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Early Testing As a Means of Evaluating F1 Heterosis Between Inbred Lines of Drosophila Melanogaster Sing-Yuan Loh Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1949 Early testing as a means of evaluating F1 heterosis between inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster Sing-yuan Loh Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Loh, Sing-yuan, "Early testing as a means of evaluating F1 heterosis between inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster " (1949). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13635. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13635 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. ProQuest Infomiation and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMT EARLY TESTINS AS A MEANS OF E7ALUATIN& Fj^ HETEROSIS BETWEEN INBRED LINES OF DROSOPHILA MSLANOGASTER by Sing Ttian Loh A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Polfillment of Eie Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILCSOPHT Major Subject: Genetics Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Ghai^ of Major Worlc Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean of'Gradua'te College Iowa State College 19^9 UMI Number: DPI2824 UMI® UMI Microform DP12824 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Q /-7 "4 ^ b -ii- TABLE OF CONTSaiTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Sotirce of Stocks 3 The System of Breeding 4 Test for hybrid breeding performance 4 Tests of inbred perfo3?iiiance 6 Tests of single cross combinations 6 REVIEW OF PSPJIiJENT LITERATURE 10 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 23 Variation, in Egg Piwduction of First-Generation Inbreda Crossed to Synthetic Tester 23 Effects of Inbreeding on Combining Ability 29 Heterosis Exhibited by Crosses Between Inbred Lines 33 Performance of the Inbred Lines with More thsa 20 Generations of Brother x Sister Mating 44 Analysis of Variation Within Synthetic x Inbred Crosses 48 Analysis of Variation githin the Inbred Lines After Tvxenty Generations of Brother x Sister Hating 55 Relation Between Early and Later Generation Tests for Combining Ability, Top Crosses and Inbreds 58 Evaluation of General and Specific Combining Ability^ Etc 60 Consistency of 12ie Constants for General (g). Material (m). Specific (s). Sex (r) Influence on ]^sophila Egg Production 68 -lil- Page DISCaSSION 75 SUMMRY 80 LITER&arJRE CITED 83 ACKKOWLEDGKEKTS 8? -iv- LIST OF TABLES Page 1. productions per fly for 5^> 6th and 7th days of adult life. First generation, of line x synthetic stock 24 2. Average number of eggs per hybrid female on 5th, 6th, and 7th days after hatching for the lines surviving the 30 generations of brother 2 sister mating 30 3. Heterosis of hybrid flies as evidenced by egg productions per female fly in 5th, 6th and 7th day of her life from crosses of inbred lines after 15 generations of inbreeding. Jk 4. Heterosis of hybrid flies as evidenced by e^ productions per female fly in 5th, 6th and 7th day of her life from crosses of inbred lines after Zh generations of inbreeding 36 5. Heterosis of hybrid flies as evidenced by e^ production per female in 5th, 6Mh. and 7th day of adult life from crosses of inbred lines after 34 generations of inbreeding 39 6. iChree-day egg productions per fly for inbred lines •srith 21, 26, aid 3I generations of brol^ier z sister aatings 45 7. lests for combining ability in different generations. Egg productions per fly for 5th, 6th and 7th day of adult life for lines crossed to synthetic strain.... 50 8. Mean egg productions of top cross hybrids (inbred x synthetic) for successive generations of inbreeding separated by strains and reciprocal within strains.. 53 9. Tariance of egg productions per fly for 5th, 6th, and 7t2i day of adult life for pure inbred lines in 21st, 26th and 31st generations 56 10. Correlation coefficients between egg productions per fly on 5th, 6th, and 7th day of imago life tTon. different generation top cross tests 59 -V- Page 11. hybrid egg production of 15tli generation inbred parents 62 12. hybrid egg productions of 2^th generation inbred parents 63 13. F^ hybrid egg productions of '3^th generation inbred parents 6i}- 1^. Sources of variance for e^ production on 5tih, 6th, and 7th days of adult life per female for cross- combinations from ihbreds after 15th, 2^th, and 34th generations of full brother x sister mating 65 15. Conjponents of variance for egg productions of the hybrids from the three inbred generations 66 16. Values of g and m for the 15th, 24th, and 34th inbred line crosses shown in Tables 11, 12, and I3.. 69 17. Specific combining ability of lines shown in Tables 11, 12 and I3 70 18. r effects determined from Tables 11, 12 and I3 71 -vl- LIST OF FIGDBES Page 1. Distributions of egg productions for first genera­ tion, strains: Amherst, Ames 19^3* Ames 19^7 2? 2. Means, standard deviations and coefficients of variations for top crosses from inbreds mated to synthetics plotted for each strain and generation of Inbreeding: - Amherst, Ames 19^3» — — — Ames 19^7 32 3. Means, standard deviations and coefficients of variations for inbreds plotted by generations and strains; Aiders t, —— Ames 19^3, — Ames 19^7 ^7 -1- INTRODUCTIOK J^brldlzatlon b&s been a major tool of animal and plant breeders since ancient time. Productions of hybrid com and hybrid slBcvorms are of most practical significance. Hybrids are superior to arallable rarleties. Inbreeding followed by crossing has been effective for various species of plants and animals. Inbreeding isolates desirable diaracters into lines. These characters are trans­ mitted to the progeny in predictable frequencies. The dif­ ficulty is that the inbreeding also fixes detrimental char­ acters. Utilization of hybrids requires the formation and selection of Inbreds vhl^, on crossing, cos^lement ea(^ other to give hybrids desirable for most characters. Good combin­ ing ability in com is usually estimated by test-crosses or top-crosses. As carried out in com, these tests coBq;>are hybrids resulting from crosses of Inbred lines with a syn­ thetic strain or an open-pollinated variety- In the past these tests have been made with inbred lines on the assun^ tion that lines will remain relatively stable for combining ability through later generations of inbreeding. This pro­ cedure, if true, will liasten the evaluation and detection of superior Inbred lines. The question is, will the method usually work? The question is of even greater importance to animal breeders, as greater difficulty is encountered in isolating inbred lines of animals. Brother x sister matings, instead of selfing, must be used in tmr breeding system. In this system, approach toward homozygosis is less rapid than it is in selfing. Other factors, as the length of time between generations, individuals in progeny, and weak tolerance of intensive inbreeding, further complicate and increase the costs. This study had as its objective a conqjarison of the effects of early testing with those observed for tests of later generations, as means of isolating inbred st3?ains of hi^ combining ability, Droao-ptiila melanogaster inbreds and hybrids were estab­ lished. Performance was measured by egg production. Test- crosses, both vith synthetic stoc^c and with single crosses between inbreds, were used in the evaluations of the inbred lines. Any inbred lines lost were lost through failure to reproduce and not throu^ any conscious selection. Some partial answers to the following questions might be expected to accrue from these studies. 1. Is early testing an efficient method of predicating the general combining ability of inbred lines of later generations? 2. Does the performance of an inbred predict the per­ formance of the hybrids in ^diich it enters? -3- 3. Is egg yield less for crosses made between inbred lines early in the inljreeding than v/hen these crosses are made later in the inbreeding program? k: iflaat is the relative l335>ortance of general combining ability and specific combining ability as the inbreeding of the inbred lines advances? Source of Stocks The strains of Drosophila aelanogaster used in this study liad the following origins: Amhe-pflt - This stoclc was collected by Dr. Philip T. Ives of Amherst, Massachusetts, from a local orchard and sent to us for this esperiment.
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