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The Earl of Dartmouth As American Secretary 1773-1775

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The Earl of Dartmouth As American Secretary 1773-1775 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1968 To Save an Empire: The Earl of Dartmouth as American Secretary 1773-1775 Nancy Briska anderson College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation anderson, Nancy Briska, "To Save an Empire: The Earl of Dartmouth as American Secretary 1773-1775" (1968). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624654. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-tm56-qc52 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TO SAVE AH EMPIRE: jTHE EARL OP DARTMOUTH "i'i AS AMERICAN SECRETARY 1773 - 1775 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Nancy Brieha Anderson June* 1968 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Nancy Briska Anderson Author Approved, July, 1968: Ira Gruber, Ph.D. n E. Selby', Ph.D. of, B Harold L. Fowler, Ph.D. TO SAVE AN EMFIREs THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH AS AMERICAN SECRETARY X773 - 1775 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I first wish to express my appreciation to the Society of the Cincinnati for the fellowship which helped to make my year at the. College of William and Mary possible, and to the several teachers I studied under there for a deeper and more delightful experience with the discipline of history than X had ever envisioned. To Dr. Ira Gruber I am indebted not only for the topic of this thesis but for source material, guidance, encourage­ ment and patience, as well as a reading and criticism of the long-awaited manuscript. Dr. John E. Selby and Dr. Harold Fowler were also kind enough to read the manuscript. Without the kindness of Mr* Daniel Metz and the Mercer University Library, and the helpfulness of Mrs. Dorothy Henderson and the inter-library loan program of the Middle Georgia Regional Library, my research would have been Incom­ plete and adequate conclusions for my investigations im­ possible. In the last paragraph of their acknowledgments historians are wont to make some endearing tribute to their wife, who has listened intelligently, read critically,and encouraged selflessly. To that already impressive list this would-be historian needs to thank her husband for manfully coping with an empty stomach, dirty dishes, iii unpressed pants, lonely evenings and hours of baby-sitting, while his spouse was engaged in a prosopographical pursuit of the amiable Earl. iv TABLE OS’ CONTESTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................... ill ABSTRACT ........... vl CHAPTER X, THE AMIABLE EARL .......... ......... 2 II. IMPEDIMENTS! THE POLITICAL BACKDROP. ..... 30 III. IMPEDIMENTSs THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND CORRESPONDENCE ...... ................ 50 IV, THE POLICY OF COERCION ............ .. 76 V, COERCION AND CONCILIATION.............. 109 VI. A RELEASE FROM FATIGUE ........................... 1^3 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES .......... 161». BIBLIOGRAPHY .................. X67 y ABSTRACT The Earl of Dartmouth was a gentle, good, amiable man* Like all Englishmen of his day he was a Whig in that he was a firm believer in Parliamentary supremacy! unlike some, he saw no danger in this supremacy for the liberties of America. He entered government because his stepbrother needed support, and while he had some sound ideas on colonial policy, he could not overcome the obstacles he faced in putting them into effect. His ideas were out of tune with those of the king and a majority of the cabinet, and he lacked the political talent to make them prevail. His office was not set up to give him full control over American affairs or even to give him full and accurate in­ format ion. The Boston Tea Party horrified him as it did those in opposition who had made their politics a war on Lord north’s American policy. Before the tea party he had hoped to end dissension between mother country and colonies by letting contention subside and by separating the power of taxation from the exercise of it? if the colonists would forbear denying the former, Parliament would refrain from maintain­ ing it by the latter. After the tea party he believed that the colonists must be made to obey the laws of Parliament or suffered to become independent. He didn’t mean to con­ quer the Americans, but to create ”inconveniences” for them-- "Inconveniences" not unlike those the colonies had caused the mother country in 1765--which would bring them to a sense of their duties and privileges as members of the Empire. At the same time he hoped to quiet the unrest by capturing the incendiaries. He