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University of Malaya Press, 1970, Hlm PERKEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN WANITA MELAYU DI NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU BERSEKUTU, 1896-1941 MUHAMMAD RIDZUAN BIN IDRIS Malaya of TESIS DISERAHKAN UNTUK MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH SEJARAH UniversityFAKULTI SASTERA DAN SAINS SOSIAL UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2016 i UNIVERSITI MALAYA PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama: MUHAMMAD RIDZUAN BIN IDRIS No. Pendaftaran/Matrik: AHA 110013 Nama Ijazah: DOKTOR FALSAFAH Tajuk Tesis: PERKEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN WANITA MELAYU DI NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU BERSEKUTU 1896-1941 (“Hasil Kerja ini”) Bidang Penyelidikan: SEJARAH MALAYSIA (SOSIAL) Saya dengan sesungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: 1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil kerja ini. 2) Hasil kerja ini adalah asli. 3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hak cipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa- apa petikan, ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau kepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hak cipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam hasil kerja ini. 4) Saya tidak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuanMalaya sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil kerja ini melanggar suatu hak cipta hasil kerja yang lain. 5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemuaof dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hak cipta Hasil kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya (“UM”) yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hak cipta di dalam Hasil kerja ini dan apa-apa pengeluaran semula atau penggunaan dalam apa juga bentuk atau apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari UM. 6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hak cipta Hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. UniversityTandatangan Calon Tarikh: Diperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui di hadapan; Tandatangan Saksi: Nama: Jawatan: ii ABSTRAK Kajian ini membincangkan perkembangan pendidikan wanita Melayu di Negeri- Negeri Melayu Bersekutu (NNMB) dari tahun 1896 sehingga 1941. Objektif kajian adalah untuk mengenal pasti tahap dan bentuk pembangunan pendidikan wanita Melayu di NNMB. Selain itu, kajian juga membincangkan mengenai bentuk-bentuk halangan, strategi memajukan pendidikan wanita dan pencapaian wanita Melayu sepanjang tempoh tahun kajian. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan penyelidikan sejarah. Perbincangan bagi setiap bab adalah menggunakan kaedah tematik. Kajian perpustakaan dibuat bagi meneliti dan menganalisis sumber-sumber primer seperti dokumen, fail, rekod, laporan, surat persendirian, transkripsi temu bual dan juga akhbar. Kaedah temu bual juga digunakan dalam kajian ini. Di samping itu, sumber sekunder seperti, artikel, kertas kerja, buku dan kajian ilmiah juga dirujuk bagi memantapkan kajian. Skop kajian ini bermulaMalaya pada tahun 1896 iaitu semasa bermulanya penubuhan NNMB dan tamatof sehingga tahun 1941 apabila NNMB dibubarkan. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa kerajaan British tidak bersungguh- sungguh untuk memajukan pendidikan wanita Melayu. Usaha-usaha yang dilakukan juga dibuat tanpa perancangan yang jelas dan hanya bermatlamat untuk memberikan pendidikan peringkat rendah sahaja. Dapatan kajian juga mendapati bahawa daripada lima halangan dan cabaran yang dikenal pasti, hanya satu masalah sahaja berpunca daripada orang Melayu iaitu masalah adat dan budaya. Manakala masalah Universityinfrastruktur fizikal, pentadbiran, kurikulum dan juga kewangan adalah berpunca daripada kerajaan British. Selain itu, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh beberapa pegawai British untuk memajukan pendidikan wanita. Namun, usaha–usaha berkenaan lebih bersifat individu dan masih terikat dengan matlamat dasar British terhadap pendidikan orang Melayu. Namun demikian, usaha-usaha yang dilakukan telah sedikit sebanyak membantu iii mengembangkan pendidikan wanita. Usaha-usaha yang lebih bersungguh-sungguh telah dilakukan oleh Raja-raja Melayu, pegawai-pegawai Melayu, golongan cendekiawan dan juga golongan reformis Islam untuk memajukan pendidikan wanita Melayu. Hasilnya, jumlah pelajar perempuan Melayu telah menunjukkan peningkatan yang menggalakkan terutamanya pada tahun-tahun 1920-an sehinggalah meletusnya Perang Dunia Kedua. Dapatan kajian juga mendapati bahawa pencapaian pendidikan wanita Melayu sebelum tahun 1941 adalah amat terhad kerana tempoh tahun 1896 sehingga 1941 merupakan fasa pembangunan pendidikan wanita Melayu. Namun demikian, pencapaian paling besar dalam tempoh tahun berkenaan