24528 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 effective means of combatting and controlling H. Res. 1202. May 24, 1978. International space; and (4) the number of telephone world terrorism. Relations; Judiciary. Expresses the sense of lines. H. Res. 1196. May 22, 1978. Interstate and the House that the President should urge the H. Res. 1210. May 31, 1978. Rules. Amends Foreign Commerce. Declares that it is the U.S. High Commissioner on Refugees to as­ the Rules of the House of Representatives sense of the House that the Food and Drug sign the highest priority to alleviating the respecting travel by Members and employees Administration should not promulgate any terrible plight ot the Southeast Asian refu­ of committees ot the House. rules or restrictions on the use and distribu­ gees by evolving a long-term international H. Res. 1211. May 31, 1978. Interstate and tion of penicillin and tetracycline products resettlement project to guarantee refuge and Foreign Commerce. Expresses the sense of the in animal feeds at low levels until a well­ assistance to those who flee the oppressive House of Representatives that the Congress designed epidemiological study and a thor­ regimes of Indochina. Declares that the Pres­ should promptly pass proposed legislation ough benefit-risk determination are made ident should take all necessary steps to open that would comprehensively revise the tele­ concerning the satety of such products. our doors to the greatest extent possible to communications policy of the United States H. Res. 1197. May 23, 1978. International the refugees of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. in order to promote the application of new Relations. Expresses the concern of the H. Res. 1203. May 24, 1978. Government telephone technology and the expansion or House of Representatives regarding the Operations; Ways and Means. Declares that nationwide telephone service at uniform slaughter of dolphins by Japanese fishermen it is the sense of the House of Representa­ and low rates. in the Sea of Japan on February 23 and 24, tives that the Federal Budget must be H. Res. 1212. June 1, 1978. Sets forth the 1978. brought into balance and outlines steps rule for the consideration of H.R. 11493. Encourages the Government of Japan to which must be taken to achieve such a H. Res. 1213. June 1, 1978. Sets forth the join in certain discussions and information budget by 1980. rule for the consideration of H.R. 12250. exchanges in an effort to eliminate such H. Res. 1204. May 25, 1978. Sets forth the H. Res. 1214. June 1, 1978. Sets forth the slaughter. rule for the consideration of H.R. 12598. rule for the consideration of H.R. 12433. H. Res. 1198. May 23, 1978. Post omce and H. Res. 1205. May 25, 1978. Sets forth the H. Res. 1215. June 1, 1978. Sets forth the Civil Service. Expresses the appreciation of rule for the consideration of H.R. 12240. rule for the consideration of H.R. 12505. the House of Representatives to Bob Hope on H. Res. 1206. May 25, 1978. sets forth the H. Res. 1216. June 5, 1978. Expresses the the occasion of his 75th birthday, May 25, rule for the consideration of H.R. 12426. sorrow of the House of Representatives upon 1978. H. Res. 1207. May 25, 1978. House Admin­ the death of a former Senator from Arkansas. H. Res. 1199. May 23, 1978. Interstate and istration. Provides that where two or more Directs the appointment of a House com­ Foreign Commerce. Declares it the sense of Members of the House of Representatives mittee to attend the funeral of the late the House of Representatives that steps pay the basic pay of an individual from the senator. should be taken to insure that more emcient clerk-hire allowance of each such Member, H. Res. 1217. June 5, 1978. International use is made of the existing stock of railroad such individual shall be considered to be on Relations. Declares the sense of the House freight cars and power equipment and to en­ the payroll of only one such Member for of Representatives that the !allure of the courage the acquisition of new cars and purposes of determining the number of in­ Soviet Union to comply with international equipment in order to meet the needs of dividuals employed by such Members under agreements to which that country is a sig­ American agriculture. the clerk-hire allowance. natory, and the increased involvement by H. Res. 1200. May 23, 1978. Government H. Res. 1208. May 31, 1978. Sets forth the the Soviet Union in m111tary activities, raise Operations. Expresses the disapproval of the rule for the consideration of H.R. 15. doubts with respect to the sincerity of the Senate of the Reorganization Plan Numbered H. Res. 1209. May 31, 1978. House Admin­ Soviet Union concerning a second strategic 2 transmitted to the Congress by the Presi­ istration. Limits any increase by any commit­ arms limitation agreement, and that the dent on May 23, 1978. tee of the House of Representatives during President, at this time, should not enter H. Res. 1201. May 24, 1978. Government the 96th Congress in the following categories: into a new strategic arms limitation agree­ Operations. Expresses the disapproval of the ( 1) the amount of available funds for in­ ment with the Soviet Union until the Soviet senate of the Reorganization Plan Numbered vestigations and inquiries; (2) the funds Union honors its commitments. 2 transmitted to the congress by the Presi­ available for the hiring of, and the number H. Res. 1218. June 6, 1978. Sets forth the dent on May 23, 1978. of staff personnel; ( 3) the amount of omce rule for the consideration of H.R. 12930.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS RISE OF FEDERAL EXPRESS freight company whose orange, white, and phis, and he laughed about that college in­ purple delivery vans are becoming almost as cident. Said Smith: "The professor didn't conspicuous in some metropolitan areas as understand how the god-damn world the local taxi. The stock, which came out worked ... tJhat America was spreading out HON. BILL ALEXANDER early in April at 24, skyrocketed to a recent technologically ... that the emcacy of our OF ARKANSAS record high of 47Y:z in the volatile over-the­ society is to be smarter, not to work harder. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES counter market. What, you ask, is behind it This meant the creation of a host of new all? productivity-improving equipment with in­ Friday, August 4, 1978 For some insights, I recently went to hot, numerable complex parts ... And the need • Mr. ALEXANDER. Mr. Speaker, re­ sticky Memphis (population: 775,000) to see for early delivery of such items was becom­ cently the Washington Post financial the company's dynamic founder: 33-year-old ing as urgent between Appleton, Wisconsin, pages carried an article about Federal Frederick W. Smith. A graying rich kid who and Lubbock, Texas, as it was between New Express Co., a company born in my part made it on his own. Smith is a noteworthy York and Chicago . . ." example of the imaginative and aggressive A vietnam veteran with more than 200 of the country. It termed the company's entrepreneur who is still alive and throbbing combat missions and the the son of a wealthy president, Frederick W. Smith, as "a in the South. businessman who founded Dixie Greyhound noteworthy example of the imaginative About 12 years ago-when he was 21- Bus Lines, Smith didn't have an easy time and aggressive entrepreneur who is still Smith turned in his college thesis at Yale. getting Federal Express off the ground. alive and throbbing in the South.'' Its premise: There's no way airlines can com­ There were times, in fact, Smith may have Those of us who know Fred and have pete effectively with either truckers or rail­ thought his professor was right. Federal Ex­ roads in the transportation of bulk freight. press, incorporated in the summer of 1971 watched him overcome the trials and However, after exhaustive research, Smith (Smith was 26 at the time), didn't begin tribulations of running a successful busi­ saw glowing potential-a booming business, lts air freight service until April of 1973. In ness are proud of his accomplishments. in fact-in an airline service that could de- t~e previous year-while the mechanics of I would like to share that Post article . liver overnight small (under 70 pounds), the business were being thrashed out-the with my colleagues at tbis point: high-priority packages. These products company ran chartered flights. [From the Washington Post, Aug. 3, 1978] would run the gamut from integral parts of It was agony the first few years. The first computers and diagnostic equipment to hu­ BEHIND THE FAST RISE BY FEDERAL EXPRESS profitable month wasn't until July of 1975, man organs and legal briefs. His skeptical and there were major financing problems. In (By Dan Dorfman) professor didn't think such a business had fact, things got so bad in early 1973 that the Quick now, what's the hottest stock issue of a ghost of a chance, considering the airline 150 employees on the job that year were 1978? No, it's not Resorts International (the industry's intense competition and heavy asked not to cash their checks right away. first entry into Atlantic City gambling). Re­ regulation. Nevertheless, he gave Smith a Around the same time, Smith was in Chi­ sorts has been public a long time. Give up? passing grade, but a mediocre one-a C. cago trying to raise capital. He didn't get it. It's Federal Express Corporation, the Mem­ I had drinks with Smith at his new $275,- But later that year, the company managed phis-based explosively growing national air 000 twelve-room home in the heart of Mem- to raise $24.5 million in venture capital, and

