A IO A IMA WE A E I S I U E
22 EAS th S EE , EW YO K, . Y. 000
January-February, 1965 l. 4, .
SE A O S C A K, A E , Y , COM A IO I I O UCE Y MUSKIE A YOU G S O SO CO G ESSMA C E E A UMA E EA ME I Congressman James C. Cleveland (R., N.H.) introduced Senator Joseph S. Clark of Pennsylvania, chief sponsor in the U.S. House of Representatives on March second a of the Senate bill to require humane treatment of experi- bill identical to S. 0 . The number of Congressman mental animals in the Eighty-Eighth and Eighty-Ninth Cleveland's bill is H.R. 64 . In introducing it he said: Congresses, reintroduced his bill on February ninth. He "Humane protection for laboratory animals is a proper was-joined by Senator E. L. Bartlett of Alaska, Senator concern for any civilized society. I have studied many Harry F. Byrd of Virginia, Senator Edmund S. Muskie of proposals and am convinced my bill will provide standards Maine, and Senator Stephen M. Young of Ohio. The bill, of humane treatment without impairing legitimate research. S. 1071, would provide humane treatment for all animals It follows closely the guidelines established in England used in experiments and tests by the Federal Government in 8 6. That law is still in force today and has the ap- and by institutions receiving grants from the Federal Gov- proval of the overwhelming majority of responsible British ernment. scientists. (For the full text of Senator Clark's remarks, see page 4.) (Continued on page 2
The following editorial published by the Ann Arbor, EW E I IO O " ASIC CA E Mich, News, March 6, 1965 expresses clearly the need for O E E IME A A IMA S" immediate passage of S. 1071. EM ASI ES A A GESICS A new edition of "Basic Care of Experimental Animals" l t d A d f r An l is now in press. An important addition to this manual A minor phenomenon worthy of encouragement is tak- which is supplied free on request to scientific institutions ing place in the U.S. Senate. by the Animal Welfare Institute, is a new chapter on the Sens. Joseph S. Clark, D-Pa., and Harry F. Byrd, D-Va. use of pre and post operative analgesics in experimental —who seldom agree on political matters—have joined as animal medicine. Written by a distinguished veterinarian co-sponsors of a bill. who is experienced in both laboratory animal medicine and S.1071, introduced by Sen. Clark Feb. 9, is modeled on clinical practice of veterinary medicine, it will add to the British law dating back to 1876, requiring humane treat- humane and practical value of the manual. ment of vertebrate animals used in scientific research. "Basic Care for Experimental Animals" is designed for This is not an antivivisection bill. "I would not intro- animal caretakers. It may be ordered in quantity by scien- duce or support any measure to outlaw or curtail research tists or administrators so that each technician or caretaker which is responsibly and humanely conducted," Sen. Clark who has charge of animals may have his own copy. Re- comments. quests for copies of the new edition may be sent now to His bill, while recognizing that research involving ani- the office of the Animal Welfare Institute, and the manuals mals can not be made entirely painless, would set up com- will be mailed as soon as published. Chapter eight is re- mon sense rules for laboratories receiving federal funds. printed below. Scientists intending to use live animals in research would receive individual licenses which could be withdrawn from E USE O E A OS O E A I E anyone responsible for inhumane treatment: A A GESICS I E E IME A There would be periodic, unannounced inspections by A IMA ME ICI E qualified persons with access to animal quarters, laboratory by . C. ESC E OE E , D.V.M. facilities and records: Adequately sized cages, periodic removal for exercise It is common practice in clinical veterinary medicine to and cleaning, and proper feeding, would be required for use analgesic drugs before and after surgical anesthesia. animals held for research purposes. The purpose of these drugs is to reduce the sensibility of Animals suffering lasting pain following experiments the animal and hasten induction of anesthesia, as well as would have to be put out of their agony instead of being to cause a "smooth" recovery. It seems that these drugs used repeatedly for experiments. should be used more than they are in experimental medi- cine and surgery. Many investigators are unfamiliar with the fact that these drugs are both scientifically advantageous SEN. CLARK himself provides the best summary of and aid greatly in humane handling of animals. It is in- why federal legislation on this subject is desirable. deed true that good scientific technique and humane treat- "There is no need for a country as idealistic as the ment are so closely allied that they are almost inseparable. United States to condone the suffering which great num- Some of the drugs useful as pre and post operative bers of these animals undergo before they die. This need- analgesics are the tranquilizers, (Sparine), the opiates less suffering does nothing to advance science or human (Morphine), and Atropine. The tranquilizers and opiates welfare. . . . Research performed on unhealthy animals reduce conscious sensory perception and therefore alleviate accoppanied by unnecessary pain contributes to scientific fear and reduce the amount of intravenous or inhalant error, wasted funds, confusion in scientific literature . . . anesthesia needed to accomplish proper surgical depth. "Research in the biological sciences now receives more These drugs also reduce the severity and length of the support from the U.S. government than from any other excitement stage during the recovery periods. Many su source. It is our responsibility no longer to condone need- gica endeavors can be nullified if the excitement stage less suffering." during anesthetic recovery is not mitigated. Sen. Clark's bill is now in the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee, of which Sen. Lister Hill, D-Ala. is os o e a i e. W a Ca Ca e ake s o? chairman. Atropine reduces secretion (i.e., saliva and bronchial Last year, a similar bill died in committee because ani- mucous) and blocks secondary cardiac depressing effects mal dealers who favor the status quo demonstrated more of anesthesia. interest than those who would like the bill passed. The Care must be exercised when the analgesics are used, fate of such proposals is one guideline by which American for they potentiate some anesthetic agents. Certain anal- civilization can be judged. (Continued on page 2) EW E I IO O " ASIC CA E" MONKEYS SHOW PREFERENCE (C nt n d fr p FOR PERCHES of a perch is of great importance to gesic antagonists should be available in case of respiratory The provision depression or cardiac failure. It would be well to investi- monkeys. gate and determine precisely which drugs are recommended The following note is reprinted from the r t Vol. 3, No. 3, with the kind permission of the to antagonize each individual analgesic. l tt r, authors, Dr. Feldman and Dr. Green. Tranquilizers are the most practical analgesic to use, and they can be readily given by mouth. The untoward effects "A e c o Squi e Mo keys "In the process of starting a colony of squirrel monkeys, (mentioned in the foregoing paragraph) are much less we have found that a wooden dowel, y4 to 1 inch in likely to occur if the drug is given by mouth. Dosage diameter, makes a highly acceptable perch. In cages which should be determined by reading insert brochure and/or are 19 in. high, 15 in. deep, and 2 in. wide, the dowels label on bottle. are mounted from side to side near the center so that the Summarizing: animals can sit upright without hitting the roof or can (1) It is desirable to direct the attention of scientific walk underneath without difficulty. The dowels are cut to investigators to the fact that analgesics are desirable for a length which is just greater than the width of the cages scientific as well as humane purposes. and are wedged against the sides tightly enough to prevent rotation. A nail, driven off-center into each end of a dowel (2 I is important to know that deep depression can 4 occur if the analgesics are over-dosed. and extending outwards about inch, provides a hook which prevents downward movement and which further (3) The oral route is an efficient and practical method counteracts rotation. The firmness-of-mounting variable to employ for safe administration of tranquilizers. appears to be important, because our animals prefer the (4) Unlike narcotics, the use of tranquilizers requires present perches to dowels that can revolve and to dowels no narcotics license or Federally regulated accounting suspended like a trapeze from the roof of the cage. We procedures. estimate that the monkeys spend about 90 per cent of their time on these perches, and therefore, we think, at the risk of being nonobjective, that they enjoy them." COM A IO I I O UCE Y ROBERT S. FELDMAN CO G ESSMA C E E A KENNETH F. GREEN (C nt n d fr p Psychology Department University of Massachusetts "M bill would eliminate a great deal of the needless Amherst, Massachusetts duplication of experiments on animals that exists today. Last year, when I was a member of the Select Committee A further observation on the provision of perches or on Government Research I was deeply troubled by testi- shelves for squirrel monkeys was published in the r t mony we received concerning the tremendous amount of l tt r, Vol. 4, No. 1, and is worthy of note. experimental duplication involving operations on animals where the work had already been done and the results Squirrel Monkey Perching Habits were known." "Caged squirrel monkeys will spend most of their time as noted by Feldman A statement from the Congressman's office noted: "The on perches if perches are provided 1964, 3 (No. 3), 9). Cleveland bill states that 'living vertebrate animals used and Green ( b. pr t ltr., they pre- for scientific experiments and tests shall be spared unneces- We have found, however, that if given a_choice fer a shelf to a perch. We use suspended wire cages 30 in. sary pain and fear; that they shall be used only when no in. high with up to six monkeys per cage other feasible and satisfactory methods can be used to square and 2 and have tried a variety of perches and shelves. During ascertain biological and scientific information for the cure the day the monkeys show a distinct preference for resting of disease, alleviation of suffering, prolongation of life, the between periods of play or other activity on a shelf rather advancement of physiological knowledge, or for military than a perch. At night, however, they roost on the highest requirements; and that all such animals shall be comfort- ably housed, well fed, and humanely handled.' thing provided for them. "Since a shelf is sometimes soiled with feces Oi urine, "The bill creates standards for the handling of animals we do not use shelves now but instead use a pair of in. and bars all Federal grants for research to institutions or perches at the same height and about 1 in. apart; the persons not having a certificate from the Secretary of monkeys seem to find this double perch equivalent to a Health, Education and Welfare showing that they meet shelf. We provide two double perches in each cage and these standards. two single perches, thus adding to the total space the mon- "The requirements of the Cleveland bill include: keys can actually occupy within the cage and giving them "1. That all premises where animals are kept shall be increased living room and a chance to sit apart as well as clean and comfortable with adequate space for normal together. The material of the perch seems to make little exercise. difference to the monkey and since plastic is easier to clean "2. That animals shall receive adequate food and water and nonabsorbent compared to wood, we use plastic pipe and shall not be caused to suffer through careless handling perches. or neglect. "A squirrel monkey's preference for resting on a shelf "3. That animals used in any experiment resulting in or double perch seems to relate to the fact that he need make no effort to balance or p n shall be anesthetized during and after the experiment, brace himself as he does on the single perchr except where this Procedure would frustrate the purpose On the single perch the resting monkey usually reaches out to the side or top of the cage to brace of the experiment and that animals suffering severe and prolonged pain shall be painlessly killed as soon as the himself, whereas on the shelf or double perch he curls up experiment is concluded like a resting cat with all four limbs tucked under him and seems more relaxed." "Congressman Cleveland said that under his bill, 'only H. CLEWE persons licensed by the government would be authorized THOMAS Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology' to conduct experiments except for students working direct- Vanderbilt University ly under the supervision of a licensed person. 'This in itself Nashville, Tenn. 37203 would cut down tremendously on the needless duplication of experiments.' "The bill also requires keeping of accurate records on THE UNIVERSITIES FEDERATION FOR experiments and the animals used. ANIMAL WELFARE RECOMMENDS "'The British have had such law for nearly 90 years,' LEGISLATION TO PREVENT CRUELTY Mr. Cleveland said, 'and their experience has been excel- IN INTENSIVE FARMING lent. Indeed, British medical research ranks with the best Overcrowding, lack of sunlight, space for exercise or a in the world. It has not been harmed by the law requiring comfortable place to rest, aggravated in some cases by im- humane care of animals. Surely, we can do no less and I proper feeding, lack of care, lack of proper ventilation, or shall do everything in my power to see that this bill be- clean quarters result in physical and mental suffering which comes law.'" experts in the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare have thoroughly analyzed and documented in the report, bury (1963), mortality is of the order of 7 per cent. On "Intensive Livestock Husbandry," published January, 1965. the scientific evidence available, there is little justification Referring to the Protection of Animals Acts, 1911 to for the adoption of the sweat-box system. Under expert 1964, the report states, "Apart from acts of gross cruelty, management it might prove economically viable. It does such as beating, kicking, torturing, infuriating or terrify- not, however, meet the established behavioural pattern of ing, it is also provided under Section of the Act that To the domesticated pig, and in the interest of the animals its cause unnecessary suffering by doing or omitting to do any further usage should be banned except in circumstances act' amounts to cruelty, and 'to perform any operation approved by the Home Office for experimental purposes." without due care and humanity' is similarly classified. The Regarding the cutting off of the pigs' tails, the report fact that a particular practice amounting to cruelty is widely states: "There seem to be no valid reasons for docking practiced or is in accordance with some local or trade young pigs for the purpose of preventing tail-biting at a custom will not make it any the less an offence." later stage in growth. If perverted by overcrowding and poor management, even tail-less pigs will bite ears. This The report lists twelve additional Acts designed to pun- needless mutilation certainly constitutes cruelty." ish abuses which were not already adequately provided for, The recommendation is the licensing of premises main- including laws prohibiting rodeos, regulating riding estab- taining more than a certain number of pigs and regular lishments, films, and exportation of animals, prohibition visits by veterinary inspectors to take action under the of the use of cruel poisons, and other specific animal pro- 1911 Act. tective legislation. It continues: "It will be seen, however, Calves, too, have suffered under the new systems, and that apart from the legislation on anesthetics and various the report has this to say: "I is open to serious question statutory orders under the Diseases of Animals Act, 1950, whether interferences with the normal physiological mecha- there has been no major change in the law directly appli- nisms of the young calf are justified. Calves are ruminants cable to the welfare of farm animals since the original from the age of three weeks onwards, and to rear them Act of 1911." under conditions which eliminate rumination seems to be Under the heading, "Moral and aesthetic considera- an unnecessary abuse. Milk substitute foods, as distinct tions," the report acknowledges that mental suffering in from dried milk preparations, are not satisfactory during animals is more difficult to evaluate than physical suffer- the first few weeks of life. The feeding of calves on a ing, but points out: "The mere fact that an animal breeds, whole-milk diet from birth until the age of six weeks feeds and thrives proves little, since men serving a life would materially improve their welfare in all respects. sentence feed and thrive, and would breed if permitted to Consideration should be given to banning the administra- do so." tion of milk-substitute foods to calves less than six weeks Referring to the close caging of hens, widely practiced of age. Anaemia in calves may result from several causes, in our country as well as in Britain, the report states: ". . . including infectious disease. However, any method of feed- it is difficult to believe that a hen in a laying-cage gets as ing deliberately introduced to produce this condition should much fun out of life as one on free range with protection be considered as constituting cruelty." from bad weather, and Denmark has abandoned hen bat- So far as the AWI has been able to learn, there is no teries on humanitarian grounds." It concludes: "It would production of so-called "white veal" in the United States. seem, therefore, that a balance has to be struck, somewhat However, calves born in our country are being sent in arbitrarily, between humane treatment of animals on one quantity by air to Italy where they will be subjected to a hand and human needs on the other. The explosive in- diet deficient in iron, causing the anaemia and white flesh crease in the human population creates a shortage of food that is in demand there. The cruelty of white veal produc- for which intensive methods of husbandry afford a tem- tion was described in I O MA IO E O , o . , porary palliative. On the other hand it would seem wrong No. 2 in which the book, "Animal Machines," by Ruth to inflict any avoidable hardship on animals merely for the Harrison was reviewed. Its outlawing in Britain would purpose of increasing dividends by reducing costs." be a welcome example to other countries which practice That this is frequently done appears in the following: the system of cooping calves up in the dark and feeding "Poultry agribusiness is fiercely competitive. The directors them an unbalanced diet which they try to correct by of a company not only have to satisfy the demands of the gnawing the floors of their cramped pens. shareholders in the way of dividends but also must attract A summary of the recommendations of the Universities consumers with eggs or chicken meat at prices which com- Federation for Animal Welfare includes the following:
pare favourably with those of beef, lamb and pork. Econ- I. A t f r th r t t n f An l , 64 omies are practiced along the whole complex chain of pro- (i) Appropriate amendments where necessary to pro- duction. . . . The losses incurred by the industry from vide safeguards against unnecessary interference biological causes have been estimated at fifty million with the normal behaviour, physiology and anatomy pounds a year — 20 per cent of its present total output of an animal, either by way of restricting its move- (Carter, 1963). This may seem unduly high, as it is gen- ments, altering its diet or performing operations erally agreed that only healthy animals provide an eco- without just cause. nomic return and that disease is unprofitable. In the poul- Examples where this would apply include: try industry, however, it is sometimes more profitable for (a) Hens in laying cages. an intensive unit to work to low standards of housing and (b) Depression of rumination in calves by feed- management and carry a heavy morbidity and mortality in ing milk substitute food and withholding birds than to incur the cost necessary for better housing, hay. staffing, and prophylactic medication." (c) Docking of young pigs. On this same subject, the report further states: "As the (ii) Legislation laying down minimal standards of hous- number of birds in a unit increases, the build-up of disease ing in respect of floor spacing for poultry, pigs, is not linear but rises more and more steeply until a point calves and rabbits. is reached where it is no longer economic to continue. 2. f An l A t, 0 Many broiler concerns are stopping just short of this (i) Ministry orders to provide for the establishment of point." Health Schemes under which intensive units carry-
It ,is interesting to note that the report describes the deep ing over a certain number of stock would require litter system for laying hens as being equally profitable as to be registered and the premises to be licensed. the cage battery system and states: "There appears little (ii) An extension of Ministry orders in respect of the justification for the [battery) system to continue." diseases of poultry, pigs and calves most prevalent Continuing its description of "intensive" methods for in intensive units and for which orders are not other creatures, the report reveals grim practices with re- already in force. spect to pigs. "An increasing incidence of tail biting is Further included are recommendations which would reported from intensive units in many parts of the country. make possible the prevention of unnecessary castration of Certain producers are cutting the tails off the new-born pigs and the regulation of poultry slaughter. The scope of pigs in an attempt to control this vice, which develops in the recommendations is broad, recognizing many of the the post-weaning period." new cruelties which have developed through the applica- Worst of all the intensive methods is the following: tion of mass-production methods to animals. Humanitarians "The sweat-box system of intensive husbandry involves in all countries where intensive methods are used can be heavy stocking, dim light, elimination of the dunging grateful to UFAW for this comprehensive report. Copies passages, and poor ventilation-control. According to Sains- may be obtained by writing to the Animal Welfare Institute. a C n r n l I , rd United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 8 9 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
l. 111 WAS I G O , UES AY, E UA Y , 6 No. 26 Senate e Was i g o os s a e a e o a y measu e o ou aw o cu ai i i o uce as yea is: HUMANE TREATMENT OF A IMA S esea c w ic is es o si y a u A sim e se si e i o o i e o e Mr. CLARK. M . esi e , I se o ma e y co uc e . uma e ea me o e e a e a ima s the esk o a o ia e e e e ce a i u I e ie e a e e is o ee o use i e e ime s a es s y eci ie s to o i e o e uma e ea me o a cou y as i ea is ic i a i io , a o g a s om e U.S. Go e me . I a ima s y e e e a Go e me a as ic i esou ces as e U i e S a es aims o o o mo e a o mi imi e ee y i s i u io s ecei i g g a s om e o co o e e su e i g w ic g ea ess, wa o su e i g. I as ee ca e u y e e a Go e me . um e s o ese a ima s u e go e a e o a oi a y im e ime o a io a Simi a o ose egis a io was i o e ey ie. is ee ess su e i g scie i ic s u y i is i o se se a a i i isec io i . I o i es mac i e y o o uce y me i e 8 a 88 oes o i g o a a ce scie ce o u e o i g a i s ec io esig e o assu e Co g esses. I am a y o o e a e ma we a e. O e co a y, esea c ece ca e o a ima s awai i g e e ime a Se a o om O io [M . YOU G], who e o me o u ea y a ima s accom ea me , a es e i a io w e is wou cos o so e e o igi a measu e, a I a ie y u ecessa y ai co i u es o i e e e wi a e e ime , a om a e ee oi e y e Se a o om o scie i ic e o , mis ea i g a a, is a c o a yi g a ima o a oi u ec A aska [M . BARTLETT] a e Se a o was e u s, co usio i scie i ic i essa y ago y w e e e e ime as ee om i gi ia [M . BYRD). I am a icu e a u e, a emo a i a io o a o a com e e . a y a y o i myse a cos o so o o y e so e . e i a e ia I qui e as sai : is use u iece o o ose egis a io A ye o osi io o is i , co egis a io e i i g ci i i e s a a s o wi e se io Se a o om i gi ia uc e u e e e e se o o ec i g co uc i g esea c e e ime s a o [M . BYRD], o w om we a e a so muc egi ima e esea c om e a e a i i g o i s ec io a e o ceme is i e e o o g se ice i is o y. go e me u eauc acy, as e aye imme ia e y esi a e a s ou e a e g owi g is o cos o so s is e ac io o e egis a io . is o osi o e wi ou a y u e oi ess e ay. ese a i e o a i c easi g awa e ess o io comes i a ge measu e om e e C is ia Scie ce Mo i o e o ems w ic is i a acks a o ga i a io s w ic ey u o e ess e i o ia i e some ime ago: o e ee o egis a io o ea wi a ima s o o i ma e y se i g e Mem e s o Co g ess a ei co s i u ese o ems. a ima s o a o a o ies o esea c e e s may e em e o i k a , i e is is o a i e a o a co se a i e, e ime s. ace o g o a u ea a s a se ious omes ic a ig wi g o a e wi g measu e. I ese o ga i a io s o e y o o e c ises i s e a i g o e ea me o a i as oa i eo ogica su o . I as e s a ac io o is measu e a e e ma s a e u im o a . I is a a se emise. su o o a me , o i e a a co e a e e y s a i g a e e a e S a e o ma e i o i g e u ic co scie ce se a i e, w o a e co ce e a ou e a ic ue y aws. e ac is a 2 is e e e a i e y u im o a , a e ki o eco ou ci i i a io is maki g ea me o a ima s i e e ime a a S a es s eci ica y e em esea c o e o a o ies is a ma e o u ic co scie ce. I ca i g o e ess, s eec ess, o e i scie i ic i s i u io s om a ic ue y Ma s i uma i y o ma is o so se a a e ess a ima s w o ca o m o essu e s a u es a a , i a y e e , e S a e om is i uma i y o a ima s a e ca g ou o o y o ei ow , u mus a o o ig o e e a e . Me cy is a ic ue y aws we e o esig e o ea i i isi e. e y e i e y o e com assio o ose wi c ue y a eg ec i a o a o ies. w o ca s eak ou a ca o e. esea c i e io ogica scie ces ow M . esi e , I o e a i ue e e a e sou ece e s o , is ecei es mo e su o om e U.S. Go cou se com a io egis a io wi e i i . I 8 6 G ea i ai e ac e a e me a om a y o e sou ce. o uce i e o e o y. aw ice si g scie is s w o co uc e is i a ies o y o e e a e a i I ask u a imous co se a e i e ime s o a ima s, egis e i g e ma s use i e e ime s a es s y may ie a e esk u i e ua y o aces w e e e wo k is o e, a mak e e a age cies a y eci ie s o a i io a cos o so s. i g em o e o i s ec io y qua i ie g a s om e e e a Go e me . e ESI I G O ICE . e i I s ec o s. is aw o i es o u I is ou es o si i i y o o ge , o co wi e ecei e a a o ia e y e ma e ea me o e a ima s a e o e ee ess su e i g. e e a , wi ou o ec io , e e uma e esig o e e ime s. I is o I is my o e a i is sessio o ques o e Se a o om e sy a ia a a i i isec io measu e. e egis Co g ess ea i gs wi e e i o e is g a e . a io i E g a as ee a u qua i ie o i e o e success o a mos 0 yea s. e e is o o is e some o e misu e s a i gs e i (S. 0 o easo w y simi a o ose egis a io a a e a ise o is su ec . uma e ea me o e e a e a ima s i is cou y s ou o e equa y M . esi e , I am ea e e y e use i e e ime s a es s y eci i success u . e i o ia su o a is i as e e s o g a s om e U i e S a es cei e i e as om ea i g ews ese a e, i sum, e i ci es u o a y age cies a i s ume a i ies a e s oug ou e a io . A ew o e U.S. Go e me , a o o e w ic is i is ase . I is sim e, Yo k imes e i o ia s a e a e i : wo ka e egis a io w ic cou o u oses, i o uce y M . CLARK ( o Wou i su e ece ea me o a o a imse a o e Se a o s , was e am e ge ui e esea c u w ic wi , o y a ima s, i c u i g a equa e es a if e ac e , a e a mos sa u a y e ec e e cise a eas o e ee i g a sa i a io . cei e , ea wice y i s i e, a e o e ca e a use o ousa s o a i W e e su ec e o ai u es s, a ima s e e o e Commi ee o a o a ma s w ic e e a o a o ies i ou wou e a es e i e — ow o a ways e u ic We a e. cou y eac yea . case. o e o ese is a i i isec io egis a io . Me ica a scie i ic esea c mus M . esi e , my eco i su o co i ue o ma s ea a e e i . u of me ica esea c a e uca io s eaks uma ca e ess ess a c ue y o a ima s for i se . I wou o i o uce o su a e a ways ese —a a ways u ecessa y.
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22 EAS th S EE , EW YO K, . Y. 000
March-April, 1965 l. 4 . 2 ess Su o s C a k C e e a i s K u c o C ue y a io e ce e i e om E WAS I G O OS A i 26, 6 With the kind permission of the author, one of his most FOR HUMANITY'S SAKE powerful humane essays, first published in h S t rd It is o e sake o uma i y a i isec io a o e v , March 2 , 6 , is reprinted below. It deserves o ms o ai u e e ime a io o i i g a ima s a e u e the same concentrated thought on the part of the reader ake —a qui e us i ia y so, i ou o i io . Muc a ua e that went into the writing of i . i o ma io o e o ec io a o o ga io o uma i e as ee g ea e om suc e e ime a io . u y W A DOES VIOLENCE SAY ABOUT MAN? e ac y e same oke — a is, o e sake o uma i y— e esea c a ima s oug o e s a e ee ess su e i g b JOSEPH WOO K U C o wa o c ue y. Ca ous o ca e ess i ic io o ai o "I very much like to torture animals." So writes Salvador i i g c ea u es amou s o a eg a a io o uma i y. is is w a ies e i e i i o uce y Se a o Dali in his modest r f G n . One of his deepest C a k o o i e o e uma e ea me o a ima s y regrets is, so he goes on to say, that he has never had the e e e a Go e me a y i s i u io s ecei i g g a s pleasure of watching a lion die of starvation. om e e e a Go e me . I is simi a o egis a io o Now lions are expensive luxuries but rats and other ose y Se a o C a k i as Co g esses. A i is a es i small animals come cheap and a modest equivalent of the mo ia o e easo a e ess o e o osa s a Se a o C a k as ee oi e i s o so s i o em is ime y suc experience denied Dali is enjoyed by many adolescents in i e se co eagues as Se a o s a e , Muskie, You g a high schools that buy from one of the largest biological y o i gi ia. o e o ese me wa s o im e e me ica supply houses complete starvation kits that include various esea c i a y way o e o em is a a i i isec io is . deficient diets and thus provide for a refinement which ey seek sim y o mi imi e c ue y w ic se es o uma u ose. only modern science has made possible. The victims eat e i wou im ose some a e wo k o esea c e s but they die even more slowly than if they were entirely u i wou y o mea s o i ei esea c . I wou , deprived of food. Thus the pleasure of watching them is i ie , equi e ece ca e o esea c a ima s io o ei prolonged and it may be justified on the ground that it is use i e e ime s a es e i a io o a ima s use i a y "educational." e e ime w ic wou esu i ai , e ce o e e e a e use o a es e ics wou us a e e o ec o A century ago Charles Darwin told a Royal Commission e e e ime a ai ess ki i g o e a ima w e e that experiments involving cruelty to animals were "damn- e e ime is com e e . We see o i g i is w ic able" unless they contribute important knowledge unolo- wou i e e e wi ea esea c . We see i i sim y a tainable in any other way. And when Thomas Henry ea y e o o im ose ci i i e s a a s o oce u es Huxley heard of a vivisectionist who said that he might u e ake i e ame o ci i i a io . give his victims an anesthetic to keep them quiet but not e i e om E COU IE OU A to spare them pain, Huxley wrote, "I would willingly agree ouis i e, Ky. Mo ay, A i 2, 6 to any law which would send him to the treadmill." Cer- A PROTECTIVE BILL FOR THE tainly high school students have no need to prove for ANIMALS IN LABORATORIES themselves that dietary deficiencies can be fatal and they O e o e ma ks o a ci i i e uma ei g is a ece co ce o e su e i g o um a ima s. Ca ie o e emes, learn nothing but hardness of heart from either these ex- suc a i e es may ecome o sessi e a ys e ica . u periments or from some of the others now popular—such ca ous is ega o e ig o um c ea u es u s ma as, for instance, the inoculation of rodents or chicks with :mse i e ca ego y o e me e sa age eas s. cancer. In their literature class they probably read "The Some e y ac ica eo e a e i e u e i a i i Co g ess w ic wou egu a e e ea me o a o a o y Ancient Mariner" and are asked to comment upon: a ima s. e measu e is esig a e as S. 0 i e Se a e, He prayeth best who loveth best . . 64 i e ouse. All things both great and small Se a e s o so s i c u e Se a o s C a k o e sy a ia, y o i gi ia, Muskie o Mai e a You g o O io. is But a bright student might be inclined to reply that pray- is a a ie g ou o i ica y. I emo s a es e accu acy o ing in schools is forbidden anyhow, and at least one teacher Se a o C a k s esc i io o e i : " is is o a i e a is reported to have brushed criticism aside by explaining o a co se a i e, a ig o e wi g measu e. I as oa that students were sternly forbidden to regard their victims i eo ogica su o :.". .., as pets or to take any interest in them as individuals. e i is ei g omo e y e Socie y o A ima o ec i e egis a io . is o ga i a io , e y a g ou o d Another teacher, when asked why it was necessary to per- t r n d a e o e wome , wo e o g ig a esu e form actual experiments when published accounts and i e uma e S aug e i . e i es co seque ces we e photographs were available, replied that "using live animals e ic e i a measu e asse . I as ow ee o e fascinates the youngsters." He added that it ldn t d ooks o se e a yea s wi ou a y o se a e a e se e ec s. t e comme cia s aug e ouses a e ea e o i e wi i . stop the experiment before death ensued ecause ey a e e o e , i ac , o e o e a i g mo e e icie y made it more dramatic" and the children r . not CoI1-. a o i a y u e i s e ms a u e e o c ue sys em. vinced unless the critters die," e uma e S aug e i was a se y assai e as "a i There are, of course, laws against cruelty to animals, i isec io egis a io ." e same c y wi e aise us as i accu a e y, a eye mo e s o g y, agai s e a o a o y but I have never , heard of a case where they were invoked i . to prevent any torture that claimed to have a scientific E A GE : U ECESSA Y AI purpose. In fact, many, though not all, laboratory physi- e s o so s o is measu e a e i o way o ose o ologists have bitterly opposed all the various bills intro- i isa io , u e o e co i io s. ey a e u y awa e duced (chiefly, so far, without success) that would set up o e a ue o a ima e e ime a io , w ic as o e e su e i k ow e ge a sa es uma i es. standards governing the treatment of laboratory animals— W a e s o so s o ema is a a o a o ies w ic Senate Bill S.1071, for instance. But does anyone dare say ecei e u s om e e e a go e me su mi o u a that no laboratory worker could possibly have a touch of ou ce i s ec io s: a ey mai ai ece co i io s i sadism in him or even that routine familiarity with torture a ima cages a e s: a a ey a oi u eccesa y ai might make him callous? The very fact that laboratory i ei wo k wi a ima s. ea i gs wi o a y ake ace soo o is measu e. experiments are conducted behind closed doors makes it e i e es e u ic wi wa o ea e es imo y o e all the more desirable that some sort of control or in- e s i a o a o y wo k. ey may a e sugges io s w ic spection be provided for. In England, where all possibly cou make e i mo e easi y wo ka e, wi ou esse i g painful experiments must be licensed by the Home Office, i s uma e e ec . e u ic s ou a oi ei g mis e , eighty-eight biological fellows of the Royal Society an- owe e , y a ue a c y w ic as i e e e a ce o e swered a questionaire in which they were asked whether o isio s i e i i se , u w ic mig s a i o yea s, as a e e i e case o e uma e S aug e i . or not they opposed these existing controls, whether they (C nt n d n p 3) (C nt n d n p 2 believed they prevented the highest level of medical re- down to the nineteenth century. But there is no doubt search, and whether they found in their own experience that bullfighting (once regarded as decidedly un-Ameri- that control seriously frustrated legitimate results. Of the can) has become a smart diversion. Nor is its popularity eighty-eight, only one replied "Yes" to any of the three confined to the Southwest, where the corridas (a little questions; the rest gave a "No" to all three. Among