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Life Cycle Analysis for Buildings TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILING FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) by Ashraf F. Ragheb A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Architecture) in the University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jong-Jin Kim, Chair Professor Linda N. Groat Professor Emeritus Khalil H. Mancy Professor Jean D. Wineman © Ashraf F. Ragheb All rights reserved 2011 DEDICATION To my wife, my life, Amal for her love and support to make this journey possible, without her patience and encouragement, this work could not be possible. To my son, Andrew, for the joy he brings to my life and for his logistical help in the formatting of this work. To my daughter, Maria, for her irresistible hug and smile which brings the happiness to my heart. Thank God Almighty for bringing her back to me after her injury. To my Mom and my sisters for their continuous love, prayers, and support. To the spirit of my son Mark whose tragic departure on his 10th. birthday broke my heart forever. Life has no taste after you departed. Enjoy the happiness in heaven and pray for us in front of the Throne of God. To the spirit of my Dad whom I lost in the final round of this work and he could not make it to see his dream come true by attending my doctoral graduation, God repose his soul in the Paradise of Joy. To the spirit of my aunt, Hyatt, who raised me and had passed away in the middle of this journey with all her last hope in life is to see my graduation, God repose her soul in the Paradise of Joy. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is over! I am very thankful to God Almighty for giving me the patience, perseverance, courage, and will to finish this work albeit all the sorrow that accompanied it. I would like to extend my deep thanks to my committee members, especially my chair Professor Jong-Jin Kim for his tremendous support, patience, and love. I’m deeply grateful of his mentorship and friendship. As a mentor, he helped me during the course of this work to develop strong critical thinking and scientific rigor skills. Years proved that he is not only perfect in supervising experimental methodology which most of my peers have followed, but also outstanding in helping me out with my case study methodology in this research. He strongly urged me to use multiple case studies to add rigor to the research findings; a suggestion which seemed impossible at the beginning for the lack and incompleteness of LCA data available. I still have all the sketches he did with me during this study and will never get rid of them to always remember those beautiful days I spent with him. I also hope to join his publishing club very soon. As a friend, he has given me continuous guidance in my academic career and helped me stay strong in times of hardship after the tragic accident that I’ve survived but unfortunately claimed the life of my son Mark on his tenth birthday in November of 2008. There are no words to express my deep appreciation to you Professor Kim. I’d like also to thank Dr. Mancy for his help that can never be counted. Dr. Mancy taught me how to understand environmental impacts specifically on humans and how their chemistry work. Although Dr. Mancy was the head of the Dept of Environmental and Industrial Health for many years at the school of Public Health, I found him a very humble person to others. He spent a long portion of his precious time to review all my writings, and even teach me how to write with a style, to become very easy to read and understand especially at the beginning of this work. Dr. Mancy’s words in my sorrow iii were comforting to come again and push to finish this work in the grieving days when that dream was impossible. Professor Linda Groat is one of the closest people to my heart; I started to know Linda closely during and after taking her most famous class, Architectural Research Methods. Her famous book which carries the same title helped me tremendously in selecting my cases in this study. Linda made research methods a passion for doctoral students not just a class or subject to teach. With Linda’s strong recommendations and help, I was able to hunt my second job in my teaching career as assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. No words can express my deep appreciation and love to you Linda. I owe a debt of gratitude and thanks to Professor Jean Wineman for her infinite wisdom and support throughout my doctoral studies. Jean’s class in Architectural Theory paved the way for me to build a strong theoretical background in my research and academic life. She is one of the best decision makers I’ve ever met in my life. Her wisdom, quietness, and sharp thinking skills made her an icon to every doctoral student here at Michigan. Jean triggered the start of my teaching career here in the U.S. by nominating me to teach a graduate class here at U of M; a lecturer position which paved the way to Milwaukee and finally Lawrence Tech. Jean, I hope I can pay you back some of these favors one day. You will remain in my and my wife’s memory forever. Professor James Turner is also one of the first faces I’ve seen when I came to Michigan and his class was my first doctoral class. His deep knowledge in architecture and computation has helped me tremendously at the beginning of this journey. Jim’s sense of humor and openness to life is unprecedented. He was and will be always a friend to me not just a mentor. I would like to thank one of my closest friends here, Lisa Hauser, the doctoral program coordinator for her invaluable help in the years I spent here at Michigan. Her love and support were unprecedented. Lisa always gave me courage and advices to fight back sorrow and sadness and come again to people whom I love. Her help with my paperwork was invaluable to me; very punctual and she loves to do her job and to know more people from all over the world. I’ll never forget you Lisa and I’ll always come to iv enjoy talking to you about life, and your little boy Clayton’s funny stories, even after I empty my office here. I’m also very grateful to the Egyptian Government for funding my doctoral study here at Michigan and for its nomination that changed my life. I also thank Rackham School of Graduate Studies here at the University of Michigan for financial support during several periods of this study. Many thanks go to the American Institute of Architects AIA for funding part of this research. Without AIA Upjohn Grant, this study could not be possible not only financially but also as a venue to obtain accurate buildings data to complete it. I also thank Dr. Richard Hayes, AIA Director of Research and Resources for his faith in my qualifications to finish this research successfully. He invited me as Keynote Speaker in the AIA National Convention and ARCC 2010 conference in Washington D.C to talk about the uniqueness of this study in quantifying sustainability in buildings. I’d also like to thank Daniel Jacobs, the principal of A3C architects in Ann Arbor for his interest in sustainability and passion to make our future buildings green and clean. Dan provided me with all drawings and specifications data and was a great partner in the AIA grant. Finally, I would like to thank all my colleagues at College of Architecture and Design, Lawrence Technological University for their continuous love and support; Dean Glen LeRoy, Associate Dean Joseph Veryser, Chair Daniel Faoro, Professor James Abernethy, Professor Janice Means, Dr. Joon Kim, Dr. Anirban Adhya, and Dr. Virginia North who supported me infinitely before her tragic departure in October of 2009. I’d like also to thank Dr. Nabil Grace, Dean of Engineering for his love and support during my hospitalized period and for reviewing the AIA grant proposal. Without all these people, I don’t think this journey could be possible or bearable. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................ xii ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ xiv GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................... xvi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 National Concerns ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Environmental/Economic Impact of Construction Industry ............................. 2 1.3 Design for the Environment .............................................................................. 4 1.4 Problem Statement ............................................................................................ 5 1.5 Research Objectives .......................................................................................... 6 1.6 Research Questions ..........................................................................................
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