Statements or insertions which a.re not spoken by the Member on the floor will be identified by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., • August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24529 these funds, plus another $31.5 million in should produce another rise in earnings to PANAMA AND SELFISH LAPSES bank loans, enabled the company to keep about $4.35 to $4.50 a. share on revenues of its head above water. between $200 mlllion and $220 million. "We .As it turned out, Federal Express devel­ could earn more, but the expense side of the oped into one of the biggest venture-capital ledger wlll run pretty rich this year," he tells HON. JOHN L. BURTON deals ever, with investors anteing up $91 me. This is a. reference to the heavy outlays OF CALIFORNIA million in the first three years for Smith's the company will be pouring into new data., IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tele-communications, and operational sys­ bold scheme. Surely there were days when Friday, August 4, 1978 some of them must have thought it a. hare­ tems. Smith believes a. reasonable projection brained scheme as Federal Express racked for fiscal 1980 is an earnings performance of e Mr. JOHN L. BURTON. Mr. Speaker, I up wicked losses of $29 mlllion in its first 26 about $5 a. share on revenues of $260 million months. to $270 million. am inserting for the benefit of my col­ But that was yesterday, and the company's Though Smith was born in Marks, Miss., leagues, the following editorial: growth since then has been meteoric. In he has spent most of his life in Memphis. PANAMA ANn SELFISH LAPSES April of 1973, the company, aside from its "Memphis is a. horrible place," Smith told Congress, the press and the American peo­ 150 employees, had 10 aircraft, served 22 me. "There are serious structural problems ple have developed a. bad habit of walking cities, and delivered 15 packages the first when 30 percent of the people earn 70 per­ away from foreign situations in which the night. Today, there are 2,800 full-time em­ cent of the income and 70 percent (primarily nl.tion has been deeply involved with no ployees ( 4,200 all told). The fieet has since the blacks) get only 30 percent of the income. backward looks. swelled to 69 aircraft (both owned and You have a. massive underemployed black This is a. new style of behavior, a. selfish leased). The company delivers 35,000 pack­ population, and it's not because the jobs lapse from the grace with which this coun­ ages a. day (at around $22 each) and services aren't there or the blacks don't want to work. try faced the post-war plight in Europe and 130 mjor markets and 15,000 communities. The real problem is that powerful interests Asia. It is a. reaction to an undigested ad­ Accompanying this expansion, at least in this city want the status quo ma.in­ venture, a. kind of flinch that we acquired recently, has been rapid growth in both ta.ined."e in the bitterness of Vietnam. sales and earnings. For example, in its most Walking away with a. shrug will be par­ recent fiscal year, ending last May 31, Fed­ ticularly wrong, morally and practically, in eral Express's pretax earnings shot up to the case of Panama.. If we did not, back in $20.6 mlllion from $8.2 million a. year earlier. GEORGE MAHON OF TEXAS the high-flying days of 1968, participate in On a. per-share basis, reflecting the com­ creating the dictator, Oma.r Torrijos, we cer­ pany's recent recapitalization and stock of­ tainly acquiesced in his seizure of power and fering for the past year, earnings jumped to HON. ELFORD A. CEDERBERG assisted him, with aid and other endorse­ $3.53 a. share fram $1.01. And revenues ran OF MICHIGAN ments, in staying in the saddle. up to $160 million from $109.2 mlllion. Importantly, too, there has been a. dra­ IN THF. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Historians will surmise, as most thought­ ful Panamanians believe already, that we matic improvement in the balance sheet. As Friday, August 4, 1978 of a. year ago, equity capital hSd shrunk to backed this morally decrepit leader because $7.8 million in the fact of an awesome e Mr. CEDERBERG. Mr. Sneaker, this we could make a. deal with him. He began $52.5-milllon debt. Today, the company Sunday, August 6, marks the 33d anni­ to look like our ape in their parlor as we sports a. $54 milllon net worth, and its total versary of the first use of atomic energy counseled him on curbing his excesses and long-term debt has shrunk to roughly $33 in war. On that day, reasonable men performing the conciliations necessary to million. speed the treaty through the Senate. everywhere realized the cost in human Now our attention is turned away and he It all adds up to a. sharply rising stock life and to our civilization that future price, and probably nobody is more delighted is reverting to type. The slaughter by pro­ at that rise than Smith himself. He owns war would exact. regime guerrillas of a. still-undetermined about 465,000 shares and warrants (plus ad­ When the Defense Subcommittee came number of college protesters on the eve of ditional shares in a. family-owned company) into being in 1949, the first chairman was President Carter's visit has proved to be the that are worth about $24 mlllion. When I GEORGE MAHON of Texas. He set out, it prelude to a. transition that has left Panama­ mentioned this, he bristled: "Money seems, to do all in his power to make nians suspended between their hopes for an doesn't mean a. damn thing to me," he says. certain nuclear war would not again be infusion of democracy and their fears of "I don't need a. lot of money, and I don't inflicted on mankind. To this end he brutal treatment. spend a. lot of money." dedicated his energies to making America The turn has also been signalled by the I'm not about to question Smith's disdain Panamanian bishops, led by the respected for money. But it's worth noting that he so strong none would dare attack. Archbishop Marcos McGrath. They muted was indicted in February 1975--though later His success is proven by history. We their apprehensions during the negotiations, acquitted in a. jury trial-for allegedly ob­ have been challenged and attempts have but in a. new pastoral letter they warn there taining funds from a. bank by using false been made to bully us, but none has are serious defects in the political structure, documents. chanced to challenge nuclear war. inefficient administration and lack of con­ There's no doubt that Federal Express' fu­ The elevation Of GEORGE MAHON to the trol over public funds. plus increasing domi­ ture was considerably enhanced last Novem­ chairmanship of the Appropriations nation by "certain Marxist elements." The ber when legislation was passed that allowed Committee diminished in no way his deep rapport between Torrijos and Fidel Cas­ the company to increase the previous limit dedication to sufficient military strength. tro is a. matter of continuing concern in of 7,500 pounds of cargo per plane. That Panama.. <:hopped delivery costs a. hefty 30 percent. His efforts and his leadership can be Torrijos concedes that after 10 years of But that same legislation is also likely to traced directly to the U.S. position of strong-arm rule, he has an obligation to heighten competition - perhaps dramatic­ strength in the world today. give his country something better. But he ally-in an air freight market (namely Now, for the final time in his distin­ doesn't know exactly what, as he certainly small packages) that is already 23 per cent guished career, GEORGE MAHON brings to intends to stay on as the centerpiece. He controlled by Federal Express. So where does this Congress a bill to keep us strong. It may let himself be chosen president by the the company go from here? is the product of his life's work. It is, in 505 representatives to an assembly tailored The ever confident Smith told me that the no small way, a reflection of the gentle­ by the regime to exploit its rural strength. market's strong growth potentla.l (he esti­ man from Texas. "I am not a. very ambitious leader," Torri­ mates that 90 per cent of all freight is actu­ In my years of association with him jos says, but his taste for the plunder of ally small, express-type pa.cka.ges)---coupled power is not requited. He says, "We must with the company's momentum, heavy and especially in my role as ranking organize politically" and talks of restoring promotional bombardment, drive, and minority member of the Appropriations party politics; but insists there will be no savvy-should permit Federal Express to rommittee, I have seen him at work, direct election of a. president until 1984. He continue to turn in above-average growth always fair, always willing to listen, .and has assigned the task of pla.nnin~ the new and achieve a. rising market share. He sees always a friend. political nha.se to a. commission headed by the prospects of broader market coverage During the budget overview hearings Romulo Betancourt, the man at his elbow, domestically and expansion into European this year, I remarked that a fitting last the treaty negotiator and the Marxist who markets. And there may be a. brand-new hurrah for GEORGE MAHON would have once brought Che Guevara. to Panama.. lucrative business-Federal Express, Smith A chllling insight into Betancourt's po­ tells me, is planning to petition the Civil ~een for us to balance the budget for him, .iust this once. That has not proven pos­ litical philosophy surfaced on July 21 wren Aeronautics Board to permit the company's he told a. crowd, "Let them e••en trv to raise craft to get into the short-haul passenger sible, but someday, perhaps it will. their little finger against this revolution market during the day. At present, Federal I regret seeing GEORGE leave this Con­ and thev will see a. chanee from our oosition Express delivers its packages to 88 airports gress to return· to his beloved Texas. but of tolerance. They will see how the armed in the wee hours of the morning. I thank him for the honor I have of serv­ branch of this revolution would des.l a blow Looking ahead, Smith figures fiscal 1979 ing with him.e to those traitors and reactionaries." 