com- Spanish adds a touch of chic) staged just across the border ments from eminent persons were: are not only regularly advertised in our newspapers but Sir Francis Walshe, F.R.S.: "A wide familiarity with often given critical reviews. Hemingway's blood lust no the literature of experimental neuro-physiology leads me doubt had something to do with the rise of the fashion, to think that in other countries where no such rational but his celebration of the bullfight as the most refined mode of control is used, quite a few futile and unneces- expression of the sadistic impulse met with widespread sarily painful animal experiments are carried out by per- response. sons not always qualified to do them." A few years ago, during a Congressional hearing, a Professor A. T. Phillipson, deputy director of the witness introduced a memo from an advertising manager Rowett Research Institute: "I am glad to hear the Ameri- to the producer of a TV serial his company was sponsoring: cans are trying to introduce a bill similar to our Office "More violence and more bosoms." A great deal has been Act." written in quite proper protest against the violence that runs so consistently not only through TV melodramas and Professor A. Haddow, F.R.S., director of the Chester through the animated cartoons, but also through even the Beatty Cancer Research Institute: "I have, of course, been Disney nature films, where ritual fights (often carefully most interested to learn of the American bill and sorry to staged) play a large part. How much all these things are hear of opposition to it." creating a taste, how much merely responding to it, would Nobel Prize-winner Professor H. A. Krebs: "I am very be hard to know, but less has been written about the in- glad indeed to support a movement to introduce in the creasing element of violence, danger, and death in the so- United States legislation similar to that operating in Great called spectator sports. American football (which a recent Britain. My answer to all three questions which you English critic called "not violent enough for a war, but formulated at the end of your letter is a simple 'No.' too violent for a game") is relatively mild by comparison One similar bill was recently introduced in one of the with air shows and auto races, though even in football American state legislatures, whereupon an amendment was there are some spectators whose excitement is increased by offered specifically exempting high school laboratories the fad that fatal injuries are at least a very real possibility. from any supervision or restriction. In the Middle Ages And as far as the air shows and races are concerned, their any cruelty was justified if it could be said to be in the danger is frankly stressed in the advertisements, defense of true religion; much the same is true today if The most penetrating discussion I have ever seen of the science is substituted. But one does not have to oppose all part played by the ever-present threat of death at an auto vivisection to ask that the experimenter should be required race occurs, oddly enough, in a Bantam paperback called to show, not merely that he could learn something from When Engines Roar. These "nineteen action-packed true some horrible cruelty, but that what he could learn is im- stories capture all the daring and drama of the greatest portant enough to be alleged as an excuse. I wonder, for moments in auto racing history" and are obviously directed instance, about the experiment recently reported to de- at aficionados. But the volume does nevertheless include an termine how much fire dogs could breathe without dying. article "The Psychology of Auto Racing," by one Raymond The experimenter said that the Army "wanted to know." de Beker, which is reprinted from The Annual Automobile Why it wanted to know was not explained, but perhaps Review. it was in order to make sure that its flame throwers were Mr. de Beker cites a variety of appeals that the spectacle sufficiently lethal. of auto racing can and does make: Speed is one of the We like to tell ourselves that civilization has made us more spectacular achievements of technology and all aspects more humane. Our newspapers no longer carry advertise- of technology fascinate modern man; crowds, noise, and ments like the following from a British periodical in 1730: mass hysteria offer an escape from the troubled self, and "A mad bull, dressed up with fireworks, is to be turned so forth, and so forth. But the principal conclusion that loose . . . likewise a dog dressed up with fireworks; also emerges from the analysis is foreshadowed by the opening a bear to be turned loose. N.B.—A cat to be tied to the sentence: "Motor races are just as essential a part of bull's tail." Bear-baiting was officially prohibited in Eng- modern life as gladitorial combats were in ancient Rome." land in 1835 and a few years earlier the first law making After disposing rather briefly of the less obvious ap- cruelty to animals an offense per se was passed—over, peals, the author develops fully an analysis of the most incidentally, vigorous opposition in Parliament by those powerful ones. "In no other sport . . . is the danger of who called themselves anti-sentimentalists. Nevertheless, it death so imminent. At Le Mans death reaped eighteen sometimes seems that Emerson's Law of Compensation victims in a matter of seconds . . . and though the spec- really does work—both ways. Perhaps there is less suffer- tators have every intention of running risks only by proxy, ing inflicted upon animals that is frankly for pleasure it happens that fate panders over-zealously to a taste that but there is probably much more of it—quantitatively, at conscience scarcely dares to admit." Hence (as he might least—in the interest of scientific knowledge. have added but didn't) it is all rather as though the spec- Killing for fun and death as a spectacle are not, how- tator at the bullfight was occasionally tossed into the arena ever, unknown today. In Tuscon, Arizona, the head of a or the Roman fan at the Coliseum found himself, though certain printing organization that opposes most of the pre- no Christian, suddenly in the middle of the lions. (Which sent game laws abandoned the usually mealy-mouthed, would have served him right enough.) gun-manufacturers' explanation of the wholesome effects Mr. de Beker then concludes: "Mankind has reached a of killing animals for _fun (i.e., outdoor exercise, contact dangerous corner . . . [He] seeks to preceive what fate with nature, making fathers pals with their sons, and so this machine holds in store for him and to experience forth) for the statement that children ought to make early vicariously the pains of death and rebirth it involves. He contact "with life and death." And frank though that was, wants to know if he can become the superman who defies it wasn't quite completely so. What he meant was not the laws of space, the mechanized centaur he visualizes "familiarity with death" but "familiarity with killing," in the champion, and avoid the catastrophe which alarms which is a rather different thing. And there is surely some yet attracts him as flame does a moth." doubt that there are not enough opportunities today to When I began to write this piece the moral I would become familiar with that. We who have had the privilege have drawn from the bull ring and the race course would of living in the Century of Progress have, as a matter of have been implied in the question just how far the spec- fact, had more opportunities to take killings of one sort tator at either is from the Emperor Commodius, whom or another for granted that had either our fathers or our Suetonius describes as leaning over the box to stare intently grandfathers. into the face of the gladiator dying a few feet away. Now, Perhaps it is because there has been so much killing however, I wonder if the auto race isn't, unlike the bull- in our own time that there seems to have been a reversal fight, something new rather than merely a recrudescence. of the once-evident trend away from ritual violence. Per- Perhaps its chief significance is what Mr. de Beker makes haps the fun killings staged by some of the veterans' or- it—as a ritual presentation of man face to face with the ganizations that invite young folks to club rabbits to death machine which he half hopes and half fears may put an is only a survival of a concept of sport widely prevalent end to him at last. e i e om E C IS IA SCIE CE MO I O u s ay, A i , 6 e i s A i C ue y egis a io THE TIME IS NOW Was Ame ica In 1641 the Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted this A e a i e cusa y o g e ay, i ow seems o e u y ossi e a Co g ess wi ac o o e o mo e o e a o a law in "The Body of Liberties" (100 in all) : o y a ima i s a a e ee i o uce i sessio a e "Off The Bruite Creature sessio o e a i e yea e io a a e, so a , e is e i "92. No man shall exercise any Tirrany or Crueltie commi ee. towards any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for e a gume o ese i s is o a i i isec io . I is man's use." w e e a ima s use o me ica a o e e e ime a io This law is far ahead of its time — so far ahead that, s a a e ega o ec io agai s wa o a u ecessa y c ue y. Suc c ue y is a ma e o co g essio a eco , until Mrs. Emily S. Leavitt, doing research for her forth- oug ou i ouse ea i gs i Se em e 62. e e coming book on anti-cruelty legislation, discovered it, a e ee o u e ea i gs a o ac io . W i e Co g ess humanitarians throughout the world have assumed that as e aye a e u ic as ee oo quiesce , a o a o y the British M.P., "Humanity" Martin, who fought so a ima s a e ee su ec e o u i ka y s ocki g ea fiercely to obtain enactment of the first anti-cruelty legis- me w ic ma y ysicia s a su geo s emse es co em as u ecessa y a c ue o e oi o a oci y. lation in England (1822), was the primary author of all U o u a e y e e a e, amo g e cu e i s, se e a the laws that have followed. weak o es w ic wou e i e a y wo se a o i g. e e "The Body of Liberties" of 1641, the first code of a e, owe e , ee a equa e i s w ic ese e u ic su o laws established in New England, was compiled by the a a o a e co g essio a ac io . ey a e S. 0 , i o Puritan minister, Nathaniel Ward (c. 8 6 2 who uce y Se . ose S. C a k o e sy a ia a cos o so e y Se . E. . a e o A aska, Se . a y E. y o had studied law in England. "I have read almost all the i gi ia, Se . S e e M. You g o O io, a Se . E mu Common Law of England," he states, in his autobiographi- S. Muskie o Mai e . . 64 , i o uce y e ese a i e cal sketch, "The Simple Cobbler of Agawam." (Since ames C. C e e a o ew am s i e a i e ica wi S. this Common Law and the English "Magna Charta" 0 a . . 0 6, i o uce y e ese a i e C au e were sources from which Mr. Ward drew his knowledge e e o o i a. A y o e o ese i s wou o m a easo a e a sou of legislation, efforts are being made to determine if asis o u ge y ee e egu a io . there is any mention of animals in the Common Law of e ay i is ma e oes o c e i o Co g ess, o e England.) Samuel Eliot Morison, in his books, "Builders commi ees i c a ge o ea i gs, o o e u ic, w o, i of the Bay Colony" (p. 232), says, "Although animals e as a a ysis, is es o si e. ow is e ime o ci i e s then had no protection in Comman Law, 'The Bmite ma y o w ose a o a s w e e ey ike i o o , a e c a e e i o a ima e e ime a io a ia y i a ce y Creature' has a section of his own in the Body of Liber- e go e me o ema o ei awmake s a e ecu i es ties." In a footnote, Mr. Morison refers to an "interesting a a a equa e egu a o y i e asse y is Co g ess. case of condemnation for cruelty to an ox, in Records of Quarterly Courts of Essex County (Massachusetts) HI, e i e om E E E OS 0 ." So it seems clear that Libertie No. 92 was used suc- i ay, A i 6, 6 cessfully for prosecution. RESEARCH ANIMAL USE NEEDS CONTROLS After the broad provisions of the 1641 law comes a A o g, s u o y wage cam aig o ge egis a io a specific one: wou e e c ue y o a ima s use i U. S. esea c a "93. If any man shall have occasion to leade or drive o a o ies, me ica sc oo s a i us ia a s o ce agai Cattel from place to place that is far of, so that they be as ee s owe o a s o i a co g essio a commi ee. weary, or hungry, or fall sick, or lambe, It shall be lawful es imo y ea i o e commi ees o e e as ew to rest or refresh them, for a competent time, in any open yea s i ica es a a ima s use i e e ime s a e a use a su ec e o u ecessa y su e i g i ma y a o a o ies place that is not Come, meadow, or inclosed for some oug ou e U i e S a es. e e a e i ua y o co o s peculiar use." a ese o e e use o a ima s i esea c a eac i g. This may be the first law to protect animals in transit. Se . ose S. C a k, a., as i o uce egis a io a It sets the precedent which the general anti-cruelty legis- wou o i e o uma e ea me o a ima s use i e e i lation has followed here and in other countries: that the me s a es s. e i o uce simi a egis a io i e wo general anti-cruelty law be augmented by a series of e ious co g esses. e ese i as a guis e i e Se a e Commi ee specific laws necessary to make clear in each different o a o a u ic We a e si ce ea y e ua y. Se . field what is prohibited cruelty. is e i , A a., e commi ee c ai ma , s ows o i c i a It is well to note that the first anti-cruelty law did not io o sc e u e ea i gs. contain any of the qualifying words such as "intention- Se a o C a k a e i s co s o so s, Se a o s a e ally," "maliciously," "wantonly," or "recklessly" with o A aska a y o i gi ia, sugges a commi ee mem e s ea suc ea i gs mig i i e "o e y e ci e es imo y" which subsequent laws have sometimes been weakened om eo e w o a e s o g ee i gs a ou e e se ess um —even now in New York State, the legislature is being a ima s. asked to accept as a part of the revision of the penal laws We sugges a i s ime o e ci eme . A e iew o e a weak anti-cruelty law which abolishes many of the ious es imo y a ea i a io a o i g a a as ee specific laws so urgently needed, and which adds the o e a ou e co i io s i e ea e co i ces us e e ci e me mig e us w a e si ua io ca s o . qualifying words, "intentionally or recklessly." New York U i ece yea s e o es a ou ack o a equa e humanitarians are fighting an uphill battle against the co o s o e e use o e e ime a a ima s as ee igo ous revision whose powerful backing has already swept it u u o ga i e . e e as ee a e e cy o e a o through the New York State Assembly Committee on ma y o emai ea a i o is c ue o e sig ecause "scie i ic og ess" is a a mo e a ac i e cause. Me ica Codes without a hearing. s okesme a e a gue e ec i e y a co o s mig im e e Mrs. Leavitt's book will serve as a guide to the princi- suc og ess. ples of humane legislation and as a reference book long A so, eas o mo e uma e ea me o esea c a ima s needed by humane organizations and individual humani- is o ica y a e e e o ecome associa e wi a owe tarians in our country where no complete compilation a i i isec io is s a s e eo y e " o goo e s" o wome s of laws has ever been made available to workers. Mrs. c u s a socie ies. u e e as ee co si e a e es imo y, some o i om Leavitt resigned her position as librarian at Montclair ou s a i g oc o s a scie is s, a co o egis a io (N. J.) State College to do the research and writing wou ac ua y im o e me ica esea c a e e sa e a ge under a grant made available to the Animal Welfare sums o mo ey ow goi g i o u ecessa y e e ime a io . Institute for the purpose. As o e a i i isec io is s, Se a o C a k is ca e u o oi i ou is i is o suc a measu e. I o i es o a s o a io O i es ock ice si g o a o a o ies w ic ecei e g a s om go e A bill to include trucks in the humane requirements me age cies a o i s ec io o ese a s o i su e uma e ca e a ousi g o e a ima s use i em, laid down for railroads transporting livestock has been as we as o ai ess ki i g o a ima s w ic ca o introduced again by Congressman George Rhodes of e sa e a w ic mig o e wise su e o a ime a e Pennsylvania. The number of the bill is H.R. 3611, and a e e ime . it is pending before the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Me ica a scie i ic esea c mus co i ue u im e e o ma s ea a e e i . u uma ca e ess ess a Committee of the United States House of Representatives. c ue y o a ima s a a e y is eque y ese i ma y The large majority of food animals are now trans- a eas o is esea c . We e ie e i is u ecessa y. ported by truck, so the law passed in 1906 when railroads Mem e s o Co g ess a ei co s i ue s mig easi y were the chief means of transport for animals going to o e ook egis a io ike is i e ese ce o i e a io a c ises a essi g omes ic issues. u o ma e i o i g market is approximately 90% out of date. Known as the e u ic co scie ce is u im o a , e e e a i e y, a e "28 hour law" because this is the time specified for un- use o e e ime a a ima s is ce ai y a ma e o u ic loading, feeding and watering of livestock, its failure to co scie ce. apply to trucks means that most food animals in our Se a o C a k s i s ou ge a o a e ac io wi ou u e e ay. country have no legal protection in transit. :ie o" i is Me ica Associa io A ia i e acci e o a e o Memo a um Gi es S o g Su o . Sc wei e y Cya ami o egu a io o A ima E e ime s An emergency shipment of 300 doses of Rabies Vaccine Some time ago an ad hoc committee of the British Medi- Modified Live Virus Avianized has been sent by air to cal Association tendered a brief memorandum of evidence Dr. Albert Schweitzer at his hospital in Lambarene, Gabon, to the Littlewood Committee set up by the Home Office West Africa. The vaccine was donated by Cyanamid In- to consider the law relating to experiments on animals. ternational, its developer and manufacturer. Having been asked for as urgent, this memorandum was, The emergency request resulted from an outbreak of by agreement, submitted without having been before the rabies among the animals at the hospital, causing those Council of the B.M.A., and some members of the Council affected to be destroyed. Relayed to Cyanamid by the felt that it could advantageously be amplified in order Animal Welfare Institute, the result was immediately that it might express more particularly the traditionally acted upon by Dr. Juan Figueroa, Manager for Animal humane attitude of