boleh dilihat melalui perubahan sikap dan mentaliti terhadap pendidikan. Walau pun penyertaan wanita Melayu dalam bidang perguruan, berpersatuan, kejururawatan dan penulisan masih terhad, namun penglibatan Malayamereka dalam pelbagai bidang berkenaan adalah satu pencapaian besarof terutama sebelum tahun 1941. University iv ABSTRACT This study discusses the devolvement of women's education in the Federated Malay States (FMS) from 1896 until 1941. The objective of this study is to identify the level and form of the development of education in FMS for Malay women. The study also discuses the forms of obstructions, strategies to develop the education of women, and the achievement of women during the said period. Historical research was adopted as the main approach in this study, while thematic method was used for chapter discussions. Library research was utilized for review and analysis of primary resources which range from documents, files, records, reports, private papers, interview transcripts, and newspapers. Interview method was also employed in this study. In addition, secondary sources such as articles, papers, books and academic research were also utilized. The scope of this studyMalaya covers the onset establishment of FMS in 1896 and its end in 1941 with the dissolution of FMS. The findings revealed that the British Government was not fullyof commited in its effort to advanced the Malay women’s education. Its efforts were made without proper planning, and were only aimed at providing primary level education. The findings also indicate that of the five obstacles and challenges identified, only one was attributable to the Malays, which is releted to issues of tradition and culture. Meanwhile, the physical infrastructure, administration, curriculum, and even finance were borne by the British Government. In addition, the finding show that there were efforts made by Universitycertain British officials to advance women’s education, but they were more individual in nature and were bound to the education policies of the British. Nevertheless, these efforts augmented women’s education to a higher level. The Malay Rulers, Malay officials, scholars, and Islamic reformists were relentless in their efforts to advance women’s education. Consequently, in 1920s until the inception of World War II, an increase in the number of female Malay students was v recorded. The findings also reveal that before 1941, the educational achievements of Malay women was limited due to the educational development phase for the Malay women that took place in the period of 1896 to 1941. However, the most significant achievements within this period was the edification in the attitude and mentality towards women’s education. Prior to 1941, the participation of women in teaching, participation in associations, nursing, and in writing were limited, yet their involvement in these fields was considered a significant achievement. Malaya of University vi PENGHARGAAN Alhamdulillah, syukur ke hadrat Ilahi kerana dengan izin Nya kajian ini dapat disempurnakan dalam tempoh masa yang ditetapkan. Ucapan jutaan terima kasih juga ditujukan kepada penyelia saya, Dr. Arbai’yah binti Mohd Noor dan juga Dr. Suffian Mansor yang telah banyak memberikan bimbingan, dorongan, dan juga sokongan sepanjang tempoh kajian. Saya juga merakamkan rasa syukur kerana diberikan penyelia yang cukup memahami, fleksibel dari segi masa serta sentiasa bersedia untuk membantu. Ucapan terima kasih juga ditujukan kepada Bahagian Tajaan, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia yang telah meluluskan cuti belajar bergaji penuh kepada saya untuk melanjutkan pengajian di peringkat DoktorMalaya Falsafah. Penghargaan juga ditujukan kepada kakitangan Fakulti Sastera dan Sains Sosial dan Jabatan Sejarah, Universiti Malaya yang banyak membantuof memudahkan segala urusan saya terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan penyelidikan dan juga pentadbiran. Ucapan terima kasih juga ditujukan kepada mantan Ketua Jabatan Sejarah iaitu Prof Madya Dr. Shakila Parween Yacob yang memberi galakkan dan sokongan serta nasihat sepanjang saya menjalankan kajian. Dedikasi juga ditujukan kepada Ketua Jabatan Sejarah baharu iaitu Prof Madya Dr. Sivachandralingan Sundara Raja di atas nasihat dan bimbingan sepanjang penulisan kajian. Tidak lupa juga kepada Dr. Zulkarnain Universityyang sentiasa memantau, memberi nasihat serta dorongan sepanjang kajian dijalankan. Penghargaan juga diberikan kepada barisan pensyarah Jabatan Sejarah terutamanya Prof Datuk Dr. Abdullah Zakarian Ghazali, Dr. Kamal Arrifin Mohd Rus, Dr. Abu Hanifah bin Haris, Dr. Noraini Hassan dan lain-lain lagi yang tidak vii dapat saya sebutkan semuanya di sini. Bantuan, tunjuk ajar dan sokongan yang diberikan telah banyak membantu saya memahami dan menyelami kehendak sebenar
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