24530 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 The State Department is now planning to individual income tax rate reduction higher income tax brackets, the blll ap­ add to the regime's muscle by supplying $2.5 proved by the Ways and Means Committee portions of the Kemp-Roth bill could be won't mean much to the average American mlllion in m111tary assistance to the national offered on the House :floor as an amend­ guard. This is a partial fulfillment of the in the way of overall tax reductions next ment to the committee's bill. year. U.S. negotiators• pledge to seek congressional Tile committee voted through its rec­ support for $50 mllllon in m111tary assistance The Buffalo Courier-Express addressed over the next 10 years. ommendation to the Rules Committee that such an amendment be allowed. not only its support for Kemp-Roth, but All in all the president contemplates a also this attempt to keep it from coming $20 mllllon aid package to Panama, the only Pursuant to that vote, the chairman, Mr. nation with a per capita product of more ULLMAN, sent a letter dated July 28 to to a :floor vote, as an amendment to H.R. than $1,300 that gets economic assistance. the chairman of the Committee on Rules, 13511, in an editorial yesterday morning, This was grease that fac111tated the treaty Mr. DELANEY, received by his committee August 3: deal. Now Congress is being asked to bolster omce on July 31, and I quote from it: LET KEMP-~OTH BILL Go TO VoTE a dictator bent on reassuring himself. I am authorized and directed by the Com­ House Speaker Thomas P. "Tip" O'Nelll, All the past support of Torrljos was barely mittee to request a modified open rule which D-Mass., is some friend of the people. At a justified in moral terms, by the need for a would provide for: time when the public is pressing for tax treaty. Further support for a regime that ( 1) The following 5 amendments, which rellef and when the House is about to debate flirts with totalitarians and drug-traffickers would not be subject to amendment, if a $16-bllllon tax-cut measure approved by while it represses Panamanians will be un­ printed in the Congressional Record and if the Democratic-controlled Ways and Means forgivable .• offered on the floor: Committee, it is outrageous that the speaker (a) an amendment by Mr. Kemp to the should be trying to keep the House from individual tax rate reductions contained in considering the Kemp-Roth tax-cut plan, Title I of the blll. proposed by Rep. Jack F. Kemp, R-Hamburg, and Sen. Wllllam V. Roth, Jr., R-Del. EDITORIAL SUPPORT FOR CONSID­ But the Speaker has since publicly in­ ERATION OF THE KEMP-ROTH O'Nelll wants the House Rules Committee dicated that he will fight any attempt to to bar consideration of the Kemp-Roth pro­ TAX RATE REDUCTION ACT AND let that portion of the measure come to posal, which would cut income taxes by 30 EDITORIAL SUPPORT FOR ITS the :floor as an amendment. He is obvi­ per cent over three years. Kemp, who claims ENACTMENT ously trying to ;force it to be offered as that his blll may be within eight votes of the motion to recommit or a portion of House approval, has said that he is ready with two optional routes to overcome the HON. JACK F. KEMP such a motion, in hopes that fewer Mem­ O'Nelll obstacles. bers would vote for it as a motion to re­ OF NEW YORK The Rules Committee wm decide next week commit. This is a very clear indication of whether or not the Kemp-Roth measure can IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES how close we must be to a majority or even be mentioned as an amendment when Friday, August 4, 1978 that the majority party's head counts the debate opens on the Ways and Means indicate that we have already gone over tax-cut legislation. • Mr. KEMP. Mr. Speaker, our colleague the top. O'Nelll is in a poor position to be resorting from Indiana (Mr. BRADEMAS) read into Tile Washington Star made this the to blocking tactics. The Ways and Means Committee has been floundering around, yesterday's REcoRD an editorial attack­ subject of its lead editorial in this after­ fashioning piecemeal changes to the tax code ing the Kemp-Roth bill from Business noon's editions. Let me quote from that but never dealing properly with the over-all Week magazine. The Kemp-Roth bill, editorial: problem or the impact of inflation in putting formally known as the Tax Rate Reduc­ STRONG-ARMING KEMP-ROTH taxpayers into higher brackets. The com­ tion Act, is the legislation to reduce in­ During the House Ways and Means Com­ mittee seems to have succeeded in working ·dividual income tax rates for all people mittee's recent free-form debate on ~taxes, the at cross-purposes, proposing, on the one by about 33 percent over the next 3 Kemp-Roth blll was among many ideas dis­ hand, some relief for the taxpayer by increas­ years, and Business Week is a voice for cussed, most of which were rejected, includ­ ing the personal exemption allowance, but, a segment of America's business, corpor­ ing the major part of a proposal submitted by on the other, resorting to various means to ate community. President Carter. What Ways and Means limit or erase current deductions. What kind came up with was a $16 bllllon tax reduction of tax relief the taxpayer would wind up Two points: b111 that includes a controversial reduction with is purely conjectural. First, the questions, all of the ques­ in the capt tal gains tax. The Kemp-Roth blll has a good deal of tions, raised in the Business Week edi­ But Chairman Ullman proinlsed that all support in the House, as an earlier vote in­ torial have been answered accurately members of the-House would get a chance to dicated, and it has a good deal of support and thoroughly. Any Member, anyone, express their views on the Kemp-Rotll pro­ among ordinary Americans. It is deserving with an interest in those answers should posal by allowing the Republicans to bring it of a vote on its merits, and every e«ort up as a substitute to the committee's blll. should be exerted to that end. O'Neill should turn their attention to the RECORD of Mr. Ullman said that since Kemp-Roth "is a not be allowed to prevail in suppressing this July 14, at 21032-21038; July 26, 22940.... political issue in every congressional dis­ important matter. 22943; August 1, · 23748-23750; and trict," it ought to be brought to a vote on KEMP-ROTH IS THE BEST ALTERNATIVE August 3, 24275-24278, particularly page the floor. The chairman said he was confi­ 24277. You will find a complete refuta­ dent it would be rejected. In an editorial of July 26, entitled tion of the premises and conclusions of But Speaker O'Nelll had a different idea. "Kemp-Roth Foes Sing 011 Key," the the Business Week editorial there. He has cast aside Mr. Ullman's commitment Courier-Express observed: and finagled the Rules Committee into adopt­ Second, the editorials from the news­ Rep. Robert W. Giaimo, D-Conn., who ing a procedure that wlll prevent Kemp­ heads the House Budget Committee, claimed papers which speak for the people Roth from coining to a direct vote on the that Kemp-Roth would "generate record around the country have a different at­ floor. deficits, roaring inflation and even higher titude, opinion about the Kemp-Roth Mr. O'Nelll's strong-arm tactic seems exces­ interest rates." bill. In increasing numbers they are sive. Is he admitting that he isn't sure he What these critics have somehow man­ coming out in support of enactment of can control his own Democratic troops or is aged to ignore is that these things are hap­ the Kemp-Roth bill. the speaker. just trying to throw his weight pening already as a result of the adminis­ Since they speak in such contrast to around, as he often is wont to do? tration's lack of leadership. Inftation 1s al­ the Business Week editorial, I think it is It's unlikely that the Democratic Congress ready ~·roaring" at an annual rate of 10 per would approve such a radical departure as cent. The value of the dollar has fallen important to bring them to the attention the Kemp-Roth bill. But in denying House of my colleagues. Tiley are good indica­ sharply in the world money market, with members a vote on it, Mr. O'Nelll probably corresponding increases in the cost of im­ tions of what the people are thinking. has given Republicans an even bigger open­ ports, which have in turn encouraged in­ A FLOOR VOTE ON INDIVIDUAL RATE REDUCTIONS ing to use it as a campaign issue. creases in the cost of domestic goods. "Dis­ AS AN AMENDMENT TO H.R. 13511, SHOULD National Republlcan Committee Chairman aster" is ·here and now, and the best the BE ASSURED IN THE RULE Blll Brock promptly denounced Mr. O'Neill's administration has to offer 1s rosy predic­ As the principal cosponsor of the action as a "cowardly and dictatorial act," a tions that things are bound to get better. Kemp-Roth bill in the House and as a violation of Mr. Ullman's pledge and an "out­ Criticism by an economist, while not al­ spokesman for the 180-plus additional rage against overburdened American taxpay­ ways valid, is one thing, but criticism by a ers." cosponsors in Congress, I was assured of politician, when the motive is obviusly pollt­ Polltical broadsides like that could be ef­ polltlcian, when te ·motive is obviously poUt­ the agreement between the chairman fective, especially when taxpayers find out of the lllllmerous alternatives that have been and the ranking minority member of the that with increases in the Social Security tax put forth. It merits support and another vote Committee on Ways and Means that the coming up and inflation shoving them into in Congress. August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24531