the medical profession. Accordingly a Products. Thirty vials were forwarded, each containing supplementary memorandum was put before the Council vaccine for ten animals. on the authority of the Medical Science, Education, and Dr. Figueroa, a long-time admirer of Dr. Schweitzer, Research Committee of the B.M.A., and was submitted is also 'Vice-President of the World Veterinary Associa- to the Littlewood Committee on behalf of the Council. tion. In commenting on his company's donation, he said, The Home Office is not publishing any of the evidence "We at Cyanamid are most happy to contribute in this submitted, but I have received permission from the B.M.A. small way to Dr. Schweitzer's humanitarian work." to see their supplementary evidence and to quote from it. The Animal Welfare Institute is very grateful to It begins as follows: Cyanamid International for its prompt and generous re- "We consider it to be the opinion of the British Medical sponse to our plea for vaccine for the animals at Dr. Profession that the utmost consideration should be accorded Schweitzer's hospital. We are happy that the vaccine is to animals used in experiments so that pain or discomfort the humanely produced avianized type which was developed shall be reduced to an absolute minimum if it cannot be by this company. Its long-lasting protection is a great avoided or abolished altogether. Only legitimate research improvement for the vaccinated animals over the old should be permitted and this under statutory control. We killed-virus type of vaccine which is still, regrettably, approve of regulations governing experiments on animals. in use by some practitioners, despite the fact that its The British Statute, which protects them is based on sound production cannot be humane and that some animals re- principles, and needs only to be brought up to date. We take pride in the knowledge that the Medical Pro- ceiving it become paralyzed. fession has played a prominent part both in formulating the Law and in its practical application." AWI a o a o y A ima Co su a After enlarging on this subject, the memorandum ex- presses substantial agreement with the more important ecei es A oi me recommendations made by the Universities Federation for The following press release was issued from the office Animal Welfare, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, of Governor Romney announcing the appointment of Mrs. and the Research Defense Society. It then deals with the Robert Dyce to a committee that assists the Commissioner procedure for granting licences and the qualifications re- of Health in carrying out the provisions of the Michigan quired in a licensee, and adds: law on care and treatment of animals in laboratories. Mrs. "The permitted range of procedures should be care- Dyce served last year as Assistant to the AWI Laboratory fully defined whether in the existing certificates A or B Animal Consultant and, this year, has taken on the full or by a new form of licence superseding these and the duties of the Consultant. licensee should understand that he is bound by it so long "April 13, 1965 as it remains in force. The range of permitted procedures Executive Office should be restricted for novices and for licensees of modest "Governor Romney Tuesday announced the appointment or unproven capacity, and widened in proportion to the of Mrs. Dorothy Dyce, of Detroit, to the Advisory Com- competence shown or acquired in the course of experience." mittee on the humane use of animals. The memorandum then calls for an increase in the "Mrs. Dyce of 23411 Margareta, fulfills the statutory number of inspectors and deals with their selection, train- requirement of P. A. 241 of 1947, that there be two mem- ing and conditions of service. "Special regard should be bers of the committee representing the State Federated paid in the selection of recruits to their humanitarian out- Humane Society. This appointment fills the vacancy caused look and conscience." It agrees to the appointment of an by the death of Mr. Clifton Johnson of Detroit. advisory committee meeting at regular and fairly frequent "The Advisory Committee was instituted to assist the intervals for the purpose of assisting the Inspectorate, and State Health Commissioner in promulgating rules and regu- that the Pain Condition should continue to be applied to lations for the humane care of animals used for experimental all species of vertebrates on equal terms. purposes." It then deals with "certain classes of procedures which carry special risks of inflicting severe suffering:" with the unanimous support for the basic principles of the Act extent of LD50 and ED50 measurements; waste of animals; of 8 6 which provides for the control of animal experi- animal husbandry; animal technicians; and after. care. mentation for scientific purposes, i. e. the Council Approves As to experiments for teaching purposes: "We think the following legal requirements and favours their con- it undesirable that any experiments on living animals should tinuation: .• be included in the teaching of school children or junior 1. That any animal experiments permitted must have a students in view- Of the abuses which such a programme bona fide scientific purpose and receive Home Office has produced elsewhere. Their value in teaching children approval. • • is in any case doubtful. On the other hand it may be 2. The operation of a system for' ensuring that the humane' desirable for advanced students of biology in Universities purpose of the law shall be uniformly implemented. to repeat painless experiments as a part of their essential The licensing of personnel authorized to conduct ani- training during their final year or after graduation, and 3. and the registration of premises where the law perhaps could be advantageously amended so as to mal experiments, experiments may be carried out. sanction this. Such advanced students might be licensed specifically for the purpose of training as distinct from 4. The provision of an official central Inspectorate as a research, or they might be required to work under the system of Inspection. close supervision of a licensee approved for the purpose . The Pain Condition in regard to which the Council by the Home Office." There follow references to the of the B.M.A. endorse the humane considerations inherent annual reports of the Home Office, humane techniques, therein. and anaesthesia. The Council regards the aforementioned provisions as The memorandum concludes with a formal "Declaration essential and desirable and as in no way hampering or of Principles" which is so important that it must be re- impeding legitimate research and scientific progress." produced in full. Thus: "The Council of the British Medi- C. W. Hume cal Association, which represents the Medical Profession Founder of UFAW in the United Kingdom, wishes to declare its full and 30th April, 1965 A IMA WE A E I S I U E 4i 22 EAS 6 S EE , EW YO K, . Y. 000
M — n — l , 6 l. 4, .
should be illuminating to scientific and non-scientific e i ewoo e o readers alike. Undoubtedly the report should be read by The recently published "Report of the Departmental all who profess an interest in the very serious business Committee on Experiments on Animals," presented to of using living animals for the advancement of medical, the British Parliament by the Secretary of State for the veterinary or other biological science, whatever their call- Home Department, is an important landmark in the ing. development of civilized thinking on animal experimenta- tion. It deserves thoughtful study by scientists and ani- The national press has in general headlined the news mal protective workers in our country. Those who hold of the report as urging tighter control over experiments extreme views on either side of the question should con- on animals. Strictly speaking this is a true summary, but sider the eminent fairness of this report. possibly misleading to the man in the street who may The following lead article from the May eighth issue read little further. Much of the "tighter control" has of the BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL is reprinted with been advocated by those working under the Act them- the kind permission of the editor. selves; some is to give the force of law to established Home Office practice; some endorses certain of the provi- EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS sions already attached to every license by the Secretary The highly informative report' about experiments on of State. Thus the only two recommendations which the animals published last week by the Home Office sets Committee considers should be implemented immediate- out in its 255 pages 15 general findings and 83 recom- ly — namely, the reconstitution of the Advisory Commit- mendations in a masterly fashion. The reporting com- tee to be a highly active body and not merely called for mittee of 14, under the chairmanship of Sir Sidney Little- special cases, and the increase in the number of the in- wood and with the assistance of Mr. P. Beedle, of tne spectorate from its present 8 o 2 — were both con- Home Office, as secretary, has a remarkable achievement sidered by the various research organizations as well as to its credit in completing within two years a compre- by the animal welfare societies to be long overdue. Furth- hensive study of a complex subject which has expanded er, the direction that, "No operative procedure more with a speed linked to that of the growth of science in severe than simple inoculation or superficial venesection general since the Cruelty to Animals Act was drawn up should be permissible in any experiment without anaes- 89 years ago. thesia of the animal involved" is really an endorsement The terms of reference were: "To consider the present of Condition 4 of each licence as at present issued. The control over experiments on living animals, and to con- statutory power recommended for an inspector to order sider whether, and if so what, changes are desirable in the immediate destruction of an animal suffering con- the law or its administration." The question of the supply siderable pain is of similar significance for Condition of animals for experimental purposes was considered 3(c). This latter looks dramatic, but from the tone of to be included in this and has indeed formed an im- the report it is clear that it can rarely be necessary. portant part of the report. Evidence was taken from However, it is right that such a safeguard should be seen scientific societies and bodies representing research work- by the public to be a matter of law. ers with direct experience of the working of the Act; The use of curare-form drugs should be prohibited except organizations for animal welfare; anti-vivisection societies; in conjunction with anaesthesia of sufficient depth to produce and members of the general public. In addition visits loss of consciousness." This at first looks like a restric- were made to 2 establishments registered for experiments tion, but as at present the use of such drugs on the liv- under the Cruelty to Animals Act, 8 6. Proper ack- ing animal is subject to special permission unless the nowledgment is made to all the sources, and where creature is decerebrate it may in fact be a relaxation. appropriate, each is mentioned as putting forward parti- Moreover, since the report recommends abolishing the cular reasoned views. system of certification in extension of what may be done Although the terms of reference did not include inquiry under licence alone and replacing it by licences stating into the need for experiments on animals, since it had specifically the procedures available to each holder in- already been established by two Royal Commissions, the dividually, an overall tighter control is in fact achieved. Committee has properly emphasized that every research At the same time much administrative work engendered worker using animals "incurs a moral responsibility to by the present clumsy certification system will be elimin- justify his action and a duty to limit pain and give proper ated. A further and valuable relaxation recommended is care." In this light it is immediately reassuring to note in regard to teaching, for students without licenses but its general finding: "From our own visits to laboratories under the continuous supervision of licensees may be and discussions with licensees and animal attendants we allowed to work on fatally anaesthetized animals in have been greatly impressed with the prevailing standards future instead of on animals rendered decerebrate by of humanity and with the condition of the animaals we surgical means to destroy their ability to feel pain. From have seen. We have seen no foundation whatever for this perhaps the only confusion arises, since the report any general suspicion let alone sharp criticism of the also recommends that animals should no longer be made concern of licensees for their animals." decerebrate under the Cruelty to Animals Act for the The text of the report has been composed with great purpose of teaching. But presumably this is not intended skill, achieving brevity with a clarity and a frankness to ban the use of the decerebrate creature as a prepara- especially important to such a topic. The reader is left tion from which lessons about the function of the with the feeling that the committee has combined sen- central nervous system may be learned. sitivity towards the experimental animals with acknow- Other important points can here be touched on only ledgment that they must be used in the service of all briefly. There is no evidence of serious wastage of ani- other living creatures. In scope it is wider than might mals by needless experimentation. The numbers used are have been expected, achieving correct perspective by a likely to continue to increase, and the committee considers well-selected historical summary both of the achievements there should be no general barrier to experiments on due to experiments on animals and of the evolution of animals for achieving new biological knowledge. Animals the law and the welfare societies concerned with their used for production of biological products (such as vac- protection. The all-important topic of pain in animals is cines) should come under the Act, as should animals the subject of a whole section, plus an appendix 2 which born of animals under experiment. The sponsorship of licences should be in the hands ew A.W.I. Ma ua of people more directly in contact with the applicants, and initially licences should be probationary. The Sec- y E es . Wa ke retary of State should be empowered to make regula- The manual, "Learning From Our Fellow Mammals," by tions governing the husbandry of laboratory animals. The Ernest P. Walker is in the final stages of preparation for the career of inspectors should be made more attractive, the printer. Written for inclusion in the author's three-volume report recommends; recruitment should be restricted to "Mammals of the World" (Johns Hopkins Press, 1964) people with veterinary or medical qualifications, equal which has already become a classic, it represents the heart numbers of each. And "The Secretary of State should of his thinking on these animals. be empowered, subject to consultation with the interests The illustrations include many photographs, taken by concerned, to prohibit the use in laboratories of animals the author, of mammals of his own personal acquaintance. not bred for the purpose in registered laboratories or His remarkable work in catching expressions of a wide breeding units outside laboratories." variety on the faces of some of those that shared his In addition, and presumably as an interim measure, apartment carries on ideas about facial expression which the committee suggests that a system of "approved col- Leonardo da Vinci and, later, Charles Darwin sought to lectors might be instituted for obtaining animals from crystallize. breeders producing animals for purposes other than lab- oratory use. Provision for the dissemination of more in- The manual will be free to teachers and will be avail- formation to the public about the nature of animal ex- able at cost price (expected to be $1.00) to others. Or- perimentation is advocated. This is of fundamental im- ders are being accepted at this time at the office of the portance in dispelling any public disquiet, and licensees Institute. would welcome it. This frank report is exactly what was needed at the present juncture. Most of those who intend to look at e Im o a ce o A oi i g Me a it will no doubt start with the Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations, but it is much to be hoped that Su e i g I a o a o y A ima s they will follow up all the references given there to the The Animal Welfare Institute has long sought to im- main body of the text and be stimulated into thinking press those responsible for the care and management of well beyond that. laboratory animal colonies with the need to avoid at least the most obvious causes of mental suffering in ani- mals. But AWI efforts in this area have met with con- C e e a Amo y s A ima Ki g om siderable resistance. Sentimentality and anthropomorphism A Wo s ai are invoked as explanations for what appears to us to be A new approach to humane education has been under- the simplest common sense; for example, the observa- taken by Cleveland Amory. In an exhibit at the Better tion that mammals generally suffer from loneliness if Living Center of the World's Fair, a series of glassed-in, kept in solitary confinement. air-conditioned rooms show groups of animals that de- For those who insist upon documented physical proof light and fascinate the constant stream of youngsters who of distress, the following paper is ieprinted from come to look and learn. The old-fashioned farm yard SCIENCE, October 25, 1963, Vol. 142, No. 3591, is the most popular of all, with no battery cages or close page 507 with the kind permission of the American As- confinement of the so-called "intensive" farm manage- sociation for the Advancement of Science, and of the ment. Ducks and geese, rabbits and chickens, a pony, a authors. calf, a kid and a donkey are on view, probably