did not agree to the lengths his colleagues went, but he was with them in spirit if not in degree! while he would have prevented the Administration of Justice Act, The Quartering Act and parts of the Massa­ chusetts Government Act, had it been in his power, it was not and he was not so discomfited by them that he failed to steer them through the House of Lords. If America would once show submission to its laws, then Parliament could repeal the Tea Duty and thus demonstrate that It could be sovereign in name and not In deed. When it become apparent that these measures had only succeeded in further exciting the colonists* "jealousy of their liberties”, Dartmouth hoped to restore the empire’s harmony by reminding its subjects that Britain’s resolution vi to uphold its authority was tempered by benevolence, of which the Conciliatory Proposition was to be evidence. Behind the scenes he was seeking In every way he knew to explore the areas of agreement between the two parties. But he saw no inconsistency in continued firmness, which, for practical reasons, he had to acquiesce in anyway. When his three policies, non-aggravation, firmness and benevolence, had obviously failed to achieve unity, his belief in Parliamentary authority and love of empire com- n biaed to convince him that force, with the ugly consequence of civil war, was necessary. To make room for its execu­ tion, he resigned his Seals, but unable to desert north, he remained in government as Lord Privy Seal. vli CHAPTER I THE AMIABIiE BGRD DARTMOUTH 11 HA IXI HAPPY DAYr' It is customary, la a personality-oriented essay, to begin with an introduction to the personality* In the case of William Xegge, the second Earl of Dartmouth, and an essay examining the crucial years leading up to Britain’s loss of her first Empire, this introduction is tantamount to putting the denouement in the first chapter. For it will be evident, once the reader becomes acquainted with the Earl, and certainly once he places him in his eighteenth- century milieu, that Dartmouth was simply not constituted to serve as saviour of the Empire, if indeed, any one statesman could have saved it* But this was not apparent when Dartmouth became Secre­ tary of State for the Colonies in 1772, either to him, his English admirers, or the American subjects so unhappy with their imperial connection* Dartmouth had warm feelings for his "fellow subjects . who, notwithstanding their late excesses, * . possessed * . , sound and sober principles n of both religion and government." He entertained high 2 hopes for a peaceful settlement of the difficulties and so 2 3 did the many friends who wrote to compliment him on his 3 appointment. The King welcomed him to the Cabinet with unusual ardor. It augured well to have "so great and good a man as lord Dartmouth’1^ take what had come to be a crucial place in the administration. the news had its most enthusiastic reception in America. There Dartmouth's accession was greeted with uni* versal ley and thanksgiving. From Boston, former slave Phillis Wheatly summed up the prevailing mood in a congratu­ latory poem that began; Hail! Happy Bay! when smiling like the morn Fair Freedom rose, Hew England to Adorn.6 Isaac Skillman, a Boston preacher, dedicated An Oration Upon the Beauties of liberty, or the Essential Bights of *7 A Americans f to Dartmouth* Benjamin Franklin, in London as agent for several colonies, put aside a pamphlet he had written on the dispute between Britain and America due to ”an expectation . from the good character of the noble lord (Dartmouth), that the grievances of the colonies would be . redressed," and wrote home of the "favourable appearances arising from the change of our American minis - ter.Another letter of Franklin's, this one anonymous, appeared in the Fublick Advertiser; But tho the Americans have been long oppressed, let them not despair. The administration of the colonies is no longer in the hands of a Shelburne, a Glare, or a Hillsborough; Thank Heaven that department is HOW entrusted to an EHGLISHMAB! Be it his glory to reverse those baneful and pernicious measures which have too long harrowed the colonies, and have given such a blow to the Credit, the Commerce and the NAVAL BOWER of the mother country.10 let far from effecting reconciliation, in less than three years Dartmouth found himself charged with waging war on his "fellow subjects". In contrast to the sunburst of expectation in which he entered office, his exit took place amidst storm clouds of failure. The purpose here is to resolve this paradox. In searching for clues to such resolution we will study Dart* ) mouth himself, his office, the political situation of his day, and the years he served as American Secretary.
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