THE IMPORTANCE OF KEMP-ROTH TO RESTORING Democrats and Republicans. It was sup­ "I am not an economist," the four-term ECONOMIC VITALITY congressman says, "but I understand human ported in a floor vote in March by Demo­ behavior and I'm an expert on incentives." Earlier in the month, the Bu11alo crats and Republicans. And the individ­ Ah yes-Incentives. There lies the crux of Evening News discussed both the ad­ ual income tax rate reductions are, quite the matter. Jack Kemp believes the exist­ ministration's opposition to the Kemp­ obviously, for the benefit of everyone. Ex­ ing tax structure insidiously penalizes tra­ Roth plan and the importance of that cerpts from this editorial follow: ditional virtues of thrift, hard work and in­ plan to restoring the country's economic Bipartisan support for the economic doc­ vestment while rewarding consumption, vitality, in an editorial entitled "Over­ trine that governmental revenues increase debt and leisure. when taxes go down should not come as a Why work harder to gain more nominal kill Attack on Kemp Bill": great shock. In the past this theory has income when you merely wind up in a The thunderous volleys fired by top eco­ worked successfully for both the Republican higher tax bracket and the government gob­ nomic aides of President Carter demonstrate and Democratic parties. bles up a larger share of your hard-earned th~.t Rep. Jack Kemp's proposal to cut per­ Most frequently cited are the tax cuts that salary? Why put money into a savings ac­ sonal income taxes by 30 percent or so over had been proposed by President John F. Ken­ count at 5.5 percent interest when inftation three years has at least won the adminis­ nedy in 1962. The reduction produced $143 of 7 percent leaves you with a net loss of tration's respectful attention. billion more in federal revenues during a purchasing power? we are not surprised that an administra­ six-year period than the Treasury had fore­ Why buy stocks and bonds when you can tion whose budget swims so deeply in the cast. invest in real estate on borrowed money, red, and which needs about every tax dollar Rep. Jack Kemp, R-N.Y., goes back more deducting the mortgage interest? "People harvested by the inequities of inflation. than a half-century for another example. In don't work for pre-tax income, they work should object to having billions of those 1920 the Republican Party captured both the for take-home pay. Investors don't look revenues left with ·the taxpayers. White House and Congress with. its promise for pre-tax profit, they worry about the net," Some leading economists, moreover, al­ to return this country to normalcy by re­ Kemp says. ready fear a 1978 recession and the Carter ducing taxes that climbed as high as 63 per­ Unless tax rates are slashed significantly, administration itself predicts a slowdown cent during World War I. Inflation wlll continue to push wage-earners of growth. So Washington next year could be Living up to the pledge to voters, theRe­ into even-higher tax brackets, he argues. furiously devising· programs to spur a slug­ publican-controlled congress slashed away "Even if nominal income keeps pace with gish economy-and a hefty tax cut is one at taxes each year from 1921 to 1925. In this 1nftation, the government gets more than way to achieve that goal fast and etticiently. period the highest tax rate was cut from 63 its share of the extra dollars." A tax cut put on the books this fall to be­ percent to 25 percent and the lowest rate Economists may argue forever about its come effective early next year would be from 4 percent to 1.5 percent. fiscal feasibility, but it is the only tax plan faster still. "This led to an enormous economic boom on the table that addresses the incentive Critics of the Kemp-Roth idea do have a in the United States, no inflation and a re­ issue. point, though, in questioning how rapidly duction of the national debt," Kemp points that tax cut would, by stimulating the out. I w111 report on additional editorial economy, rebuild federal revenues to the There is nothing mysterious about the support for enactment of the Kemp-Roth pre-cut level. Our hunch is that the ad­ process. The tax reductions stimulate the tax rate reduction b111 on Monday .e ministration's estimate of a loss of $110,- economy. In turn the rejuvenated economy 000 billion by 1981 is intentionally alarm­ pours additional tax revenues into govern­ ist and grossly pessimistic. But the Kemp­ ment coffers. Today business and industry Rot:t projections, on the other hand, could urgently need more capital for expansion, BALANCE(S) OF POWER BOOK m B be overly optimistic. On this point, every­ modernization and increased productivity. body's estimate is a guess. Unfortunately, government at present is

TABLE 4.-ARMIES ' . Divisions Divisions lnf. Mech. Armd. Brigades Medium tanks Per­ lnf. Mech. Armd. Brigades Medium tanks Per­ sonnel sonnel

Greece______11 ------15 860 M47, M48 AMX30 ______160,000 Algeria ______5 400 T34, T54/55______55,000 Turkey______12 15 1,500 M47, M481 ______453,000 Morocco ______- __ - ____ _ 2 150 M48, T54 ______55,000 Syria______3 2 8 3,000 T34, T54/55. T62 ______150,000 Spain______3 1 1 21 370 M47/48, AMX30 ______220,000 13 1,300 M47, M6Q Leopard _____ 420,000 Israel ------36 2,700 M48, M60J T54/55, T62 __ 375,000 Italy______5 ------2 1 Egypt______6 3 2 17 1,945 JS3, T54/:J5, T62. _----- 275,000 Yugoslavia______9 ------27 2~150T54/55, m47, T34 ______190,000 Albania. ______9 8:J T34, T54______38,000 ~~Ji~fa-.:~======------~- 330 T54/55, T62 ------~g: ~

Notes: (1) Lebanon, Cyprus and Malta have negligible armed forces. (2) 8 Greek divisions and 8 brigades require mobilization. (3) Personnel figure for Israel is mobilized strength. (4) French Army not included, being committed1 to Central Region. . . TABLE 5.-NAVIES

De- A/C Helo De- A/C Helo Subs Cruisers strayers Frigates carriers carriers Subs Cruisers strayers Frigates carriers carriers

Greece. ______------_ 7 ______11 4 _____ ------___ __ Spain. ______10 ------13 10 ------1 Turkey______16 ------13 5 ------France ______20 2 21 28 2 ------IsraeL______2 Italy 10 3 9 18 ------~------Egypt. ______---~----_ 12 ======------5------T======vugosiavia:~======5 ------1 ------~~bJ~ra-.:~======~ ======A;bania. _. ______4 ------

The French Navy is alone among Mediter­ TABLE 7.-ASW AIRCRAFT mantic theories, which in the case of fast ranean navies in possessing a modest sea­ torpedo boats (and the faster torpedo planes) based tactical air capab111ty in the 60 fighter­ Long range Short range were disproved by their limited success in bombers, fighter interceptors, and tactical re­ World War II, these types are destined to connaissance aircraft on board its two air­ Greece ______12 HU16B Albatross. remain of marginal value in a contest for craft carriers. Spain has on order 8 Harrier Turkey ______14 S2 Tracker. naval supremacy. Their inferior sea-keeping VSTOL aircraft for its helicopter carrier. The Spain ______3 P3 Orion ______11 HU16B Albatross. qualities, endurance, and defensive capabil­ others must depend on air force aircraft, France ______38 Atlantic, 23 P2 50 Aliz6. ity, and the short effective range of their when they can be diverted from their over­ Neptune. Italy ______18 Atlantic ______30 S2 Tracker. weapons limit them essentially to operations land missions, for their air support. Since in coastal and restricted waters and make there is a shortage of tactical aircraft in the them particularly vulnerable to attack from NATO air forces in relation to the require­ Land-based ASW aircraft are operated by the air. Notwithstanding the highly-touted ments of air defense and support of the land Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, as success of the Egyptian FPB attack on the battle, the burden of providing air support shown in Table 7. The first three possess Isra.ell destroyer Eilat in 1967, conducted un­ for naval forces and merchant shipping nec­ long-range aircraft, manned in Spain and der target practice conditions against R.n essarily falls on the U.S. Sixth Fleet with Italy by the air force but under the opera­ u!lalerted ship lacking air cover, missile­ whatever assistance can be given by the tional control of the navy. firing fast patrol boats cannot be considered French aircraft carriers. Of the aircraft types indicated in Table 7 capable of being more than a nuisance in With few exceptions, long range warships only the P-3 Orion, the Atlantic, and the conventional naval warfare provide, of of modern design are present only in the short-range Alize can be considered to be course, that the larger surface ships are op­ French, Italian, and Spanish Navies. These up to date with some capabtltty against erated with prudence and are furnished air include two aircraft carriers, two cruisers, 21 modern submarines available in their ASW cover when in areas where FPBs are suspected destroyers, 28 frigates and 20 diesel sub­ equipment. The S-2 Tracker, the HU-16 Alba­ to be. Exceptions are areas close to the coast marines in the French Navy; three cruisers, tross and the P-2 Neptune aircraft are obso­ or to islands where FPBs can hide and from seven destroyers, ten frigates and six diesel lescent, as is th~ir equipment, and are of which they can sally for hit-and-run raids submarines in the Italian Navy; . and five marginal effectiveness in antisubmarine ut111zing concealment and surprise. The frigates and four diesel submarines in the warfare. eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and the Spanish Navy. Most other warships in the Helicopters are carried on board the carrier numerous islands of the Aegean offer condi­ Mediterranean navies capable of sustained in the Spanish Navy, on board two cruisers tions suitable for supporting this type of operations on the high seas are of World war and four destroyers of the French Navy, and operation. II or even earlier design. on board three cruisers, four destroyers, and Nine of the Mediterranean navies possess six frigates of the Italian Navy. Others, TABLE 6.