for the first time, to many city children. They may, if they come LONG-TERM ISOLATION by at the right time, see a coyote sitting comfortably on STRESS IN RATS a sofa with a young girl eating a dish of ice cream — Abstract. t l t d f r l n p r d b n rv though, as noted elsewhere in this Information Report, nd d v l p d d l d r t t ( l t l . Aft r 13 bounties are still paid that encourage the painful trap- f l t n, r t h d h v r dr n l nd th r d ping of these animals in some states. nd l ht r pl n nd th p r d th r t pt Altogether, there are eight different rooms, seven con- n n t . h nd t n nd r n p th th taining animals, one containing an exhibition of animal h p rf n t n f th dr n l rt x. protective work done by different, independent humane Toxicity and nutritional studies on rats and mice are organizations throughout the nation. The Animal Wel- often long term procedures involving the use of animals fare Institute has made the illustrated children's leaflets, individual cages. This arrangement facilitates "You and Your Dog" and "Kittens and Cats" available confined in clinical observation and allows food consumption data to all the children who attend the exhibition. to be taken on an individual basis. Although this practice Mr. Amory deserves great credit for an original and may be desirable and necessary, it is probable that the positive contribution to the teaching of kindness. data derived from such studies do not reflect the func- tionings of a normal animal. In recent years evidence A i C ue y S a u es U e has accumulated which shows that animals isolated for Pigeons have been the target, in the last few years, of long periods of time have altered physiological and be- a hate campaign of singular virulence. The cruel poison, havioral characteristics. This condition has been referred strychnine, has been widely used by officials of govern- to as "isolation stress" by several investigators (1, 2). ment, and in New York State a bill has been introduced In short-term experiments (up to 10 days) isolated two years running to exempt pigeons from the provisions mice or rats have lowered resistance to stress (3), lower of the anti-cruelty laws which apply to all other animals food consumption and weight gain (4) and smaller except those in scientific institutions being used for ex- adrenals (5) as compared with animals kept in groups perimental purposes. of two or more. Long-term isolation (usually longer than It 'is encouraging to report that for the second consecu- 1 month) may bring about just the opposite effects. The tive year the bill has failed to pass. Citing the numbers mouse subjected to long-term isolation has greater food of letters received in opposition to the bill, the Chair- consumption, and a tendency toward larger adrenals man of the Senate Committee before whom the bill was (2). In addition, lower thyroid, spleen and ovary weights, pending, has answered that "after a great deal of study, increased oxygen consumption, and absolute leukopenia we have reached the conclusion that it is not advisable and eosinopenia have been observed (2). The last men- for the Conservation and Recreation Committee to report tioned is suggestive of hyperadrenocorticism. Mice of the the measure out." CH strain kept in individual cages were found to have Whenever an attempt is made to weaken the anti- a higher incidence of convulsive seizures than that found cruelty laws, whether by reducing their coverage or depress- in paired grouped mice (6). Isolated mice consistently ing their quality, vigorous citizen protest is in order, and develop a head twitch similar to that observed in mice it can be expected to succeed. Pigeons in New York State treated with lysergic acid diethylamide (7). The aggressive- may be captured and painlessly killed, but they continue ness of the isolated mouse has been used in the testing to be protected against cruelty by statutory law. of tranquilizers (8). Also, an increase of plasma 17 hydroxy-ketosteroid (sic) has been shown in isolated rats Rats kept in pairs for 3 months were found to be normal (9). A study of the influence of dietary fat on the in behavior and in response to isoproterenol. cardiotoxicity of isoproterenol led to the incidental ob- When the full significance of isolation stress is re- servation that the toxicity of this compound is greatly cognized, the use of paired or routinely gentled animals increased in isolated rats (10). could become a standard procedure in chronic toxicity Over 350 weanling rats of the Wistar strain bred and and nutritional studies. raised in this laboratory were used in the following ex- ANITA HATCH G. S. WIBERG periments. Half of these were housed individually and half were housed in groups of ten. All were fed Master TIBOR BALAZS * H. C. GRICE Fox cubes, to which they were given free access. The isola- d nd r b r t r , tion period did not exceed 13 weeks. Except where iso- Ott , Ont r proterenol was used, rats were killed by exsanguination under light ether anesthesia. References and Notes Clinical symptoms of isolation stress became apparent 1. T. C. Barnes. d r t n r . 18, 365 (1959) ; E. after 4 to 6 weeks. At 3 months the isolated rat is a ner- Ziskind, . A . M d, A . 68, 42 ( 8 . vous, aggressive intractable animal. The tendency to bite 2. A. S. Weltman, A. M. Sackler, S. B. Sparber, S. is so pronounced that normal handling procedures are Opert, Federation oc. 2 , 84 ( 62 . not feasible and it is necessary to use heavy leather gaunt- K. Martindale, G. F. Somers, C. W. M. Wilson, lets or to anesthetize the rats. The most prominent phy- 3. sical symptom is an ascending caudal dermatitis in 100 . h r . h r l. 2, , ( 62 . percent of isolated rats, compared to a zero incidence in 4. . . a ow . G n t. h l. 41, 211 ( 2 community-caged animals. 5. E. C. Grant and M. R. A. Chance, An l h v r The results shown in Table 1 indicate that an endo- 6, 8 ( 8 . crinopathy exists in the isolated rat which probably in- 6. J. T. King, Y. C. Lee and M. B. Visscher, r . S . volves the adrenal cortex, considering the increased Exptl. l. M d. 88, 661 (1955). weight of the adrenal glands. It is significant that certain aspects of adrenal cortical function regulate the pattern 7. D. L. Keller and W. W. Umbreit, S n 124, 723 of protein and carbohydrate metabolism. (1956). The marked difference in the toxicity of isoproterenol 8. . C. Y. Yen, R. L. Stanger, N. Millman. I. h r between isolated and community-caged rats provided a l. Exptl. h r p. 22, 8 A ( 8 T. C. a es criterion for following the development of isolation d r t n r . , 347 (1958). stress. The toxicity did not change appreciably in the . . C. Y. Yen, C. A. Day, E. B Sigg, h r l t first 3 to 4 weeks of isolation, but by 8 weeks the LD 0 4 ( 62 . was approximately 8 mg/kg compared with ap- 0. . a a s, . B. Murphy, H. C. Grice, J. h r proximately 815 in the control in community h r l. 4, 0 ( 62 . cages. After 3 months of isolation the LD 0 was less than 0 mg kg. Twenty-four rats were used for each . A. M. a c , M. Cann, G. S. Wiberg, S. Zawidska, LD 0 determination. H. C. Grice, in preparation. The reversibility of isolation stress was also establish- * Present address: Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, ed, the toxicity of isoproterenol being used as the param- New York. eter. Rats which had been returned to community cages Augus 6 . for 19 days, after 3 months in isolation, showed a nor- mal sensitivity to isoproterenol and no sign of their previous intractability. Earlier studies had indicated that a 1 week period of communal life was insufficient to ef- fect this recovery (10). Table 1. Some differences observed between rats kept in ew Yo k S a e A i C ue y aw community cages a a s kept in isolation for 13 weeks. Organ weights given in grams. e ai e A e a e The New York State Assembly and Senate voted to ex- No. of empt e a i c ue y s a u es om e e isio o e Sex rats per Isolated Community e a aw a o ace em i ei e i e y a wi group ou a y c a ge w a e e , i e Ag icu u e a Ma ke s aw. Adr n l (r l t v t The move was made after extensive citizen protest 20 0.0 0.011 agai s weake i g o e anti-cruelty statutes as proposed 20 .0 0 .024 i e Penal Law Revision bill. The Assembly Rules Spl n (r l t v t Committee sponsored a bill, prepared by the Revision
20 .2 .239* Commissio s cou se , o e em the anti cruelty aws. 20 .2 .284 Comme i g on the action of the legislature, the Chairman h r d (r l t v t of e egis a io Commi ee o e ew York State uma e Associa io , M . e y e ma u c e , sai : 20 .00 .006 "The same procedure will be followed for the prosecu- 20 .0 0 008* io o c ue y cases u e e Agriculture and Markets h ( b l t WI aw, su seque o Se em e , 6 , as is ow ei g 20 .26 . o owe u e A ic e 6 o e e a aw." 20 .2 0 . 0 is is an im o a ic o y for the humane cause, a v r l n (g/100 t t uma e o ga i a io s i o e s a es ea e e wi sim
. 00 . 40 i a e isio s, ase o e u sou ecomme a io s o
.4 0 .420 e Ame ica aw I s i u e, ca oi ow o o ew Yo k S a e a Mi eso a as e am es o o ow. I o s a es, owi g o e o ec io s of uma i a ia s, e e *p = 0.0 . i e e mi e according to e me o o J. is i g a i c ue y s a u es we e e em e om e e i Ka a , A c . ioc em. io ys. 4 , 408 ( . sio s a e ai e i ei o igi a o m. e Ame ica In a em s o overcome the effects of isolation, rats aw I s i u e failed to consult with lawyers familiar with were handled for o 0 seco s daily for 4 months. a i c ue y egis a io e o e w i i g is sec io o e is amou o handling was only partially success u i so ca e "mo e " e a aw. e esu is a e a ima o e comi g iso a io s ess as measu e y a so u e o ec i e sec io is o e ess y weak a i a equa e. I ym ocy e cou a e asma co icoi e e ( . s ou e i m y e ec e w e e e i may e o ose . ALL HEAVEN IN A RAGE: b E. S. TURNER "All Heaven in a Rage" is not a reassuring book, but it (St. Martin's, New York, 1965) should be read by all who give thought to the progress The war against cruelty has never before received historical of civilization. treatment at once so brilliant and so thorough. The author tells "how the British nation was persuaded, shamed, shocked Mic iga s ou y O o es A and coerced into, showing mercy to the 'brute creation.' The nation once known as "the hell of horses" today has o ca s e ea e the best animal protective legislation in the world, but A ten year struggle to abolish Michigan's cruel Bounty Britain's early culture was cruel in the extreme. The passion Laws on foxes, bobcats and coyotes resulted in partial for cruelty was so strong that, even after bull-baiting had victory on June 22nd when the Legislature passed Senate been outlawed by Parliament, national troops had to be sent bill 76 by a 64-27 vote. The passage of this bill eliminates out to enforce the law against an angry, stone-throwing mob. the payment of bounties on foxes and bobcats. However, In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries bull-baiting the bill does not go into effect until ninety days after was not only a popular pastime but a legal requirement. the Legislature adjourns for the year. If the Legislature Butchers who killed a bull humanely were prosecuted. No remains in session until the end of the year, the effective law against cruelty existed then, and, as the author points date of this legislative measure will be March, 1966. out, "A repellent and largely forgotten feature of the Last year the bounty hunters collected $184,585 on seventeenth century was the rage for vivisection which all foxes, and an additional $2470 on bobcats. Some bounty over Europe seized speculative philosophers and their ad- hunters dig out fox dens, kill the pups, but carefully herents . . . In France . . . fashionable ladies who used to allow the mother to go free to raise more bounty- produc- attend the disembowelling of dead criminals for the fr n ing foxes. Other instances have been reported where now watched living dogs turned inside out . . . In England, foxes have been raised domestically and then slaughtered the game gained a grip after the Civil War. The new for bounty. The abolishment of bounty payments will dis- intellectual pursuits were dismembering, poisoning, drown- courage this brutal and wholesale killing of foxes and ing, suffocating, gutting, burning, impaling, draining, starv- bobcats. ing and injecting." A similar bill which would erase bounties paid on Poets and artists led the way to reform. Alexander Pope coyotes — $15.00 for a male and $20.00 for a female — and William Hogarth both felt strongly, the latter remarking died in Committee. Senator Carl O'Brien, Chairman of that if his works served to check the progress of cruelty the Conservation Committee, who introduced the bounty he would be more proud of being their creator than if he abolishment bills, is optimistic about its passage next had painted Raphael's Cartoons. He showed a series of year. Until that time, Michigan coyotes will die painful- common cruelties and their demoralizing effect on the ly and slowly in steel traps because they still have a perpetrator, "Tom Nero." price on their heads. John Wesley preached kindness to animals. Dr. Johnson Wolves in the state of Michigan were dangerously wrote against cruelty. William Blake's "Proverbs" from close to extinction and in 1960 the bounty on them was which the title, "All Heaven in a Rage," is taken, thundered repealed. The repeal of the fox and bobcat bounty is a against callousness as well as cruelty. William Cowper and step forward in preserving the balance of nature. The Sir Edwin Landseer, both active humanitarians, portrayed passage of a bill to protect coyotes will be the final step animals so feelingly that Englishmen could hardly fail to in making Michigan a bounty-free state. appreciate them, and Queen Victoria, a strong supporter of animal protection, gave the designation "Royal" to the S.P.C.A., and made it the most formidable foe of cruelty AWI oo a AA. A Co e io ever organized. At the 32nd annual convention of the American Animal The high points of debates during the years when Hospital Association held March 14-19, attended by vet- Lord Erskine and Richard Martin struggled to get an erinarians from all parts of the United States as well as anti-cruelty statute on the books, make fascinating eight foreign countries, the Animal Welfare Institute reading. The Secretary at War, William Windham, was an maintained a booth exhibit with a representative in at- untiring opponent of all humane measures, and he used tendance to answer inquiries and distribute literature. The the same arguments that have served his successors down Convention was held at the Sheraton-Park Hotel in Wash- to the present day. "The laws are already sufficient to ington, D. C. prevent abuse," he said when Lord Erskine pressed a bill Considerable interest was expressed in the various Ani- to outlaw bull-baiting, and when the general anti-cruelty mal Welfare Institute publications on exhibit, as well statute finally passed, he remarked sourly that it was "a as in four books distributed by the Institute: "UFAW Hand- Bill for harassing and oppressing certain classes among the book on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals," lower orders of the people." "An Introduction to the Anaesthesia of Laboratory Ani- E. S. Turner leads the reader unfalteringly through the mals," "Small Animal Anaesthesia" and "Animals and extraordinary hypocrisy and stubborness of the opposition the Law." to every humane reform. And he says, "when all the ironies and anomalies and hypocrisies have been discounted, Many copies of the Institute's manuals that are provided Britain can still claim a wider range for her compassion without charge to scientific institutions — "Comfortable than most countries. In two lands which claim to be the Quarters for Laboratory Animals" and "Basic Care of founts of Liberty things are done to laboratory animals Experimental Animals" — were given out upon request. which are not tolerated here." The last of the great achieve- "Basic Care of Experimental Animals" was especially in ments of legislation was Britain's outlawing of the leg-hold demand and several orders were taken for the new revised trap in 1963. Compulsory humane slaughter legislation edition of the manual. Copies of the bi-monthly Informa- (1933), the regulation of animal experimentation (1876), tion Report were also made available to those attending and a long series of lesser humane laws are accounted for, but the convention. the book ends with the modern problems: poisoning of Several seminars were held during the convention, in- birds by pesticides intended for insects, and the dark, cluding one in which Dr. Oliver Graham-Jones, editor of cramped life imprisonment of calves, pigs and chickens "Small Animal Anaesthesia," spoke on "Handling and raised by "intensive" methods for the table. Care of Zoo Animals." i o S o e S ea i g I o uce As we go to press, Rep. Joseph Y. Resnick (D., N. Y.) York hospital and the body had been incinerated. The introduced a bill (H. R. 9743) to prevent theft of dogs hospital had, according to a spokesman, sent out a call and cats for sale to scientific institutions. Congressman for six male Dalmations, but the dealer had "rung in two Resnick decided to introduce the bill when he received an females on us." It was one of these females that was appeal for help in retrieving a dog believed to have been used in the experiment July second. Congressman Res- stolen and transported across state lines to an animal nick pointed out that an order as specific as this was an dealer in his District. The dog had changed hands four invitation to theft. H. R. 9743 would license dealers and times in two days. The owner of the missing dog, a institutions purchasing animals from them. The Depart- nurse, drove all night accompanied by her three children ment of Agriculture would be responsible for carrying in order to try to gain access to the dealer's premises, Out the provisions of the bill. Congressman Pepper has but she was refused admission. Before the dog could introduced a similar bill (H. R. 9750) and Senator Clark be traced, it had been used in an experiment in a New plans to introduce a bill in the Senate. A IMA WE A E I S I U E
