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ESO 3 Guide to Music

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By Julio Albertos ESO 3rd Guide to Music Name ………………………. Group ……………………… Music Teacher ……………………… My lessons are on ... Day Hour Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Exam Mark My Target Tracker During each unit your teacher will set you at target that will help you to improve your work. Use this page to make a log of your targets so that you can refer back to them when preparing for the next ones. Date: Unit 1 – Music Elements Self My Targets: Assessment Mark: Date: Unit 2 – Antiquity and Middle Ages S/A Mark: My Targets: Date: Unit 3 – Renaissance S/A Mark: My Targets: Date: Unit 4 – Baroque S/A Mark: My Targets: Date: Unit 5 – Classical S/A Mark: My Targets: Date: Unit 6 – Romantic S/A Mark: My Targets: Date: Unit 7 – 20th century S/A Mark: My Targets: Welcome to Bilingual 3rd Music This booklet now belongs to you and it is your passport to get a better understanding of music! Each week you will complete the pages either during the lesson or as homework and your teacher will use this booklet to assess your work, so keep it safe at all times. Here is a list of the units that you will be studying: 1. Music Elements 2. Antiquity and Middle Ages 3. Renaissance 4. Baroque 5. Classical 6. Romantic 7. 20th century Within each unit you will be developing a lot of skills, look out for a box like this as it will tell you what personal, learning and thinking skills you are using. Creative Thinking You are creating your own musical idea! PERSONAL, LEARNING AND THINKING SKILLS Independent Enquirer : allows pupils to access information from different sources, analyse information and evaluate how important it is, before reasoning out ideas to make the best decision. Effective Participator : allows pupils to get involved with your local community, understand and respect the religious and cultural diversity that exists there and learn to be aware of the growing presence of technology. Creative Thinker : allows pupils to be resourceful, apply information they already know to new tasks, be enterprising and think of new ways to complete a task and synthesise by using information from different sources to create something new. Team Worker : allows pupils to relate effectively to each other, know how to take on roles within a team, coach others to make progress and lead example. Reflective Learner : allows pupils to be responsible for their learning, be resilient even when situations are difficult, know how to manage their feelings and emotions and manage their own learning by being self-reliant. Self-Manager : allows pupils to manage time and organise their tasks to meet deadlines, manage change and adapt positively to new situations, manage risks by being aware of potential problems and manage their success and failure by reflecting on their experiences and not being afraid to make mistakes. Self Assessment You will also complete a self assessment task at the end of each unit. Compare it with the mark you have reached in the exams. When you know your examination mark you will fill in the grid on the front cover. Musical Thoughts - ESO 3rd Guide to Music by Julio Albertos is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ . Statement of Educational Use The copyright-protected printed and recorded materials are excerpted here within the regulation of Spain Copyright Law, Art. 32 (2) . All other musical excerpts, texts and images used on these pages are believed to reside entirely in the public domain. I would like to give many thanks to Catarina Canadinha and Ignacio Delgado for their revisions and corrections, and to Agurtzane Primo for her contributions in several units. 2014 Julio Albertos Unit 1 – Music Elements First of all, what do we know about music elements? Exercise 1 Discuss in pairs and write in the box below every word and concept that you recall about this subject. Essentially, music is sound with intention, organized by humans to move something in the listeners. To know what sound is, how sound works and what sound properties are it is necessary to understand music. 