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Anti-Dumping and Trade Related Investment Measures A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Funke, Norbert Article — Digitized Version Trends in protectionism: Anti-dumping and trade related investment measures Intereconomics Suggested Citation: Funke, Norbert (1994) : Trends in protectionism: Anti-dumping and trade related investment measures, Intereconomics, ISSN 0020-5346, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, Vol. 29, Iss. 5, pp. 219-225, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02926380 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/140465 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu INTERNATIONAL TRADE Norbert Funke* Trends in Protectionism:Anti-Dumping and Trade Related Investment Measures The importance of non-tariff barriers in restricting free trade has risen during recent years. Due to their selectivity non-tariff barriers may distort trade even more significantly than tariffs. Developing countries and economies in transition are often most negatively affected. any industrialized countries as well as an increasing impossible to quantifiy the effects. Besides the missing M number of developing countries have made sub- transparency of the measure itself, u ncertai nties about the stantial progress towards fostering allocative efficiency spill-over effects render this task almost unmanageable. through sound domestic and foreign trade policies. The inventory approach focuses on the frequency of Privatization and deregulation during the 1980s and the NTBs. Besides an analysis of the development of the gradual reduction of tariffs in eight Gatt rounds starting number of NTBs over time, the share of trade covered by in 1947 have aimed at gradually liberalizing the world those measures is sometimes used as an indicator for the economy. These measures, however, may only contribute trend in protection? To assess the development of NTBs to the development of a more liberalized environment if over time, the OECD has calculated an index of trade- new distortions are not increased at the same time. In this coverage ratios (cf. Table 1). The analysis reveals that respect, concern has been expressed about the fact that NTBs have either persisted or have even increased,s the decreasing importance of tariffs has been accom- During the last decade, levels of NTB-protection remained panied by an increasing variety and number of non-tariff roughly constant in Austria, Switzerland and Japan. In barriers (NTBs). 1 The achievements of multilateral contrast, an increase of protection as measured by the negotiations and agreements may be offset by country- share of trade covered by NTBs is visible in particular in specific or industry-specific trade-restricting measures. Canada and the EC. Focusing on core NTBs, such as The protection of some sectors may even have been surcharges, variable levies and quantitative restrictions, increased despite the reduction in tariffs. If the rising the trade coverage ratios of NTBs increased in the EC, the importance of NTBs is in part aimed at circumventing USA, and Finland. In the major industrialized countries the Gatt obligations, the current process of multilateral import coverage ratio amounted to 18.2 per cent for all negotiations will have to be reviewed critically. Evolution of Non-tariff Barriers ' Recently,the term, "contingentprotection" has becomepopular to describe the new developmentsin trade restricting practices; cf. Jim The extent of protection by NTBs is difficult to measure Rollo, Alasdair Smith: The Political Economy of Eastern because of the lack of transparency. Two alternative European Trade with the European Community: Why So Sensitve?, in: EconomicPolicy, Vol. 8, No. 16 (1993), pp. 139-181. procedures have been developed: the incidence approach 2 Rolf J. Langhammer : Wirtschaftstheoretischeund ordnungs- and the inventory approach.2 The first approach tries to politische Aspekte nicht-tarif&rerHandelshemmnisse am Beispielder assess the effects of NTBs, distinguishing between EGundihresBinnenmarktprogramms,in: Wulfdiether Zippel (ed.): ~)konomischeGrundlagen der europ&ischenIntegration, Munich 1993, sectoral and global and between domestic and foreign pp. 41-59. effects. In the ideal case, an appropriate checklist might 3 Cf. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development serve as a reference framework2 Although this procedure (OECD): Obstaclesto Tradeand Competition,Paris 1993. would theoretically allow for the identification of the main " Cf.e.g. Sam Laird, Alexander Yeats: Trendsin Non-tariff Barriers of DevelopingCountries: 1966-1986, in: Review of World distortions arising from an NTB, it remains nearly Economics, VoL 126, No. 2 (1990), pp. 299-325; Don P. Clark: Incidenceof Non-TariffMeasures on Importsof GSP-CoveredProducts, United Nations Conferenceon Trade and Development(UNCTAD), * Institute of World Economics,Kiel, Germany.This paper is part of a Geneva 1991; Don P. Clark: Recent Changes in Non-Tariff research project on "The Social Market Economy: Challengesand MeasureUse by IndustrialNations, in: The InternationalTrade Journal, Conceptual Response". Financial support by the Bertelsmann Vol. Vl, No. 3 (1992), pp. 311-321. Foundation, Heinz Nixdorf Foundation and the Ludwig Erhard Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank Rolf s Oneexception is NewZealand, where protection with the helpof NTBs Langhammerand PeterNunnenkamp for helpfuldiscussions. decreasedsignificantly. INTERECONOMICS,September/October 1994 219 INTERNATIONAL TRADE Table 1 Trade Coverage RaUosI of Selected Non-tariff Measures (NTMs) = Applied by Selected OECD Countries in the Period 1981-90 (Index numbers: 1981 = 100) 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 All sectors (SITC 0-9), all selected NTMs Austria 100.0 190.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.7 99.7 99.7 99.7 Canada 100.0 113.3 114.4 117.1 119.8 194.2 197.3 150.7 135.6 133.6 EC (12) 100.0 104.7 109.9 111.0 114.5 114.2 116.8 114.9 113.9 113.4 Finland 100.0 101.9 101.8 101.8 101.6 101.6 101.7 101.7 101.7 101.7 Japan 190.0 100.0 100.1 100.1 100.1 97.9 97.9 98.1 98.2 98.0 New Zealand 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.1 72.0 70.8 64.7 47.9 32.4 25.1 Norway 100.0 101.0 109.3 96.0 95.7 95.4 95.4 95.3 95.3 88.1 Switzerland 100.0 100.5 100.5 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 United States 100.0 100.5 99.6 55.5 57.6 61.1 67.1 66.7 80.6 79.9 Total t 00.0 102.1 103.4 83.5 85.5 88.0 91.7 90.0 95.7 95.1 Non-fuel trade, core measures Austria 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 Canada 100.0 114.6 114.6 114.6 107.6 107.6 110.1 80.2 68.1 68.1 EC (12) 100.0 106.2 114.2 111.7 110.0 108.9 108.4 108.6 108.5 109.0 Finland 100.0 100.0 106.0 106.0 106.0 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 Japan 100.0 10O.O 100.1 100.1 100.1 97.2 97.2 96.8 96.7 96.7 New Zealand 100.0 100.O 100.0 100.1 69.2 66.0 39.8 39.8 25.8 19.6 Norway 109.9 101.0 100.3 99.1 98.9 98.6 98.6 98.4 98.4 90.9 Switzerland 100.0 190.1 100.3 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 United States 100.9 96.3 88.5 97.7 100.0 100.1 106.5 110.7 110.4 106.0 Total 100.0 101.6 101.7 104.1 103.8 103.3 104.7 105.3 104.6 103.0 1 Ratios have been computed using 1988 trade weights (except for the United States and the EC, for which 1989 trade weights were used). 2 The group"all selected non-tariff measures" includes certain para-tariff measures, surcharges, variable levies, anti-dumping and countervailing actions, quantitative restrictions (including prohibitions, quotas, non-automatic licensing, state monopolies, "voluntary" export restraints and restraints under MFA and similar textile arrangements), import surveillance, automatic licensing and price control measures. The group of"core" NTMs excludes from the group defined above, pare-tariff measures, anti-dumping and countervailing actions, automatic licensing and important surveillance measures. S o u r c e : UNCTAD Data Base on Trade Control Measures, cf. OECD, op.cit, 1992, p. 38. NTBs in 1990, and to 18.5 per cent for all items, excluding an established industry in the territory of a contracting fuels. 6 These results, however, may only be interpreted as party or materially retards the establishment of a domes- first evidence with respect to the incidence of protection by tic industry".
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