-AIR FORCES a small amphibious warfare capab111ty, ade· shore-based, are operated by those navies as quate for commando raids or for landing well as by Greece and Turkey. In both land­ light naval infantry units of battalion or, at Tactical A/C Most modern and sea-based modes they are employed in most, regimental size. Table 9 depicts the surface reconnaissance as well as in anti­ amphibious warfare potential in terms of Greece •• _. ______submarine warfare. Turkey. ______238 36 F4. ships and landing craft. Marine-type landing 292 20 F4. Over 250 fast patrol craft, armed with force units are organized in France (one bat­ 390 45 Mig 23. anti-ship missiles or torpedoes, are included fl:~:c ======1, 130 235 F4. talion), Spain (five marine light infantry 780 90 Mig 23/Mirage Fl. in the inventories of 12 of the navies in the regiments), Italy (two marine battallons), 133 29 Mig 23. area, as shown in Table 8. Morocco (one battalion) , and Turkey (three Algeria. ______12 F86. Fast patrol craft, and particularly those marine battalions). In Greece an Army. regi­ Morocco~Wl~ii·=:======______160 ~~ ~~.g 21/Su 7. capable of laun-ching surface-to-surface mis­ ment is trained and equipped for landing Spain ______48 86 36 F4. siles, have received wide attention in recent operations and is dedicated to that mission. ItalyFrance. ______------_- 419 45 Mirage Fl. years, and theories have been advanced NATO's Mediterranean navies are well 319 182 Fl04S. Yugoslavia ------230 110 Mig 21. crediting them with the ab111ty significantly suited for escort of convoy and for sub­ Albania ______96 12 Mig 21. to alter the naval balance against larger and marine and antisubmarine operations, but more powerful warships. Despite these ro- only under cover of their air forces. Such A.ugust 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS .24533 cover is essential in an area where relatively and frigates) 12 to 14 submarines, 18 to aircraft and fac111ties for command and short flying distances make attacks on ships 20 logistic support ships (which includes control of coordinated ASW operations. They and maritime aircraft by shore-based air­ merchant vessels subordinated to naval deploy regularly to the Mediterranean from craft particularly profitable. The recent de­ command), and a small number (2 or 3 each) the Black Fleet and apparently were de­ ployment of the two French aircraft carriers of amphibious, mine, inte111gence, and hy­ signed primarily to counter the u.s.e to the Mediterranean provides a much­ drographic or research ships. By resorting to needed improvement in this respect. Modern the device of "stockp111ng" transit declara­ tions and thus circumventing the notifica­ antiaircraft defenses are available only in REPORTS ON CONDITIONS IN some ships of the French and Italian Navies. tion requirements of the Montreaux Con­ Without friendly air support, Greek and vention of 1936, the Soviet Navy has been CAMBODIA TUrkish ships cannot operate in an air able to reenforce its Mediterranean Squad­ threat environment. ron from the Black Sea on short notice; this Non-NATO navies are equipped mainly for has te.ken place in all periods of crisis. HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON coastal operations but have a limited anti­ The submarines, some of which are nu­ OF ILLINOIS shipping capabllity in their obsolescent sub­ clear-powered, are deployed primarily from marines and their fast patrol boats. An ex­ the Northern or Baltic Fleets, because of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ception is Spain, which has a small modern limitations imposed i>y the Montreaux Con­ Friday, August 4, 1978 force· of five DEGs and four Daphne class vention on Black Sea-based submarines. The submarines, a helicopter carrier, and a small latter may deploy into the Mediterranean e Mr. ANDERSON of lllinois. Mr. unit of P-3 Orion long-range ASW aircraft. only incidentally to transit to naval bases in Speaker, I would like to place in the All Mediterranean navies are designed to other parts of Russia for repairs or overhaul, REcoRD reports on interviews with two be supported logistically from their home or during their return voyage, and must make Cambodian refugees, conducted by naval bases and thus lack the staying power the transit in daylight and on the surface. American foreign service omcers in and ab111ty to operate at· a distance from The Soviet Mediterranean Squadron suf­ Thailand: their shores which mobile logistic support fered a serious set-back when Egypt with­ INTERVIEW WITH CAMBODIAN REFUGEE IN would provide. The NATO navies, however, drew permission for basing in its ports and BURIRAM, THAILAND, CONDUCTED BY AMERI­ air fields in 1975 and subsequently, in 1976, are equipped .and trained for limited re­ CAN EMBASSY OFFICER IN JUNE, 1978 plenishment at sea from U.S. and British denounced the Russo-Egyptian treaty of logistic support ships, wihch would--allow friendship and cooperation. These actions de­ ACCOUNT OF NIEN THOL 1 them to operate in company with ships of prived the squadron of its logistic and re­ Nien Thol, about 50, ar~ived in Thailand the Sixth Fleet and tl)e Royal Navy for ex­ pair fac111ties in the area, forcing it to rely May 19, 1978, from Sisaphon. He had worked tended periods in wartime. NATO and bi­ almost entirely on mobile logistic support for 20 years in Phnom Penh in the govern­ lateral naval exercises are conducted regu­ except for limited use of Syrian ports. More ment customs service. After April 1975, he larly to develop proficiency in combined op­ importe.ntly, it removed the squadron's land­ was forced to become a farmer in Battam­ erations, including underway replenishment. based air ASW, bomber, and reconnaissance bang Province. His account follows: Conditions of Life in Democratic Kam­ TABLE 8-FAST PATROL BOATS aircraft, as well as the fighter aircraft which had provided its cover at least as far as puchea.-"! doubt that more than one-third Crete. of the former Cambodians are still alive. I Torpedo Missile Total The reopening of the Suez canal to mari­ doubt that the Khmer race will survive. The time traffic in 1975 has provided the Soviet people have little to eat, only porridge. Be­ Greece______12 8 20 Navy with additional fiexibllity in its de­ fore 1975, Battambang Province could pro­ 4 ployments, by fac111tating the interchange duce enough rice to feed all Cambodians 17 and export some. Now the whole country 18 of ships between the Mediterranean and fih:;~~-~-~-~~E'-ypt______~======~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~30 13J 43 Indian Ocean squadrons. Its primary value cannot produce as much. There are no med­ Libya ______------______17 17 to the Russians is that it permits deploy­ icines. The people are weak and listless." Alaeria______12 9 21 Administration and Executions.-"From Spain______2 ------2 ment of Black Sea Fleet ships to the Indian France ______------_ 7 7 Ocean without the need to circumnavigate the very start, the Khmer Rouge used abso­ Italy______11 1 12 Africa, thus both reducing the strain on the lute terror and the actuality of death to Yueoslavia______34 10 44 gain control of the country. Since then peo­ Albania______42 ------42 Soviet Pacific Fleet and increasing the num­ ber of ships that can be mainte.ined in rou­ ple did not dare to criticize the Khmer tine overseas deployments world-wide. The Rouge or to do anything but work because TABLE 9.-Amphibious Shipping Soviet merchant marine, more than half of the result would be certain-death. Greece--8 LST, 5 LSM, 1 LSD, 8 LCU. which is based in Black Sea ports, is also "All of the new Cambodians are being Turkey-50 landing craft. aided by the avallab111ty of a short route to eliminated, Buddhists, intellectuals, anti­ Israel-10 landing craft. East Africa, the Indian Ocean, and South­ Communists as well as former soldiers, stu­ Egypt--14 LCU, 14landing craft. east Asia. dents, and government officials, everyone Morocco--1 landing craft. The Soviet squadron is a well-balanced even remotely associated with the former Spain-1 LPH, 1 LPA, 1 LKA, 3 LST, 2 regime. I fled because the Khmer Rouge sus­ force, designed to counter the U.S. SiXth pected that I was a former official and would LSM, 97 landing craft. Fleet and to interdict any hostile sea lines France-2 LSD, 5 LST, 26 landng craft. certainly have k1lled me sooner or later. I of c9mmunication. Soviet surface ships also did not dare speak to my children about my Italy-1 LPA, 1 LKA, 64landing craft. naturally take advantage of opportunities Yugoslavia-31landing craft. departure, because the Khmer. Rouge spies to "show the flag" and through port visits to ( chhlop) are everywhere and greatly to be The Soviet Mediterranean Squadron began advance Soviet foreign policy aims in the feared." operations in 1964, when a small detach­ countries of the Mediterranean. ment from the Black Fleet was deployed on Human Rights.