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HUM110CL Module 3 Lecture Notes Hellenic Sculptures Search the Web HUM110CL Module 3 Lecture Notes Hellenic Sculptures Search the web to view the statue of Doryphoros. Doryphoros translates to “Lance Bearer”, and the original was probably created in 450 – 440 B.C.E. Although it has been lost, there are various Roman copies still in existence. Doryphoros is a full round sculpture carved out of marble and stands 6 feet 6 inches tall. When the sculpture was made, it would have been holding a spear, thus the name Lance Bearer, but this has been lost, too. Doryphoros easily demonstrates all the three dominant themes of the Athenian culture. Humanism Idealism Realism Humanism, the emphasis on portraying the human being: This sculpture is that of an Athenian male. His naked body defines his humanity. The entire content of this art focuses on the human. Idealism is the emphasis on perfection. Doryphoros is a young Athenian male in the beginning of his adulthood. His body is perfection. There are no scars, no excess fat, his hair is perfectly coiffed. He shows no emotions, an example of stoicism, which the Hellenic culture tried to emulate. This young man is perfection, just as the Athenians strived for in these times. Probably, Polyclitus had to use several models for this sculpture, because there wasn’t one person who had the perfect dimensions, the perfect facial features, and the correct size to meet Hellenic perfectionism. Rationalism is applying the rules of reason to life. As said before, Polyclitus wrote a type of manual to present a true representation of the perfect Athenian male. Doryphoros is Polyclitus’s example of perfection. He has divided the human body into four parts, and each part has specific directions on dimensions and musculature. And, in striving for perfection, Polyclitus even noted in his book how the veins in the hand should be sculpted. Notice the stance of Doryphoros. His weight shifting from one side is called contrapposto. This asymmetrical positioning gives an “S” curve to the sculpture and gives the suggestion of movement. It also makes the statue appear alive. Search the web for the Egyptian sculpture King Menkaura. It is beautiful, full-round, sculpture of pharaoh and his wife. Compare the Egyptian sculpture to the Hellenic sculpture. Can you see how sculpture “bloomed” and appeared more life-like and sophisticated under the Hellenic period? The Egyptian sculptor is trying to show movement by having one of the pharaoh’s legs come forward. However, does it appear as life-like as Polyclitus’s Doryphoros? No. By comparing the two sculptures, you can see the great development in skill by the Hellenic sculptors. When we see great developments in the arts of a culture; we know that the culture itself developed greatly, too. As we have discussed, we owe much to the Hellenics, including our model for democracy. Hellenistic Sculptures Search the web for the sculpture called: Dying Gaul. It is a copy of the original piece that was sculpted sometime around 225 B.C.E. The original has been lost. We do not know the author. However, Dying Gaul aptly demonstrates the trends of the Hellenistic world. Individualism is the interest in the individual and individual characteristics of a human being. This is not just another perfect Athenian male, but someone imperfect. Notice the Gaul’s body is not nearly as perfectly proportioned or muscled as Doryphoros body. Parts of his ribs are showing; his haircut is unruly and not cut to Athenian Ideal. Emotionalism is the interest in the emotional expression of a human being. As you see in this close-up of the face, this man is in agony. If you look at his torso, on his right side, you will see the slash of a mortal wound. This man is dying, an emotional subject that fascinated the Hellenics. Realism is the art interest in likeness or actual outward reality. As pointed out, this man doesn’t match the perfection of Doryphoros, nor the personal attributes. His hair-do is different and he has facial hair. He is also wearing a big thick choker- looking necklace (called a torque) which is not the fashion in Athens. This man is a Gaul, a member of fierce nomadic tribe that originated in France, and made marauding campaigns attacking the Greeks during various times. The Hellenistic’s have their hands full trying to keep these warriors from decimating their towns. This statue was made to commemorate a fierce battle in which the Hellenistic’s finally managed to push the Gauls back to France. It was such a tough battle, and the Gauls were so fearless in their fighting, that the Hellenistic’s made this sculpture to commemorate this battle. Dying Gaul is not about an Athenian, but the man is from a very different culture, and the Hellenistic Greeks begin making art about other cultures that begin