. 0. x 3492, Gr nd C ntr l St t n, Y r , . Y. 10017
4 Aug. — Sept. — Oct., 1965 o . 4 o.
FEDERAL LEGISLATION PROPOSED CONGRESSIONAL HEARING TO REGULATE DOG DEALERS ON HUMANE TREATMENT OF LABORATORY ANIMALS On August 13, 1965, the Chr t n S n M n t r Hearings on bills for the protection of experimental ani- printed the folowing editorial: mals were held September 30 before the Health Subcom. Must Mercy Wait? naittee of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Com- "The public should inquire why hearings are so long mittee, and some very interesting testimony was pre- delayed on identical bills S. 1071 and H.R. 5647. These sented. bills, aimed at securing more humane treatment for lab- Dr. James Shannon, Director of the National Institutes oratory animals, have languished in committee ever since of Health, presented the Administration viewpoint. He their introduction early this year. Introduced by Sen. did not directly oppose any of the proposed bills, b t Joseph S. Clark and Rep. James C. Cleveland, they are stated that voluntary programs for improving laborator) now the only adequate bills of their kind in committee, animal care were making good progress and should be Rep. Claude Pepper having withdrawn his former adequate evaluated. He mentioned the Animal Care Panel Ac- bill and having transferred his sponsorship to a weak (C nt. n p 2) one. "No bill on this subject can be considered adequate JUSTICE FORTAS unless it provides for (1) unannounced inspection, (2) in- SCHWEITZER MEDALLIST FOR 1965 dividual licensing, (3) pain limitation, (4) humane care The extent of the humane work accomplished by the and housing, (5) restrictions on student work as distinct recently appointed Supreme Court Justice, Abe Fortas, has from work by qualified scientists, (6) obligatory record- not been generally known because he has never sought keeping. Humanitarians should not allow themselves to credit for it. Justice Fortas was very active in obtaining be misled by the spate of weak bills now flooding Con- enactment of a law which created a precedent for federal gress. legislation for humane treatment of animals: the Federal "Sen. Lister Hill or Rep. Oren Harris, chairmen of the Humane Slaughter Act. He advised the directors of the committees involved, could at any time institute hearings Animal Welfare Institute to found an organization specific- on S. 1071 o H.R. 5647. Why the delay? ally for legislative action. The Society for Animal Protec- "Also, recent proven cases of traffic in stolen pets have tive Legislation was set up by him and received the im- given rise to two more bills, H.R. 9743 and S. 2322, mense benefits of his constant advice, for which he declined which would require all dog and cat dealers and lab- to make any charge. His negotiations and guidance in the oratories purchasing from them to be licensed by the course of the campaign for humane slaughter legislation Department of Agriculture. Both theft and mistreatment were invaluable and could not possibly have been duplicat- of these animals would be a federal offense. Hearings on ed. He has continued to advise the Society for Animal these bills also should be called at once by the chairmen Protective Legislation and the Animal Welfare Institute of the committees involved, Rep. Harold Cooley and Sen. without compensation until his appointment to the Court Warren G. Magnuson. made it necessary for him to give up the private practice "The cause of mercy has already waited too long." of law. Three weeks later, on September 2 hearings on these Justice Fortas wrote the bill to require humane treat- latter bills were held before the Livestock and Feed ment of experimental animals sponsored by Senator Joseph Grains Subcommittee of the House Agriculture Commit- S. Clark and Congressman James C. Cleveland. Working tee. Congressman W. R. Poage, author of the Humane with practical information on the experience of the Slaughter Law, presided. British Act, he adapted the principles of the law to make Nine bills have been introduced in the House and in it applicable to the United States. He spent long hours the Senate Senator Clark and Senator Magnuson (Chair- going over the most minute details after discussions with man of the Senate Commerce Comittee) have introduced legislators and their assistants, and he revised the bill S. 2322, a bill identical to H.R. 9743, The Resnick bill. after the 1962 hearings in accordance with testimony of Reports indicate that Congress is receiving a large volume experienced scientists of good will at those hearings. of mail in favor of the legislation from humanitarians. Though modest to a degree about his tremendous ac- Unfortunately, the Animal Care Panel and the National complishments, he recently expressed pride in the drafts- Society for Medical Research, (among other representa- manship of this bill on which he lavished so much know- tives of the scientific community) saw fit to testify against ledge and effort. the /legislation. They described it as "discriminatory," and In every piece of work he has undertaken for the pre- an NSMR witness, in a statement which amused some vention of cruelty to animals, Justice Fortas has always of those present, complained: given the very best of his powerful legal mind, and no- "The bill is discriminatory in that it makes dog and thing second-rate has ever been acceptable to him. His cat stealing a federal offense only when it is done by cer- work should serve as a model to humane students tain people. I might add that the scientific community of the law throughout the nation. The Animal Welfare feels unjustly stigmatised by the way this bill and the pub- Institute is proud and honored that a medallist at once licity surrounding it relates pet stealing nl to research so deserving and so distinguished will receive the award needs." Dr. Wakerlin's concern for the rights of dog for 1965. thieves, that they should be no less free to steal for medical The award ceremony will take place in Washington, research than for any other market, would seem more D. C. on November 20th. Members and friends of the noble if one could regard it as a plea for abstract justice. Animal Welfare Institute who wish to attend are requested (C nt. n p 4) to write to the new AWI mailing address for details.
: Co g essio a ea i gs O uma e vision of this kind in effect. He estimated the cost of ea me o a o a o y A ima s this at $600,000 yearly, and suggested that this figure should be multiplied perhaps by 1000 to cover major 1) (C nt. fr p American laboratories. He also disapproved of the sys- creditation scheme in particular. In response to questions, tem of "directives" and of the power given to the "Co- he said that he had been licensed to experiment on ani- ordinator" and remarked that the enactment of the Rogers mals under the British Act when he was at Cambridge bill would be a comedy, were it not such a serious matter University and that he had not had any difficulty in that he was forced to think in terms of tragedy. Repre- pursuing his researches under the Act. However, he ex- sentatives of the AWI were interested to see that the pressed reservations on the British Act for so large a provisions of the Rogers bill were just as objectionable to country as the United States. "I think we have to take the scientific community as they are in our judgment. The the principles and develop our own administrative proce- Rogers bill would inconvenience scientists without protect- dures to take care of our needs rather than take the ing animals. Congressman Rogers argued with Dr. Viss- British Act as it is," he said. He further stated that the cher for some time at the Hearings, but was unable to Department of Health, Education and Welfare was study- influence him to change his position. ing the various legislative proposals and would submit a Hearings had been scheduled also for October first, further report. but were postponed at the last minute due to a special Representatives of the Humane Society of the United session of Congress requiring the presence of Members of States and the American Humane Association testified in the Committee. Many people who had travelled consider- favor of the Rogers bill; representatives of the Animal able distances to testify were very disappointed, and many 'Welfare Institute testified in favor of the Cleveland bill. witnesses representing tte scientific community were Sir Graham Wilson, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P., D.P.H., obliged to go home unheard. However, Dr. Visscher F.A.P.H.A. (formerly Director of the Public Health Lab- had stated that he spoke for the 1200 groups subscribing oratory Service) and Dr. A. Lawrence Abel, M.B.M.S. to the National Society for Medical Research, so that London; F.R.C.S. England, (Former Vice-President of presumably his views were representative. The hearings the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Consulting will be reconvened at a future date which has not yet Surgeon to the Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Can- been set, and the record remains open. cer Hospital, London) testified as to the working of the British Act. Sir Graham described the administrative pro- OO MA Y OGS cedures in some detail, and stated the ethical position By Dr. & Mrs. Anthony Carding taken by most British scientists on the limitation of pain, p n An l W lf r S t that it was not permissible to inflict severe and enduring In Tokyo alone about 40,000 dogs are caught each pain even in the interests of scientific progress. Asked year and taken to the dog pounds and either killed or whether he would not prefer to make mice suffer with sent to be used for experiments. The problem begins cancer if this could prevent humans suffering from can- when puppies become large enough to be a burden on cer, Sir Graham said this was not a valid example as the family. The custom is to turn them into the street most cancer research on animals was not necessarily of a in the hope that someone will take pity on them and give them a home. This is of course unrealistic in our painful nature. He said that the great danger of cancer terms of reference but the Buddhist Philosophy has in- lay in the fact that it was painless until the final stages. fluenced the Japanese to prefer any alternative to He then reiterated his position on pain limitation. Ques- killing. tioned about the applicability of the British Law to condi- The vets themselves will rarely put a patient to sleep. tions in this country, he observed that "an ounce of ex- Believing this to be against the ethics of their profes- perience is worth a pound of hypothetical objections" and sion — namely to preserve life. that in his experience, the principles of the British Act The result of this code is the dog catchers vans — were practical and flexible enough to be adapted for use which tour towns and cities, with teams of dog catch- in other countries. ers armed with wire nooses, collecting dogs from the Dr. Lawrence Abel, being a cancer specialist, confirmed street. The dogs, sometimes hurt, are removed from the van to the pens. The wire usually remains on the dog's Sir Graham's remarks and went on to support the British neck where it can sever the flesh and cause great suf- Act in similar terms. He compared the moral intent of fering. the pain limitation rule to the abolition of slavery and Here are some extracts from our workers reports: the abolition of torture, and quoted the favorable opinions 'The boards given by JAWS to keep the dogs out of of many of his colleagues on the Act. "The Pain Rule the water in their pens have been discarded as the men does not hamper research," he said, "p n d ." He men- say they cause extra work.' tioned that the British Act had been carefully kept up 'A box of puppies and kittens was left in the rain to date, most recently by the review of the Littlewood all night. Many pups and kittens were dead or dying. Committee, and that the British Act was definitely in Some, terrified, still tried frantically to claw their way line with modern conditions, and had been adapted to out. We were told they are always kept overnight in the growth of research. He also mentioned that British this manner.' In the heat of summer, we were told, the dead puppies begin to decompose while the live animals surgeons are trained very- thoroughly in anatomy and gain- experience through watching operations on human pa- still struggle to escape. "The dogs were attached to the bars of their pens by tients rather than by routine practice on dogs. wires that cut into their necks. Some were unable to Dr. Maurice Visscher, speaking for the National Socie- reach the food and water. As we watched some twisted ty for Medical Research, endorsed the Roybal bill, but themselves until they were hopelessly tangled and half his testimony did not specifically mention the Cleveland strangled by the wire.' bill at all. He strongly attacked the Rogers bill, which 'A dog that had been injured by a car lay unable to he considered dangerous to scientific interests. He found get up in a pool of water. No attempt had been made the provision of the Rogers bill licensing the heads of to dress its wounds as it would be killed any way in laboratories "absurd" and "unrealistic." He pointed to the three days.' large size and administrative complexity of the University 'The mother dog was too weak to move as the men of Minnesota Medical School, and stated that if he were took her puppies and killed them. She would have to licensed as the head of this laboratory, he would demand suffer for another two days to satisfy regulations.' We have found four methods of killing in the pounds. for his own protection that sixty full-time inspectors be a) Pentobarbitone by injection. JAWS gives this drug present every day. He said that it would be impossible to the City Government who undertake to see that for him personally to guarantee that no abuses took place it is used in the seven Tokyo pounds. If given prop- in the medical school unless he could have constant super- erly by injection pentobarbitone causes no pain. b) Strychnine. This poison causes an ugly and agoniz- iest animal protective organization in America, the Mass- ing death. Because it paralyses before it kills peo- achusetts SPCA, demonstrated the soundness of his ad- ple are sometimes misled into believing that the ministrative gifts, but most important in this role was the animals are unconscious while in convulsions. degree of integrity which he brought to it. Other organiza- c) Electrocution. To kill without pain an electric cur- tions gave in to pressures from laboratories whether by rent must pass through the brain to produce un- surrendering animals or by supporting only weak bills to consciousness before the current designed to kill is regulate animal experimentation. Dr. Hansen refused to turned on. The machine we observed in use has succumb to these pressures. no such equipment and the helpless dogs are sub- He was known for outspokenness and a sharp wit when jected to three minutes of intense agony before he met with improper behavior. The faint Danish ac- death is produced. cent which clung to his speech became more pronounced Striking over the head with an iron bar. Although when he was indignant, and one of the last phone calls far from perfect this is very quick when done by after the a skilled man. It is infinitely preferable to strych- he made to us was characteristic. It took place nine or electrocution. "unity" meeting held in the office of Congressman Paul Rogers where representativess of the leading humane socie- JAWS is trying to attack the stray dog problem in five ways. ties were asked to discard the basic principles of effective legislation for the protection of experimental animals. 