-"It 1s an absurdity to The most modern ships of the Soviet Navy even speak of human, civil and political a continuous rotating basis. Earlier, four that deploy to the Mediterranean include W-class submarines had been based in Al­ rights under present conditions in Cambo­ the two helicopter cruisers of the Moskva dia." bania, but they were acquired by Albania in class; cruisers of the Kynda, Kresta, and Ka,ra 1960 and 1961 when Albanian-Soviet rela­ classes; and destroyers of the Klldin, Kashin, STORY OF A KHMER COMMUNIST SOLDIER tions cooled. Since 1964 there has been a Kanin, and Krivak classes. All are armed gradual build-up in the number of deployed with antiaircraft missile launchers as well EXTRACTS FROM AN AIRGRAM REPORT BY AN OF­ Soviet ships, with surges in times of crisis FICER OF THE AMERICAN EMBASSY AT BANGKOK or for special exercises at the time of turn­ as guns. Anti-ship missile launchers are also reported as part of the armament of the (The na.me of the individual refugee who over. A major increase took place at the time provided this account has been excised to of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, after which the Kynda, Kresta, Kara, Klldin, and Krivak classes. There is, in addition, the 800 ton protect the identity of family members or Soviets commenced basing their ships in friends still in Cambodia.) Alexandria and Port Said in Egypt and to a Nanuchka class, armed with launchers for lesser extent in Latakia and Tartus in Syria, both short range anti-air and anti-ship SUMMARY missiles. With a few exceptions armed with while continuing to make frequent use of A soldier in the KC 2 regiment located in anchorages along the North Africa coast and antiaircraft missiles, the old cruisers of the the Samrong area of northwestern Cambodia off Kythera and Crete outside Greek territo­ Sverdlov class and the destroyers of the discusses his post-victory recruitment, train­ rial waters. Soviet naval bombers and naval Krupnyy, Kotlin, and Skoryy classes have no ing, and duties. He was told that the Viet­ reconnaissance and ASW alrcra!t, as well as missile batteries but are heavily armed with namese are considered to be unfriendly and Air Force attack and fighter aircraft, were also guns, torpedoes, and ASW weapons. was taught about four guiding principles stationed at Egyptian air bases, creating for Submarines include the nuclear-powered of the state and Marxism-Leninism. He es­ the first time since World War II a serious Charlie, November, Echo II, and Victor classes ca.ped after hearing he was marked for ex­ air threat to Allied navies in the Mediterra­ and the diesel powered Foxtrot and Jullett ecution for having made three mistakes. nean. classes. All except the November Victor, and The Soviet squadron has been stabilized Foxtrot are armed with anti-ship missiles. t Refugee agreed to use of his name in , in size as a force, consisting normally of 10 The two helicopter cruisers were the first public documents. 1 to 12 surface warships (cruisers, destroyers, Soviet ships built to carry both rotary-wing 2 Khmer communist. 24534 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978

INTRODUCTION INSTRUCTION the savings surrounding the Harkin Following is the story of a Ca.mbodlan In describing his educational experiences amendment, the Miller substitute to the refugee named T-, who arrived in Thailand whlle a soldier, T--indicated what the KC Harkin amendment, the Young amend­ at the beginning of September, 1976. An themselves have been taught by superiors to ment, to the Miller substitute to the Har­ Embassy officer who vlsl ted the refugee be of particular interest. First, T-- said the kin amendment, and the Long amend­ camp near Surln shortly afterward inter­ KC learn that their government runs on the ment to the Harkin amendment. viewed him and obtained the following ac­ basis of four principles: nationalism, true democracy, socialism, and communism. He The debate calls to mind the famous count. Treasurer's report of the late Bob THE MAKING OF A SOLDIER said they are careful to tell vlllagers only about the first two principles, which may Benchley. T-- was born in 1954 and attended help to explain Wlhy we hear so little about (The report is delivered by an Assistant school for six years in his native vlllage in communism from refugees. The Army learns Kompong Thorn province. Afterwa-rds, he Treasurer who has been called in to pinch­ about Marxism-Leninism, and of Mao and hit for the regular Treasurer who is ill. He settled down to be a farmer. Maoism, as wen. There is thus a more strictly is not a very good public-speaker, this as­ Shortly after the Communist takeover in ideological content to the teaching than the sistant, but after a few Ininutes of confusion 1975, he and his fellow vlllagers were moved usual platitudes about equality would sug­ is caught up by the spell of his own oratory to another vlllage in a different district to gest, assuming our soldier source is accurate. and is hard to stop.) farm. There, he encountered his brother, a Next, the soldiers learn clearly that Viet­ I shall take but a very few moments of former republican government soldier, whom Nam should not be considered to be Cam­ your time this evening, for I realize that you the KC took away five days later. T-- never bodia's friend. They are told that the Viet­ would much !l'ather be listening to this in­ saw his brother again. namese came to Cambodia to fight the Amer­ teresting entertainment than to a dry finan­ After two months, the KC selected young icans between 1970 and 1973, at which time cial statement ... but I am rexntnded of a people, lnc··.udlng our subject, ostensibly to the KC "kicked them out." Superiors warn story-which you have probably all of you build a rC' .. d. They joined others in a line the soldiers of Viet-Nam's expansionist alms. heard. of twent 1 trucks and travelled to Slem Rea.p Finally, the soldiers are alerted in lectures It seems that there were these two Irish­ where, curiously, they were given a party to the dangers which counteiTevolutionarles, men walking down the street when they and provided entertainment. They were those responsible for resistance, pose. T--­ came to a--oh, I should have said in the then taken northward to R-, in Oddar claimed that fighting . occurred. regularly, first place that the parrot which was hang­ Meanchey province, for further entertain­ which is possible so close to the border. He ing out in front of the store-or rather be­ ment. Afterward, the KC lectured them noted that two KC had been k1lled at Sam­ longing to one of these two fellows-the first about the revolution and told them they rong by unknown assassins. He saw wounded Irishman, that is-was-well, anywaJ,·, this were going to become soldiers. Three truck­ KC on one occasion lying along the road. parrot-- loads of people were separated from the DEPARTURE ( After a slight cogitation, he realizes that, others a.nd driven to C--ln the same prov­ for all practical purposes, the story is as Ince for two weeks' basic training. They Sometimes refugees report that, in their good as lost; so he abandons it entirely and, were told that they were to re.pla.ce long­ areas, a person is allowed to make three stepping forward, drops his facile, story­ time KC soldiers. Training included recon­ "mistakes" After the third, he is kllled. The telllng manner and assumes a quite spur­ naissance and guerllla fighting. rules of conduct under which T--- served ious businesslike air.) appear to have been the same. His first mis­ Now, in connection with reading this re­ When the training was completed, T-­ take occurred at 8---, where a farmer and Ibis colleagues remained in that area, port, there are one or two points which Dr. told him he was going to flee. our source Murnie wanted brought up in connection which was devoid of civ111an population, cut­ did not report the man to his superiors, but ting wood for 1 Y:z months in the summer of with it, and he has asked me to bring them another KC made a report on T---, who up in connec-to bring them up. 1975. After two weeks farming with other was called up and rebuked. On the second soldiers in another location, T-- was as­ In the first place, there is the question of occasion, T--- tried to marry a girl whom the work which we are trying to do up there signed to S-- in Oddar Meanchey province, his commander also liked and would not where he remained until late August, 1976. at our little place at Sliver Lake, a work allow him to marry. Some sort of committee which we feel not only fills a very definite MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND DUTIES oveiTuled the commander, incurring his eter­ need in the community but also fills a very Our source reported the presence of an im­ nal wrath. Under the puritanical rules of the definite need-er-in the community. I don't portant main-force unit in the Samrong area new Cambodia, T--- received his second think that many members or the Society of what is now Oddar Meanchey-Siem Reap warning when it was discovered that he slept realize just how big the work is that we are sector. It is the 107th Regiment, headed by with the girl once before they were married. trying to do up there. For instance, I don't a person of undetermined rank named On their leader's orders, he and his fel­ think that it is -generally known that most of Chheang. The regiment's 900 men are divided low soldiers spent time listening under peo­ our boys are between the age of fourteen. We into three battalions, the 913th, 915th, and ples' houses-an activity refugees claim hap­ feel that, by taking the boy at this age, we 917th. The head of the Samrong district pens frequently-to see if anyone was · dis­ can get closer to his real nature-for a boy committee, a man known as Hien (other cussing fleeing to Thailand. T--- said he has a very real nature, you may be sure-and members being his deputy Poul and economic heard some persons talking about escaping bring him into closer touch not only with affairs chief Koet), is political boss, and is but did not report them because he knew the school, the parents, and with each other, considered to be superior to regimental com­ they would be executed. While he was sick in but also with the town in which they live, the mander Chheang. a. nearby hospital during the past summer, country to whose flag they pay allegiance, some "friends" reported him on this matter, and to the-ah-(trailing off) town in which T-- was presumably assigned to one of his third "mistake". Another friend came to they live. the battalions·. Based at s-, his company the hospital to warn him that the v1llage Now the fourth point which Dr. Murnie was split into two parts: thirty soldiers who committee or kena phum had taken the de­ wanted brought up was that in connection stayed in the vlllage and seventy who lived cision that he was to be executed, which his with the installation of the new furnace last outside it. They were responsible for watch­ commander was determined to carry