1. SOUND AND SILENCE We hear sounds all the time. All sounds are a form of energy produced by the vibration of an object. The vibration makes the air around the object vibrate too. These air vibrations are called sound waves . Sound waves travel outwards and bring the sound to our ears. Our ears send a message to our brain and we hear the sound. Sound waves are concentric – the centre is the object that produces the sound and the waves spread around it. So, if you are behind the object you can still hear the sound. ~ 1 ~ Unit 1 – Music Elements Sound can travel through many different kinds of matter, including solids, liquids and gases . It travels at about 340 meters per second through air, but it goes faster through liquids and even faster through solids such as iron. Sound differs from noise in the way the waves are organized: sound waves are regular and tidy, while noise waves are irregular and untidy. Exercise 2 What is silence? Is total silence possible? Discuss is groups 2. SOUND PROPERTIES 1. Duration: the proper ty of sound that refers to a sound’s length is duration . It distinguishes long sounds from short sounds . It is related to persistence , a scientific term that says how long the sound wave exists. It is measured in seconds . In music, we represent sound duration with note values. ~ 2 ~ Unit 1 – Music Elements 2. Pitch is the sound property that distinguishes high sounds from low sounds . It is related to frequency , a scientific concept that tells us the number of vibrations per second of a sound wave. A scientific term for vibrations per second is Hertz , abbreviated Hz. A high sound has a lot of vibrations per second (a lot of Hz), while a low sound has few vibrations per second (not many Hz). The Human range of hearing is limited (we cannot hear certain frequencies) and it ranges more or less from 20Hz to 20.000Hz . Sounds with a frequency lower than 20Hz are called infrasounds , while sounds higher than 20.000Hz are called ultrasounds . Some animals can hear ultrasounds (for example bats). Natural events (like earthquakes) can create infrasounds. In music, we represent the sound pitch with musical notes. ~ 3 ~ Unit 1 – Music Elements 3. Intensity is the sound property which relates to volume. It is also known as loudness and tells us how loud or soft the sound is . The scientific term for loudness is wave amplitude , and the measurement unit for the wave amplitude is the decibel , abbreviated dB . Sounds louder than 120 dB are painful for humans: continuous exposure to such loud sounds can damage the ear, causing hearing loss and even deafness . deciBels Example Outcomes 150 dB Rocket blast off 140 dB Jet plane (25 meters) Short exposure can cause permanent damage 130 dB Pneumatic drill Threshold of pain 120 dB Emergency siren Threshold of discomfort 110 dB Car horn 100 dB Electric drill 90 dB Heavy traffic Sustained exposure may result in hearing loss 80 dB Ringing phone 70 dB Alarm clock 60 dB Normal conversation 50 dB Average home 40 dB Quiet library 30 dB Quiet house at night 20 dB Leaves rustling 10 dB Breathing 0 dB Silence Threshold of hearing In music, we represent intensity with dynamics , which are Italian words used to express the different degrees of intensity. ~ 4 ~ Unit 1 – Music Elements 4. Timbre is the sound property which makes it possible to identify the object or voice that produces it. For example, we can distinguish a violin from a piano, even if they play the same sound with identical pitch, duration and intensity. Timbre is represented in music by the different instruments or voices. Voices ranges ~ 5 ~ Unit 1 – Music Elements Exercise 3 - Complete the sentences: a) The vibrations produced by the movement of an object and transmitted into the air are called _________ _________. b) Sound travels through the air at a speed of about _______________. c) Duration in music is represented in ___________ ____________. d) Pitch is the sound quality that distinguishes __ ______ sounds from ________ _________ . e) A frequency lower than 20Hz is called ________________ , while any frequency higher than 20.000Hz is called ________________ . f) In music, we represent dynamics with ___________ __________ used to express the different degrees of intensity. g) Sounds louder than _________ are painful and can cause hearing loss. h) The property of sound which allows us to _____________the object that produces the sound is _____________. Exercise 4 - Could you label all the instruments in the orchestra? ~ 6 ~ Unit 1 – Music Elements 3. AN OVERVIEW OF MUSIC ELEMENTS 1. Rhythm is any combination of different durations regarding sounds and silences. Usually it has a regular pattern. The basic unit of time in music is the beat or pulse , which occurs in the mensural level (beat level). 2. Melody is an organized succession of musical tones that expresses a musical idea. 3. Harmony refers to the use of simultaneous pitches which make chords. It is often used to refer to the "vertical" aspect of music, as distinguished from the melodic line, or the "horizontal" aspect. It is also called the science of chords and the relationship between them. 4. Timbre is the sound property which makes possible to identify the instrument or voice that produces the sound.
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