1) We v P.B.s to the Tokyo pounds and pay our One of the Directors of__ the Humane Society of the vets to administer it. United States, Dr. E. L. Thomsen, who was especially 2) We are having chloroform-boxes made to de- eager to compromise, and who told us that those unwill- monstrate — (and in some cases give) to the pounds. ing to compromise should not have come to the meeting at all, expressed himself in a way that brought Dr. Han- 3) We are having pamphlets printed telling the pub- lic of practical means by which ;.hey can avoid in- sen's sharpest tones into play. He had noted Dr. Thomsen's creasing the dog population and urging them to exact phraseology, and he imitated it with vigor: " "We have pups and kittens put to sleep as soon as they sold 'em, and we can unsell 'em.' You heard him. That's are born. what he said." 4) Running a mobile clinic which collects unwanted Dr. Hansen took seriously the obligation of honest animals and gives information on their care. leadership in the humane movement and was aghast at 5) We are attempting to import small humane killers such an attitude toward the membership of any humane for dogs. If we can do this we believe the Society organization. He would be proud to know that the Mass- has a good opportunity of initiating their use in the achussets SPCA to which he gave so much, continues after pounds as the authorities themselves now realize his death, in the same firm, sensible and honorable tradi- that present methods are not satisfactory. tion established by him. The editorial which appeared There is a genuine love of animals in Japan. It is com- in the September issue of "Our Dumb Animals", publish- mon to see people playing with their dogs in the street, ed by the Massachusetts SPCA and the American Humane doctors in hospitals hold services for the souls of the Education Society, appears below. animals they have sacrificed to science. The pounds have shrines where the men will place flowers for the animals Experimental Animals they have killed. It is not cruelty as such which is re- "This session of Congress has several bills pending which sponsible for the conditions in the pounds but rather seek to regulate, supervise and control the use of ex- an inability to cope with the problems arising from so perimental animals. However, no hearings have been held, many dogs. It is possible to control the dog population as yet. by destroying newly born puppies, a campaign for spay- ing and the use of modern drugs and deodorants plus "This Society supports the Clark bill (Senate No. S 1071) the destruction of unwanted dogs. and Cleveland Bill (House No. H. R. 5647) as we believe Much of this is opposed to the Japanese religious philo- that they are the best offered. sophy and an intensive education campaign is necessary. "In a previous editorial, it was pointed out that a strong JAWS is doing all it can but it will be able to do more bill is necessary and to achieve this, any finally drafted when more support is available. legislation t contain the following six points: "1. Unannounced inspection by qualified full-time in- spectors with access to animals quarters, laboratories, and ERIC HANSEN records of animal use. Courage may be the most essential ingredient of effec- "2. Individual licensing by governmental authority of all tive animal protective work. Certainly, the founders of the scientists desiring to use live, vertebrate animals, with movement were all endowed with unusual amounts of the right to remove said licenses from persons responsible bravery and fortitude, and Eric Hansen was by far the for inhumane treatment. most courageous of the leaders of large organizations for "3. Pain-curbing provision that animals suffering severe, the prevention of cruelty to animals in the past quarter enduring pain must be painlessly killed, instead of be- century. His death is an appalling loss to the movement ing allowed to linger in agony or being used over again. at a time when so much work has fallen on the shoulders Failure to comply with the above automatically gives the of inexperienced men who have had only a few years to inspector the right to destroy the animals painlessly him- learn the difficult problems of organized animal protection. self. Dr. Hansen rose from the ranks, having begun his "4. Humane care and housing, including normal ex- career in animal rescue work. No one who has heard him ercise, comfortable resting places and adequate food and describe some of his early experiences, struggling in a pit water for all animals. to extricate unwilling mules or saving animals in time of flood, will soon forget the determination to rescue "5. Student work, as distinct from research conducted by animals that motivated him so strongly. He passed along qualified scientists, must be painless. this same active idealism to many of those who worked "6. Records that include a brief statement of what is under his guidance in the Massachusetts SPCA. to be done to the animals and why, identification of ani- mals and eventual disposition, and a brief annual report. Physical courage was not the only kind of courage he possessed. To give in weakly in the face of difficulty was "We would suggest that you express your thoughts on foreign to his nature, and he ran a society virtually with- these bills by writing to your respective Representatives and out funds for a time, rushing out of the back door to Senators in Washington and ask that hearings be sched- escape creditors until he was able to put the organization uled. Ask your friends to write also." on its feet. In later years, his wise guidance of the wealth- D.S.C. A e e om o ai Bodine, whose testimony cut through the rhetoric of The following letter was sent to the Founder of the the opponents: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Major C. W. "Mr. Chairman and members, I am Mark Bodine from Hume, for submission to the Committee hearing tes- northeast Missouri, from a county currently known as timony on the bills to regulate animal experimentation. Monroe County, where I have been its sheriff and served in other law enforcement there for the past 24 years. I From LORD BRAIN have had numerous complaints about one particular party 27th September, 1965 in the county which we investigated. With one of my Dear Hume, deputies, we went out there, and we found what is cur- In view of the fact that Congressional Hearings on the rently known as a horse trailer that was made double American Bills relating to experiments on animals are deck which contained dogs, about as many as they could to take place next week, I think I should write to you cram in, which was parked about a mile beyond the road, to say how much I hope that the advantages of the back in the woods, which had been found by a squirrel British practice will be made dear to them. As you know, hunter. the recent exhaustive enquiry by the Littlewood Commit- "My deputy went out and made the investigation, and tee has reinforced our British system by accepting it as he found that this was a very hot day, and there were sound in principle and recommending means by which its dogs on top of the dogs, that were dead, and there were advantages could be developed. One of these advantages pans of water but, because of the dogs being on top of is that it imposes a definite responsibility upon the in- the dogs, they could not get to them. And this equipment dividual experimenter to comply with explicit regulations that they were in was all enclosed, all but the rear end, amongst the most important of which is the obligation to which was wire mesh, at the rear end of it. One dog in destroy an animal suffering pain. It also provides the particular was crammed up into one corner with his teeth means for seeing that the requirements are observed, and hanging into the wire. So there was no room for him this will be done even more efficiently when the recom- to get around. mendations of the Littlewood Report are fully implement- "Myself and my deputy went back to town to make a ed. I myself held a license for animal experiments for a complaint, to get the county physician informed to show number of years and of course, have known very many him and to get him to come out there and see it. We others who have worked with animals in this country could not express in words the condition, nor could we and I am fully satisfied that our system is in no way a understand that animals or dogs were treated like this. hindrance to research. Yours sincerely, "Approximately 20, 30, or 40 feet away there was a pile of dead dogs 4 or 5 feet high; there were about 50 Brain or 60 or so in this pile. And in another hollow not too far away from there, we found where a number of dogs e e a egis a io o ose had been killed or had died, and they had been partially burned, and there were the remaining bones and skeletons o egu a e og ea e s and hides there. (C nt. fr p 1) "We got this party into court — tried to get a prosecu- The NSMR, with its customary hysteria, has been circulat- tion on him on the basis of neglect in feeding these dogs. ing memoranda to its members to say that the bills would We had two witnesses who were ex-convicts who testi- "complete a pincers movement on research animal sup- fied that they were working with him on these dogs, ply" and that "the stakes in this contest are nothing less and that he fed them once a day. After the hearing, I than the pace of medical progress. The pawns are the talked to one of the ex-convicts, pretty well acquainted countless thousands who will die sooner if discoveries with him, and he said; he told me that he worked for this come later." party, that he did not feed the dogs every day, that they Proponents of the legislation can only deduce that the were lucky if they got fed once a week, and what they NSMR is well aware that the dog dealers currently sup- did get was not very much. It would consist of some plying major research institutions would not meet licens- bones that he would get from the abattoir, offal, and stuff ing requirements, either for care and housing or for like that. legitimate acquisition of animals. Voluntary action by Mr. Poage. Who did he sell them to? the scientific community is so long overdue that federal Mr. Bodine. Some laboratories. Some of the other parties legislation appears to be the only anwser. who will follow me have the names of the Animal protective groups had a sad story to tell. They laboratories that buy them. described the cruelty prosecutions brought against dog Mr. Olson. How big is this man's operation? How many dealers, who left animals in filthy makeshift shelters with- employees does he have? out food or water for days. They told of trenches filled with the bodies of dogs that could not survive such treat- Mr. Bodine. The kind of help he uses consists of jail- ment, of dogs so hungry they ate other dogs in the same birds or ex-convicts, that type of fellow that pen. They told of the continual reports they receive of he is himself — birds of a feather flock theft of pets, and of the bizarre frauds inventa to col- together. lect animals for sale to dealers. They told of "dog auc- Mr. Olson. It must be a losing operation for him to tions" where interstate dealers buy from the locals what- have all of this loss of dogs that died. ever dogs they can collect. Conditions under which dogs Mr. Bodine. ey could not be too much loss; they do are , shipped interstate were well described by Sheriff Mark not cost him anything.
A IMA WE A E I S I U E
A ISO Y COMMI EE
. ee . ice . . a a a O a s . ose Woo K u c a i ica o O ICE S
C is i e S e e s A e . G a cy, . Ma e ei e eme aa s oge . S e e s
r d nt r d nt S r t r r r r I I A A IMA WE A E I S I U E
P. 0, Box 3492, Grand Central Station, New York, N. Y. 10017
November — December, 1965 Vol. 14, No. 5
E ICA A E SO ESE S ME A sharp and unyielding, and that its cutting edge is not blunted by compassion and tenderness and comprehensive O US ICE O AS love. He was, I say, complete — unafraid of the mys- The Schweitzer Medal of the Animal Welfare Institute teries of life and unashamed of the apparent contradic- was presented to Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, tions of pain and reverence, of profound belief and pro- Abe Fortas, on November 20th. Erica Anderson, author of found doubt, of life and death. — He walked alone, as the beautiful new "Schweitzer Album" and maker of two a man must walk; and he walked hand in hand with all films of Dr. Schweitzer's life and work, presented the of life, as a great man must. medal to Justice Fortas. She said: In Erica Anderson's beautiful book, "The Schweitzer Al- "I am deeply grateful and honored to present the Albert bum," there is a report of a question and of this great Schweitzer Medal of the Animal Welfare Institute to you, man's answer which illuminates his capacity to endure the Mr. Justice Fortas. (Cont. on page 2) "You have kept your heart open to the silent pleas of animals and you have worked untiringly to alleviate their pain. If it had not been for your efforts the Humane The New York Times published the following edi- Slaughter Bill might not have passed in 1958. It is due torial on November 28, 6 . to your thought and advice that hundreds of millions of animals are now protected in slaughter houses. e A ima a o a o ies "You wrote the bill of which Dr. Schweitzer said: 'If Nearly two million dogs and more than a half. you pass such a law in the United States it will have im- million cats—plus a large number of rabbits, mon- portant meaning for the world. The law will then gain re- keys, and other animals—were used in medical re- cognition in other nations too.' search experiments in the United States last year. "In his writings about the relationship of Man to Most people would naturally assume that the lab- Creature Dr. Schweitzer said 'No one should dose their oratories provide these animals with adequate ken- eyes to save themselves from seeing the suffering animals nels, sufficient food and water, and space for ex- are unnecessarily subjected to. No one should make light ercise. Although some experiments are necessarily of the share of responsibility each of us carries. As long painful, no research worker would presumably sub- as mistreatment of animals occurs in the world all of us ject an animal to extreme or prolonged pain. The are guilty.' laboratories also presumably keep records of the ex- "I thank you, Mr. Justice Fortas, with all my heart for periments performed on each animal and who per- keeping Dr. Schweitzer's ideals alive. formed them. "Through you and people like you 'Reverence for all The astonishing fact is that in many, if not most, Life' will become a reality in our time." laboratories, none of these assumptions is true. Ani- mals are kept in cages too small for them to turn ema ks o M . us ice o as o e Occasio around comfortably. Opportunities for exercise usu- ally do not exist. Animals die of neglect or are left Ak o e ese a io o e A e Sc wei e to linger for days in shock. Since adequate records uma i a ia Awa — o em e 20, 6 are rarely kept, there is no check upon the number Beyond any possibility of expression, I am deeply grate- of experiments performed. ful to all of you — to Mrs. Stevens and the Animal Wel- These conditions are a reproach to the good name fare Institute — for this award of the Schweitzer medal. of American Medicine. And they are entirely unnec- It is profoundly true that I do not believe that I am essary. British medical research has flourished for worthy of it. My performance has fallen far short of the nearly ninety years under a legal code establishing need; my dedication has not approximated the importance rational controls over animal research. This law re- of the cause. quires the licensing of individual scientists to provide The cause which you serve is great, indeed. It is not the necessary sense of personal responsibility, for- just the cause of animals. It is the cause of mankind — of bids experiments that are equivalent to torture, dir- religion — of humanity — of life. ects that animals be destroyed painlessly if their For life is a seamless web. It connects us not merely condition warrants it, and specifies that students may with one another, but with all that is sentient — with all perform only painless experiments. Records are kept that shares its miracle of birth and feeling and death. for each animal, and the Government inspects eac This, I think, was the meaning of Albert Schweitzer. laboratory. This, I think, was the reason why he, perhaps more than Associate Justice Abe Fortas, before he was ap- anyone in history, was complete. This, I think, is the pointed to the Supreme Court, drafted a bill model- reason why he, perhaps above all others, represents to us ed on the British law. Senator Joseph S. Clark, Penn- the deeply felt but darkly unknown beginning; the dimly sylvania Democrat, and Representative James Cleve- perceived meaning; and the vague and shadowy end of land, New Hampshire Republican, have introduced the awesome human journey. it. But the Johnson Administration has taken no He taught us that one may think, profoundly, realistical- position, most of the medical profession is vehement- ly, and caustically with the freedom without which thought ly opposed, and Congress has not acted. is a shameful, tawdry exercise — that one may think and The Clark-Cleveland bill is a challenge to the nevertheless feel, deeply, emotionally and even sentiment- American conscience. Antivivisection is not at issue, ally. He taught us that one's mind may be a scalpel — but decent, responsible care of dumb animals is.