out Fall. There seems to have been considerable ing several v1llages in the area. They moved (possibly contradicting T---'s earlier talk going around about this not having been around by foot. Duties were reconnaissance, statement that a special squad conducted done quite as economically as it might­ which they undertook in three-man teams; the executions). At hearing the news, have-been-done, when, as a matter of fact, planting mines, Which they also did in three­ T--- said he left the hospital, went to tPe whole thing was done just as economi­ man teams; and guarding the people. He a wat where KC store their guns and am­ cally as possible-in fa.ct, even more so. I claimed that at s- he and his fellow munition-an scarcely guarded, he claimed­ have here a report of the Furnace Commit­ soldiers also worked together with the people, took an M-79 and a bicycle and rode toward tee. l"howing just how the whole thing was but refugees listening to his tale did not be­ where his wife was living. Sounding some­ han.rned from start to flnil'lh. live him. what like an old movie, T--- said he ran (Reads from report, with considerable Among problems the KC were having, into five KC who had been sent after him, initial difficulty with the stiff covers.) T-- said, was constant friction between fired the M-79, and rode with his wife into Bids were submitted by the following firms old KC soldiers and those recruited more re­ the Thai sunset. of furnace contractors. with a clause stating cently. The former did not consider the lat­ that if we did not engage a firm to do the ter their equals and refused to take orders work for us we should pay them nothing from any who may have been placed in a su­ for submitting the bids. This clause alone perior position to them. Another complaint AMENDMENT CONFUSION saved us a. great deal of money. was that the soldiers themselves did not have The following firms. then. submitted bl~s: enough fOOd to eat. HON'. JOHN L. BURTON Merkle. Wyblgant Co., the Eureka Dust The source declared he never executed Bin and Shaker Co., The Elite Furnace Shop, anyone nor saw it happen, noting that such OP CALIFORNIA and Harris, Birnbauer and Harris. The bid work was done by a special moblle squad IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of Werlrle, Wyhlgant being the lowest. Harris brought in from Samrong. He said the deci­ Friday, August 4, 1978 Birnbauer were selected to do the job. sion to execute someone was made by the KC (Here a page is evidently missing from the village committee, which had only to report e Mr. JOHN L. BURTON. Mr. Speaker, report, and a hurried search is carried on afterwards that someone had been kllled. there seems to be such confusion about through a.ll the pages, without result.) August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REl\fARKS 24535 Well, that pretty well clears up that end however, may obtain them from me in the fare to those using it, living near it, or ex­ of the work. vestry after the dinner, where I will be with posed to the conditions emanating from it, Those of you who contributed so gener­ pledge cards for those of you who wish to consisting, among other things, of chemical ously last year to the floating hospital have subscribe over and above your annual dues, wastes lying exposed on the surface in nu­ probably wonder~d what became of the and I hope that each and every one of you merous places and pervasive, pernicious and money. I was speaking on this subject only here tonight wlll look deep into his heart obnoxious chemical vapors and fumes affect­ last week at our up-town branch, and, after and (archly) into his pocketbook, and see if ing both the ambient air and the homes of the meeting, a dear ltttle old lady, dressed he can not find it there to help us to put certain residents living near such site and all in lavendar, came up on the platform, this thing over with a bang (accompanied by having directed that certain remedial action and, laying her hand on my arm, said: "Mr. a wholly ineffectual gestur:e representing a be taken with respect thereto and, pursuant So-and-so (call1ng me by name) Mr. So-and­ bang) and to help and make this just the to my order and direction, further inquiry so, what the hell did you do with all the biggest and best year the Armenians have and in vestiga.tion of the said Love Canal money we gave you last year?" Well, I just ever had. . . . I thank you. Chemical Waste Landfill site having been laughed and pushed her off the platform, (Exits, bumping into proscenium) e made; but it has occurred to the committee that Now, therefore, based upon epidemiological perhaps some of you, llke that Uttle old lady, studies made by personnel of the State De­ would be interested in knowing the disposi­ partment of Health and air quality sampling tion of the funds. THE LOVE CANAL: A HEALTH HAZ­ and studies made by personnel of both the Now, Mr. Rossiter', unfortunately our treas­ ARD THAT DEMANDS IMMEDIATE State Department of Health and the United urer--or rather Mr. Rossiter our treasurer, States Environmental Protection Agency of unfortunately is confined at his home to­ ACTION both the ambient air and selected homes at night with a bad head-cold and I have been or near the site, and upon a review and ex­ asked (he hears someone whispering at him HON. JOHN J. LaFALCE amination of matters contained in Calspan from the wings, but decides to ignore it) and Report No. ND-6097-M-1 prepared for the I have been asked if I would (the whisperer OF NEW YORK City of Niagara Falls by the Calspan Cor­ will not be denied, so he goes over to the en­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES poration of Buffalo, New York; a review and trance and receives a brief message, return­ Friday, August 4, 1978 examination of the Conestoga-Rovers and ing beattling and laughing to himself). Well, Associates proposal, entitled "Proposal-Love the Joke seems to be on mel Mr. Rossiter has e Mr. LAFALCE. Mr. Speaker, 20 to 30 Canal Chemical Landfill-Niagara Falls, New pneumonia! years ago chemical industries in and York-Site Study and Preliminary Design of Following, then, is a summary of the Treas­ around Niagara Falls, N.Y., and the city Ground Water Pollution Abatement Plan," urer's Report: of Niagara Falls, used an area called the commissioned by and presented to the City (Reads, in a very businesslike manner). of Niagara Falls; and a review and examina­ "Love Canal" as a landfill site, filling it tion of a report entitled, "Phase !-Pollution During the year 1929-and by that 1s with a number of substances, many of meant 1928-the Choral Society received the Abatement Plan-Upper Groundwater Re­ them toxic chemicals. gime" prepared by Conestoga-Rovers &. Asso­ following in donations: Recently many of these ·chemicals ciates, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, jointly B.L.G ------­ $500.00 have risen to the surface and have been commissioned by the City of Niagara Falls, G.K.M ------·------500.00 the City of Niagara Falls Board of Education Lottie and Nell1e W ------­ 500.00 polluting both the air and the water in and the Hooker Chemical Corporation; and, In memeory of a happy summer the neighborhood. In retrospect it is at Rye Beach ______further, upon a review and due considera­ 10.00 clear that the methods of disposal used tion of discussions had and reports sub­ Proceeds of a sale of coats and in the past were inadequate--so inade­ mitted at a meeting held in the Conference hats left in the boat-house __ _ 14.55 quate as to collSititute, literally, a time Room, Division of Laboratories and Research, And then the Junior League gave bomb. State Health Department, on June 15, 1978, · a performance of "Pinafore" I 'have been working closely with Fed­ attended by representatives of the State for the benefit of the Fund Health Department, the State Department which, unfor.tunately, resulted eral, State, and local officials trying to of Environmental Conservation, the United in a deficit of______300.00 ascertain the best ways to deal with this States Environmental Protection Agency, the Then, from due and charges____ 2, 354. 75 immense problem, protect the health State Division of the Budget, the Commis­ And, following the installation and safety of the people affected, and sioner of Health of the County of Niagara of the new furnace, a saving insure tha.t their financial security is and by representatives of the Research Tri­ in coal amounting to $374.75-­ protected as well. These are ongoing ef­ angle Institute, consultants to· the United which made Dr. Murnie very forts, and much remains to be done. States Environmental Protection Agency, happy, you may be sure. which such meeting was· convened to share But yesterday the State's health com­ information and obtain advice in relation to Making a total of receipts missioner declared this to be an emer­ environmental health studies planned by the amounting to______3,645.75 gency, disclosed extensive official find­ Department of Health with respect to the This is all, of course, reckoned as of June. ings based on exhaustive investigations Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill site; In the matter of expenditures, the Club by his department and others, and made and, further, upon a review and due con­ has not been so fortunate. There was the un­ several recommendrutions as to what sideration of discussions had and reports should be done in the circumstances. I submitted at that certain meeting held on settled condition of business, and the late July 14, 1978 in the 14th floor conference Spring, to contend with, resulting in the fol­ believe that this situation is so serious, room, Empire State Plaza Building, Albany, lowing-er-rather discouraging figures, I and its implications vis-a-vis past and am afraid. New York, attended by representatives of the future adtions so far reaching, that I State Department of Health, the State De­ Expenditures------$23,574.85 sh:mld share information on it with you partment of Environmental Conservation, Then there was a loss, owing to-- and with our colleagues. Accordingly, I the United States Environmental Protection several things--of___ ,______3, 326. 