheslav R. Falikman Berengere Lebental Alva Peled Valeria Strokova Consulting Member Liberato Ferrara Samuel J. Lines Amirpasha Peyvandi Peter Stynoski Mohamadreza Moini Ismael Flores-Vivian Viktor Mechtcherine Amal Puthur-Jayapalan Zhihui Sun Brian H. Green Anol Kanti Mukhopadhyay Laila Raki Jussara Tanesi Committee 236 The following voting members from Committee 236 drafted and voted on the initial report. Maria G. Juenger, Chair Jason H. Ideker Aleksandra Radlinska Zhaozhou Zhang H Celik Ozyildirim* Zachary C. Grasley*, O. Burkan Isgor Laila Raki* Bekir Pekmezci* Secretary Ara A. Jeknavorian Prasad R. Rangaraju* Subcommittee Members Alva Peled* Aulis Kappi* Mahmoud M. Reda Taha* Aali Alizadeh* Amal Puthur-Jayapalan* Voting Members Kamal H. Khayat Kyle Austin Riding Mohamed Bassuoni* Todd S. Rushing* Emmanuel K. Attiogbe Eric P. Koehler David A. Rothstein Jon Belkowitz* Joan Schoepfer* Muhammed P. A. Basheer* Konstantin Kovler* Della M. Roy Haroldo de Mayo Bernardes* Surendra P. Shah* Jeremy Betts* Kimberly E. Kurtis* Aly Said* Chul-Woo Chung* Lin Shen* Joseph J. Biernacki David A. Lange* Florence Sanchez* Deborah D. L. Chung* Caijun Shi* Andrew J. Boyd Tyler Ley Gaurav N. Sant* Vyatcheslav Falikman* Valeria Strokova* Paul W. Brown* Jacques Marchand Yixin Shao Liberato Ferrara* Peter Stynoski* Van K. Bui Benjamin J. Mohr Caijun Shi Ismael Flores-Vivian* Zhihui Sun* Jeffrey W. Bullard Paramita Mondal* Kenneth Snyder Nishant Garg* Jacqueline N. Villa Prenger* Frederic Chapdelaine Anol Kanti Mukhopadhyay* Konstantin Sobolev† Brian Green* Brett Williams* Samir E. Chidiac* Moncef L. Nehdi* Mohammed Sonebi* William S. Hart* Min-Hong Zhang* Peter A. Claisse* Narayanan Neithalath* Jussara Tanesi* Payam Hosseini* Igor Zhernovsky* Neil J. Crockett Kamran M. Nemati* Peter C. Taylor* Maria S. Konsta * Matthew D. D’Ambrosia Michelle R. Nokken Michael D. A. Thomas Berengere Lebental* Consulting Members Christopher C. Ferraro Jan Olek* David Trejo Samuel Lines* Barbara Lothenbach Mette Geiker Sulapha Peethamparan* Wilasa Vichit-Vadakan Viktor Mechtcherine* Weiping Ma R. Doug Hooton Vincent Picandet Kejin Wang* Jose Munoz* Frank Winnefeld *Members of 236D subcommittee who drafted this report. †Chair of 236D subcommittee who drafted this report. Members of Committees 236 and 241 thank J. Beaudoin, M. Rahman, J. Kim, L. Brown, C. Gay, and T. Sato for their contributions to this report. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract ACI 241R-17 was adopted and published January2017. documents. If items found in this document are desired by Copyright © 2017, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual by the Architect/Engineer. reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 1 2 REPORT ON APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIALS IN CONCRETE (ACI 241R-17) This report presents information on nanotechnology of concrete, CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE including recent developments related to investigation of nano- structure and nanodesign of cement-based materials, the effects 1.1—Introduction of nanoparticles, field applications, and health and environmental Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field of science safety concerns related to the use of nanomaterials. and engineering focused on understanding and controlling Keywords: biomimicry; carbon nanofibers; carbon nanotubes; nanobinder; matter at dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers, where nanoclay; nanoindentation; nanoparticles; nanosilica; nanotechnology; unique phenomena enable novel applications. nanotitanium dioxide; superhydrophobic concrete. Nanotechnology was first introduced by Feynman (1960) and is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field; CONTENTS many developments have emerged in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering in the study of various materials or CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2 substances at the nanoscale. 1.1—Introduction, p. 2 There are two main approaches in nanotechnology: 1) the 1.2—Scope, p. 3 top-down approach, in which larger structures are reduced in size to the nanoscale while maintaining their original prop- CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 3 erties without atomic-level control (for example, miniatur- 2.1—Notation, p. 3 ization in the domain of electronics), or deconstructed from 2.2—Definitions, p. 4 larger structures into smaller, composite parts (top part of Fig. 1.1a); and 2) the bottom-up approach, also called molec- CHAPTER 3—INVESTIGATION AND MODELING ular nanotechnology or molecular manufacturing, introduced OF NANOSTRUCTURE AND HYDRATION by Drexler et al. (1991), in which materials are engineered MECHANISMS,
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