to diversify their own. The development of the art of sculpture continues with the Hellenistics. The trend of Emotionalism demands the ability to show more movement in a static art form, and the Hellenistics succeed in doing so. In your text, you have looked at Laocoön and His Sons. Notice how much movement is in this sculpture. Laocoön angered the Greek God of the oceans, Poseidon. In revenge, Poseidon sends a sea serpent to first kill Laocoön’s two sons and then strangle the father. The sculptor makes us feel the agony of Laocoön and his sons as they writhe and struggle with the undulating coils of the sea serpent as it slowly strangles them all to death. Compare Laoccön’s sculpture to Doryphoros. Even though Lance Bearer shows a shifting of weight, he does not give the illusion of movement that Hellenistic sculpture can do. Again, when a culture advances in ways of domination, education, financially, it is usual to see developments in the arts. The Hellenistics are no exception. When comparing sculptures, see if you can identify which sculpture fits which period. Look at the sculpture to determine if they are Hellenic or Hellenistic ask yourself: Do they show emotion? Do they show an Athenian male or someone else? Hint: Notice the dress and hair of the subjects. Also, notice what, if any, action is happening in the sculpture. Search the web for the sculpture Ludovisi Gaul and His Wife. This is another sculpture that is a tribute to the war against the Hellenistics and the Gauls. This sculpture commemorates the moment when the Gauls have been put on the defensive. They rush back to their camps where their wives and children are waiting for them. This Gaul warrior has killed his wife, because if the Greeks capture her, they will make her a slave. The Gaul is then in the process of killing himself rather than allowing the Greeks enslave him, too. Notice the clothing of both characters. The wife is in animal skins. The male is naked. The Gauls ventured into battle naked, so his only adornment will be jewelry. Notice the emotionalism of the moment. Notice how the sculptor makes the static art form of sculpture seem to move as the wife droops to the ground as she dies. This is Hellenistic sculpture. Michelangelo The Greeks make great advances into sophisticated sculpting, but it is our first “giant”, Michelangelo, that makes sculpture a sublime art form. Interestingly, the great Michelangelo will go back to the Ancient Greeks for inspiration and copy some of their ideas. Michelangelo’s David easily epitomizes our three trends of the Renaissance period humanism, individualism, and scientific naturalism. The Hellanic theme of humanism is the artist interest in the human being. The character of David is, of course, a prominent Biblical character in the Hebrew Old Testament. The Bible takes great pains to demonstrate David’s humanness, his sinfulness, his heroisms, and his emotions – all a part of being human. This character of David is a popular subject for the Renaissance artist because of this interest in the human being. The Hellenistic theme of individualism is the artist interest in the specific characteristics of the human being. What makes us different from each other? Look at David’s face. It is sculpted from a specific human model of the Renaissance. His emotions, his pensiveness, his beauty are carefully sculpted, because the Renaissance audience is interested in the individual and his personal struggles and joys in life. The Hellenistic theme of scientific naturalism is the artistic interest in the natural world. Michelangelo, because of his knowledge of what lay underneath the skin of the human body, could sculpt and paint the human form better than any other artist of the period. Even a modern sculptor would have a difficult time perfecting the human image as Michelangelo did in David. However, in David, Michelangelo has taken some artistic liberties in the creation of the human form. Can you see where? Michelangelo was particularly interested in human hands and feet and will take great pains to sculpt and paint them precisely. David’s hands, (especially the right one) however, are slightly incorrect in proportions. To David’s hand, Michelangelo has added an extra ligament. Why? Scholars believe that Michelangelo did this to make David’s hand seem more graceful and supple than that of his model. He has also made the hands and head larger than the proportions should be. Why? Michelangelo wanted David to represent the gloriousness of Florence, Italy, and originally, David was supposed to stand at a distance on top of a church. By making the head and hands bigger than a normal human’s size, Michelangelo ensured that even at a distance, brave David could be seen easily, and represented well the greatness of Renaissance Florence.
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