© 6 h Y r C p n . pr nt d b p r n. Justice Fortas Remarks or too tired to care, just sat there in quiet resignation. An open area in this room could, with the simple and inex- (C nt. fr p 1) pensive addition of some fencing, be converted into a dog contradictions of our existence — to draw from these cage, but she said she was satisfied with the dog room contradictions not frustration, but strength and renewal and would not consider any modifications. This same doc- of dedication. tor said she did not give the post-operative animals any "How is it," he was asked, "amid all the suffering of drugs to relieve their pain because she felt they didn't men on the earth and the suffering of animals on fhe need it. After major surgery the animals are put back in earth — for instance, in laboratory experiments — that their cages. No bedding is provided, and the animals are there is the useful pain which causes good, and useless left to recover as best they can. As soon as the animals pain which leads to nothing?" are received in this medical school, their vocal cords are cut so they cannot bark. The debarking is done by n And he answered: "Monsieur, do not ask me to discuss attendant who received no formal training for this sur- now the great problem of experiments on animals. I am gery. This same man administers anesthesia to the dogs not prepared, and it is a difficult question. Most important and other animals which are used in experimental surgery. of all, and this is what we judge as progress, is that When I asked him how much training he had received, those who perform them should be aware of the terrible he said 'None. I just picked it up.' responsibility of their experiments. And we all, when we see suffering, must be challenged by a desire for redemp- Mrs. Dyce described another medical school's care of tion, to help all creatures. There is always mystery, we dogs as follows: "The dog was lying on the metal floor move within the mist of a great mystery: the mystery of of his cage which was covered with blood and discharge pain. And we come to be always conscious of our great draining from a large surgical incision. The incision was responsibility to alleviate it." not dressed, and since no bedding was provided — not even a newspaper — it was in direct contact with the At another time and place, here is what he said: cage floor. The dog had no identification — there was "That fragmentary moral of concern for human life nothing on the cage to denote the type of surgery or the alone was like a single tone floating in the air, incom- name of the scientist." plete because the base tone to produce the harmony was missing. Reverence for life gives us the full chord, the Referring to the treatment of monkeys and apes, Mrs. harmony. The roots of the philosophy of reverence for life Dyce said, "I have seen Chimpanzees and baboons crowded are big and strong, deeply planted, so that the tree can into cages so narrow that they could not turn around." grow without being hurt by storms." She reported: "I have just come from Philadelphia This, it seems to me, is a fundamental truth. Unless where I attended the annual convention of the Animal there is an awareness of life's vastness, its unity and its Care Panel, the group of veterinarians and commercial mystery, there is nothing to life and living except a series suppliers to laboratories which is seeking to persuade of events. Without this awareness, there is no foundation, our government that it will prevent mistreatment of lab- no "base tone," for philosophy, for religion or poetry or oratory animals by voluntary means. They say that they music — or for political idealism. And this awareness will set up standards of their own. An indication of the requires — it does not merely tolerate — it requires that caliber of these standards was brought out in court this it be comprehensive, that it include all of life, not merely month when Dr. Schneider of Hahnemann Medical Col- part — that it include all creatures that share in the lege, the head of the local ACP committee, testified that mystery. he found nothing wrong with the ghastly conditions at You will see that I have talked with you about funda- the Hazzard dog farm. He praised Hazzard's 'modern open- mentals, although I am a practical man. You will observe range' method of keeping dogs and added that he had that I have not talked with you about the waste and inspected the kennels that week and saw no cruelty or the inefficiency and the sheer practical idiocy of man's in- neglect whatsoever." humanity towards other creatures — and I particularly in- "Hazzard, who raises and boards dogs for medical re- clude the shortsightedness of many who profess to serve search, was convicted and fined for cruelty to animals man through science and medicine. — You know and I on November 12th and was again arrested this past know that these exist — and that they are powerful reasons for the great work upon which you are engaged. Thursday on the same charge. Investigating agents found 80 o 100 dogs on the Hazzard farm. Some were chained But beyond this and above it, the reason which sup- to boxes and unable to move because the chains were ports and impels this work is the Schweitzer principle — tightly wound around tree trunks. A dead dog was found that the achievement of a good society, the realization in a chicken coop with live dogs. A female and six of the ideals and purposes of our life, our religion and pups were found in a box with no protection from the our philosophy, is impossible except on a total basis — elements. A large female dog and pups were found in upon a basis which includes not only man but all living turkey pen. Three of the pups had their forelegs encased creatures. And as Schweitzer teaches us, we need not — we must not be dismayed or deterred by the inherent in bandages which were filthy with dirt and foul smell- and inescapable contradictions with which life confronts ing. Several layers of flesh had rotted away under the us. The essential point is that we do what we can with bandages. what we have; and that whatever we do is illuminated "Dr. Mary Baxter, an English research veterinarian, and inspired by reverence for life and profound com- testified in court that she had performed bone graft ex- passion. periments on the puppies. She also testified that she 'stop- ped almost daily at the Hazzard kennels and found no- thing objectionable.' She had worked at another leading Informal remarks by Justice Fortas and Mrs. Anderson veterinary college, Cornell, and apparently had no dif- underlined the contents of the report presented by Mrs. ficulty with any authorities until this dog dealer was ar- Robert Dyce, AWI Laboratory Animal Consultant. Des- rested for cruelty. Then, and only then, was she fired cribing conditions in some of the laboratories and dog by the University of Pennsylvania. Had she remained in dealers' premises she has recently visited, Mrs. Dyce said, Britain where the law prevents cruelty inside as well as "We watched the caretaker as he hosed the cages with outside laboratories, this needless suffering would not the dogs in them. The room was filled with steam, and have been inflicted, nor would it have been permitted had we watched the dogs as they picked up their feet in an the bill written by Justice Fortas been n effect in our effort to dodge the hot spray. Others, too sick to move, country." the neo-AV's dramatically put. it. . . 'the injury was not severe enough to break the skin,' report Doctors Root and Gregerson. . . it was part of an emergency program dur- ing World War II. . . " All these remarks deserve to be evaluated in terms of the following quotation from an article by three Chicago M.D.'s just published in "Trauma" (May, 1965). They certainly do not hesitate to use the word "crush," dramatic or not. "Crush injury was produced in another group of animals by a modification of the meth- od of Duncan and Blalock. This method utilizes a crush- ing clamp with a force of 00 pounds which is applied to the thigh for various periods of time. . . Figure 3 demonstrates the course of an untreated animal crushed for five hours. In the untreated crushed animals, death Ill tr t n r d d 80 0 . occurred in three to 18 hours after removal of the C rt f UE, h M n M z n clamp. Animals crushed for one to three hours revealed a C p r ht 6 , tt bl t n , In . temporary palsy. Surviving crushed animals, after four or more hours of injury, demonstrated a permanent nerve " E MA S MAGA I E" ISSUES palsy." There is no mention anywhere in this eight-page A I A WA I G article of anesthesia or pain relief of any kind for the 87 In 1952, scientists attending the annual meetings of the dogs used in what is described as the "pilot study group." American Physiological Society received a sound analysis Mannix then attempts to attribute to a single ex- of the methods of the National Society for Medical Re- perimenter the results of work on shock which have been search in a short, unscheduled talk by the Chairman of going on for many years using many different techniques. the Department of Physiology at the University of Michi- His claim that the death of wounded men went from gan Medical School. He said in part: ". . . the N.S.M.R. 8.3% to 2% because "not more than 00 dogs went attaches a stigma of anti-vivisection to any semblance of through leg-bruising experiments" would suggest that all humanity. Anti-vivisection is their indispensable bogie the other work on shock was useless and that Dr. Bla- which must be kept before the public at any cost. It is lock and his press were the be-all and end-all of ex- their only avenue towards unlimited procurement of ani- perimental work on shock. This is obviously absurd and mals for unlimited and uncontrolled experimentation." merely illustrates the extremes to which Mannix goes so The article in r magazine, June, 1965, "Danger, the long as he thinks his readers are careless enough not Anti-Vivisectionists Rise Again," is a perfect illustration of to analyze his statements. reliance on this "indispensable bogie." Even the full-page Next he invites the reader to "look at the neo-AV's illustration of an anti-vivisectionist has a scare-crow-like themselves. Who are they? What motivates them to press effect, a monstrous, unreal woman with a choker collar, this weird, sentimental and frightening crusade?" overwhelming an enraged but tiny scientist who, even When we are all ready to learn Mannix's views on the though armed with a scalpel, appears to be no match for motivation of those who support legislation based on the her since slie clearly outweighs him by at least four to British Act (since he has made it clear that this is what one. This female monster is clutching a dog and turn- he means by a neo-AV), Mannix makes another sudden ing disdainfully away from a baby — a theme played to switch; and the "indispensable bogie" takes the stage the limit throughout the article — and this is no easy again for the next fifteen hundred words. The prefix "neo" task, for despite the title, the article's target is not the is conveniently dropped and we are treated to a lurid des- anti-vivisectionists. Paradoxically, its aim is to prevent cription of people who are pp d to legislation based enactment of legislation which is strongly pp d by anti- on the British Act: the anti-vivisectionists. We hear how vivisectionists both in this country and in Britain — legisla- rich and foolish they are, how they bathe their dogs every tion which has the strong support of the British scientific day and feed them petits fours and prefer them to child- community after an 89-year opportunity to test it out. ren. We are told about financial dishonesty in anti-vivisec- Were the reader given the faintest inkling of the view tion societies, about misrepresentation they have practiced, of the British Medical Association (strongly in support of and when the reader is thoroughly disgusted, with a man the legislation) or of the contents of the Littlewood said to have been sentenced to "five years in the clink" Report, published April, 1965, after a two-year study by Mannix suddenly switches back to "neo" and remarks, a distinguished governmental committee, including scien- again with no substantiation of any kind, "And in the tists and legislators, he would see how ridiculous it is to leadership of the neo-AV movement there are other men equate the bogie woman with the British Nobel Prize win- and women with similar past histories." Who are they? ners and British scientists generally who firmly believe in I know of none and do not believe Mannix could produce the principles of the law which regulates the use of ani- a single example. mals in their country and which would regulate it in our Two extremely severe experiments are then quoted and country were the Clark bill enacted into law. defended. I do not have records on the first at hand, but I But according to the Mannix article, all who hold such have read scientific papers from Creighton University tell- a belief are "neo-antivivisectionists," and if they "had ing of dogs that we e deprived of food for as much as their way, more a a e esea c e s hunting a cure 6 days. In the AWI Information Report, Vol. 11, No. 2, for cancer would have to stop work. Research on heart we made reference to these experiments. disease, arthritis, gastric ulcers, the common cold, and a Mannix' next attack is on me, stating that I gave a host of other problems that plague humanity would slow "typical neo-AV picture of laboratory life" when I said, down or grind to a halt. Thousands would suffer and die "Our inspections reveal great cruelty, a callousness and who might otherwise be saved. The U.S. man-in-space pro- neglect in laboratory after laboratory throughout our na- gram, already behind schedule, would be all but paralyzed." tion." This is a true statement and one which I am prepar- Mr. Mannix does not even try to offer substantiation for ed to back up at any time, as I am the next group of these untrue allegations, but quickly changes the subject statements in general, though the colorful language into to himself, confiding to his readers that he is "a friend which Mannix transposed them is not mine. He tries to of all animals." say that laboratory animals live no better and no worse He then goes into a lengthy discussion of the Blalock than pets or animals in zoos. But I have never seen a pet Press, stating, in part "nor did the press 'crush' their legs, as (C nt., n p 4) e Ma s Maga i e Issues Wa i g ie ow i o ma y, o ou oo u ways — i ac , i was a ess com o a e o e e e ime a ogs a (C nt. fr p e o qua e s, w e e ey we e ke i oomy e s o a oo a ima i a cage oo sma o i o s a u a a s a i gs o es i g oa s o ie o ." o ie ow o ma y, a I a e see suc a ima s i e Ma i says e ea o e Ame ica A i se e i e e a o a o ies i ew Yo k Ci y a o e. i isec io Socie y (w om e ca s a eo A , esuma y e "s okesma o e a io a I s i u es o ea " i o e o co use e issue s i u e i ks e quo e i e e a ag a may o may o e e C a k i oes "go a e oug " u " e ee wo y. same o e w o a mi e o Was i g o ewsme a e e i s wou a e a mos e e ec o a a ." Wi I a ecei e i s as o e o ogs om e oo o e ou mi io e e ime s o a ima s o e i G ea ogica s Wo wi e (w ose c ue y o a ima s was so e i ai as yea u e egis a io s ic e a e C a k eme a i was c ose ow a we ou o usi ess i , a wi mo e o e i es i io ogy a Me ici e a e a uma e socie y i es iga io o y e ays e e ca i a o u a io i i ai a i e U i e S a es, o e e c ue y osecu io . " ea y, a y, we ou is is s a eme is a sim e a se oo . e a ima s a e ee e o esea c . ey mus e ee o e a o we e ows u e co usio i o isease o e s u ies i o i g em may e o o a ue," e co e s o e i is Ac o 8 6 a e C a k so says e I s okesma . W y, e , i I acce i y iscussi g e r o a ima s, a ma e o i ogs om a i y a w e e ogs we e ke wi ou c u e i e o isio s o ei e iece o egis a io . wa e ecause e wa e i es we e o e , a e um e s o isease a yi g a ima s we e so g ea a e Si usse ock, a wo amous i is ea su geo ca e ake , o e w e me , e em yi g i o e e c es w o as u ai i g y gi e ai c e i o o e su geo s, w e e ewsme came a o og a e em is u e y ea e as a "a so a ," a agai we a e aske o e ie e a . a ock isco e e i ua y e e y i g e Ma i i i es us o " ake a ou oug e i is ie as we . My ow e e ie ce i isi i g os me ica esea c a a e U i e si y o I i ois." is is i a s oug ou e cou y is a c aims o e i e easie sai a o e. AWI a o a o y A ima Co io o o e ea su ge y a e a mos as ume ous as e su a s a e ee yi g o mo s o o ai e missio ea u g mac i es I a e ee s ow . I mig e o o isi is a o a o y. I i is so e ec , w y e sec ecy i e es o quo e om a e e o is su ec y . ai ee e we ea o e e sio asc i e o . I. S. ay o so w ic a ea e i " e ew Scie is " i 6 i o isi s I ai o e U i e si y o e sy a ia Me co ec i g a o e o e ea ous s okesma . " . Smi ica Sc oo . seems o e ie e a a ea a u g su ge y a e e i e W e I w o e o . a i aski g im o co ec e y Ame ica i o igi a e e o me a a i is a se s a eme a i u e o im y M . Ma i , e su geo s a e o go e e o ea a ou em. is is e ie a o o e om " r " a i e iewe im a e y a om e u . I ac , i ea su ge y i a i e a o ea e a ic e. M . Ma i quo es . ay cu a , i e a io a commu ica io a coo e a io a e i as o ows: " . a i o o a isi y M s. C is ee s e i a o a io a g ou o su geo s wou i e S e e s o e A ima We a e I s i u e. I s owe eam o aimi g e emi e ce. e ea ies a em s a e a ou e a myse . S e a ke o wo e e i a ia s o acic su ge y we e ma e y suc me as Si Wi iam a ou ey we e usi g a a ook o a ima ca e Macewe o G asgow, a u ie i a ce, a e s e w i e e se . S e was e y a o a y im esse , a e s o mo e c es su ge y i u e Saue uc , a Ge a o c i icisms a e co g a u a i g us. S o y a e ma , u o E wa s a o e s w o we e i is a wa , s e issue a u ic s a eme e ou ci g e a E a s G a am, o Ame ica, c ose y o owe y ma y o a o y a c aimi g we we e a y mis ea i g e a i o e s, i c u i g Ca Sem o o way. ma s." e e a e e ac s: I ai se a a e isi s a ou wo " e ea ies a em s o o e a e o e e ie o ea yea s a a o wo i e e ui i gs. I e ei e o isease we e ma e y Si e y Sou a , o e o o em wi ou c i icism — i e i s I saw a S i ge os i a , a e i s ac ica e e o me s om C aa S a ie i a cage so sma i s ea was o ce u a a o , o Swe e , ai ey, a ock a G oss o Ame ica, e eme a g e i o e o o ce e cage oo s u , a a Si usse ock, i i ai . com ai s o is a ima we e ma e y me a y e "A mac i e o ake o e e u c io s o e ea a wo a ies w o a a a ge o e isi wi . ay u gs u i g ca iac su ge y seems o a e ee e e o e i . owe e , e mai qua e s u s ai s i is o ui i s i Moscow, u e ea ies success u use o a mec i g ( e a iso e a me o Su gica esea c we e a ica oo um a o yge a o o aci i a e o e a io as y su e io o e qua e s a e ui a eme ous o e o e ea o a uma su ec was wi e Gi e e se i e ew ic a s ui i g. . a i ea o mac i e i Ame ica, a a mos simu a eous y wi y is i guis e e wee ese wo ui i gs a my e Me ose um i E g a . e su geo i e a e isi s o em i a e e u is e i " e s ec i es i io i s a ce was M . Wi iam C e a , w o is o Aus a ia ogy a Me ici e" — e scie i ic ou a i w ic . 4 o igi . my so ca e " u ic s a eme e ou ci g e a o a o y" a ea e . e easo a I w o e a e e o u ica "A ece im o a a a ce as ee e e e o me io i e Wi e 64 issue o " e s ec i es" was a o a sa e me o o s i i g e ea u i g o e a io . I was eques e o o so y e e i o , w o a ecom is is e i e y i is , a i g o igi a e om Me ose me e a we so e o ems o mis ea me o a i o o ." o a o y a ima s y goi g " o e ea e s i me ica e i is scie ce ee o is u i se o e a a ic e sea c o a ice." Si ce . a i is suc a ea e a o e ca i e o a w ic Ma i as w i e , u I a go e o im e ea e y o e , I e o e o e goo ci i e s i is cou y o a e o gi e i oug , esu s as o ows: " e i o uce me o a se ies o i o e i is es wi some s o g im e a i es: "G a a i i ua s w o we e es o si e o a i g a equi iece o a e ig ow," e o e s, "w i e you co g ess i g is ew a ima owe , u ge me o se e AWI ma a e im w y you i k e oug o s a ow ma ua s, C r f Exp r nt l An l a C a y eo A i a i s as im. May e you a e f rt bl Q rt r f r b r t r An l , a assu e me e e e w i i g ki , u ook a i is way: a e e e qua e s, es ecia y o a ge a ima s, wou e as cou sa e you i e. O e e ious age e o us: y su e io o e is i g o es. I i e e y i g e o me "W e e a gume s o a cause a ise om a y asis u coo o o, u w e I came ack a cou e o yea s a e a ogic, e e is ou o e a goo ea o e agge a io saw e owe , i was e same o s o y — wi ow ess a e e ou ig yi g." Ma i s ou k ow. ooms wi ig ogs i cages oo sma o em e e o C is i e S e e s (