70 am submitting Dr. Whelan's report for Agency, the Board of Health of Niagara Car-fare------4, 452.25 insertion in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD County, including the Niagara County Health And then, Mrs. Rawlins' expense at this time. Commissioner, the City of Niagara Falls, Conestoga-Rovers & Assocf.a,tes, Fred Fart & account, when she went down The report follows: to see the work they are doing Associates, consultants to the United States in Baltimore, came to $256.50, [State of New York-Department of Health] Environmental Protection Agency, and by but I am sure that you will all representatives of United States Congressman THE LOVE CANAL CHEMICAL WASTE l.·ANDFILL John LaFalce, and New York State Assembly­ agree that it was worth it to SITE LOCATED IN THE CITY 0!' NIAGARA FALLS, find out-er-what they are NIAGARA COUNTY men Matthew Murphy and John Daley; and, doing in Baltimore. further, upon a personal visit made to the And then, under the general head ORDER Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill site on of Odds and Ends______2, 537. 50 I, Robert P. Whalen, M.D., Commissioner April 13, 1978 by me in company with Peter of Health of the State of New York, pursuant Berle, State Commissioner of Environmental Making a total disbursement of to the statutory authority conferred upon Conservation, and others; and, further, upon me, having conducted or caused an extensive (hurriedly) ------416, 546. 75 investigation to be conducted in relation to review and due consideration of discussions or a net deficit of-ah-several thousand that certain site known as the "Love C?nal had and·recommendations made at a meeting dollars. · Chemical Waste Landfill" located in the City on July 31, 1978 in the Fiorella Room, Con­ Now, these figures bring us down only to of Niagara Falls, County of Niagara, and ference Center, LaGuardia Airport, New OCtober. In OCt<>ber my sister was married, State of New York, and having determined, York, attended by me and members of my and the house was all tom up, and in the by previous orders made and issued by me in executive and scientific staff, by staff of the general confusion we lost track of the figures this matter, that said site constitutes a pub­ New York State Department of Environ­ for May and August. All those wishing the lic nuisance and an extremely eerious threat mental Conservation and by several of the approximate figures for May and August, and danger t<> the health, safety and wei- nations leading experts in epidemiology, 24536 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 toxicology and industrial hygiene called by 17. More than 80 chemical compounds have Landfill site has convinced me of the exist­ me to render expert advice, concerning health been identified at the site itself. ence of a great and imminent peril to the hazards associated with the Love Ca;nal 18. Air samples taken in the basement of health of the general public residing at or Chemical Landfill site and upon all other 14 houses adjacent to the site by the United near the said site as a result of exposure to proceedings, reports and discussions here­ States Environmental Protection Agency in toxic substances emanating from such site; tofore had herein and considered with re­ February 1978 resulted in the identification that there is no evidence at present of un­ spect to the Love Canal Chemical Waste of 26 organic compounds. usual occurrence of acute lllness of an aller­ Landfill site, including information that 19. Air samples to monitor 10 selected com­ gic, neurologic, dermatologic or respiratory between the period 1940 and termination of pounds were taken by the Division of Labora­ type among persons residing in the vicinity the Korean War, that the Department ·of tories and Research of the State Health De­ of the Love Canal; that there is growing evi­ Army deposited chemical wastes in said Love partment in July 1978 from the basements t>f dence that there is a higher risk of subacute Canal landfill site. 88 houses peripheral to those bullt adjacent and chronic health hazards as well as spon­ I do hereby find, conclude, recommend to the landfill site.with the following results: taneous abortions and congenital malforma­ and order, as follows: tions; and, pursuant to the authority con­ FINDINGS OF FACT Percent of ferred upon me by Public Health Law sec­ Times total Highest tion 1388, enacted by Chapter 487 of the 1. The Love Canal is a rectangular, · 16 found in houses value ob- Laws of 1978, the existence of an emergency acre, below ground level landfill site located Compounds houses sampled served should be declared by me. in the southeast corner of the City of Niagara {ug/m3) 2. That the Conestoga-Rovers report, sub­ Falls, Niagara County, New York, known as ject to appropriate modification and approval the "La Salle" area, with the southernmost Chloroform ______Benzene ______23 26 24 by the State Department of Environmental portion of the site al:>out ~ mile from the 20 23 270 Conservation, represents a feasible interim Niagara River near Cayuga Island. Trichloroethene ______74 84 73 Toluene __ ------·--- 54 61 570 plan with a reasonable probab111ty of halting 2. The site is bordered on the north by Tetrachloroethene. ___ 82 93 the migration of toxic substances through Colvin Boulevard; on the south by Frontier Chlorobenzene. ______6 7 1, ~:~ Chlorotoluene. ______the soil of the Love Canal site to the houses Avenue; on the west by 97th Street; and on 32 36 6,r~ at such site. the east by 99th Street. m+~ xylene ______35 40 o-xy en e.. ______17 19 73 3. That the orders and directions hereto­ 3. The southern and northern sections of Trichlorobenzene. ____ 11 13 74 fore given by me to the Niagara County Board the site are bordered by single family homes of Health, and. its Health Commissioner, to on 97th and 99th streets, while the middle 20. Seven of the chemicals identified in take certain remedial actions to alleviate the section is bordered by a grammer school. the air samples taken by the Division of hazards emanating from the Love Canal site 4. In the early 19th Century the site was Laboratories and Research are carcinogenic were reasonable and should be reaffirmed. excavated as part of a proposed canal proj­ in animals and one, benzene, is a known hu­ 4. That further studies should be made to: ect linking the Niagara River and Lake man carcinogen. (a) delineate chronic diseases inflicting all Ontario. 21. In one home, in particular, the concen­ residents who lived adjacent to the Love 5. The Love Canal project was abandoned tration of organic chemicals in the living Canal landfill site, with particular emphasis and never completed and the abandoned space was well beyond the concentrations on the frequency of spontaneous abortions, canal subsequently used as a chemical and measured in the basement of any other congenital defects, and other pathologies, in­ municipal waste disposal site. house. cluding cancer; 6. The Hooker Chemical Company, Niagara 22. An epidemiologic study to determine (b) delineate the full limits or boundaries Falls, New York, used the site for the dis­ whether residents presently living adjacent of the Love Canal with respect to possible posal of drummed chemicals wastes, process to the Love Canal are at increased risks for toxic effects; sludges, fly ash, and other wastes, for a period certain disorders was conducted by the Bu­ (c) determine, by continued air, water and of nearly 25 years, from on or about 1930 to reau of Occupational Health of the State ground sampling, the extent that leachate on or about 1953 . . Health Department in June 1978, utlUzing has moved; 7. The City of Niagara Falls, New York, spontaneous abortions and congenital · de­ (d) identify which groundwater aquifers, also use the site for the disposal of municipal fects as indicators of potential toxicity. if any, have been contaminated by leachate; wastes for many years prior to and including (e) determine the possibillty of minimizing 1953. 23. Based upon information obtained relat­ ing to maternal age, pregnancy order, and the introduction of noxious odors and chemi­ 8. In or about 1953, the site was covered cals by way of drainage from outside the with earth and sold by the Hooker Chemical number of spontaneous abortions observed and expected among females residing in dif­ homes and to consider the utillty or feasi­ Company to the Board of Education of the billty of install1ng customized ventilation City of Niagara Falls, New York. ferent sections of the Canal, the mean ages of females ever pregnant at the Love Canal, systems, carbonfllters, and/or the special 9. The Qity of Niagara Falls Board of Ed­ venting of sumps. ucation subsequently sold part of the site the duration of residence, and the mean age to others. of the houses, the following was determined: RECOMMENDATIONS 10. Ownership of the site is currently (a) A slight increase in risk for spon­ 1. That pregnant women llving at 97th and shared as follows: taneous abortion was found among all resi­ 99th Streets and Colvin Boulevard tempo­ City of Niagara Falls, 6.58 acres; City of dents of the Canal and for the northern and rarily move from their homes as soon as Niagara Falls Board of Education, 3.53 acres; southern sections, with the overall estimated possible. L. C. Armstrong, 5.98 acres. risk 1.5 times greater than that expected. 2. That the approximately 20 fam1lles 11. There are presently 97 fam111es with (b) A significant excess of spontaneous living on 97th and 99th Streets and Colvin 230 adults and 134 children living in the abortipns was localized among residents of Boulevard arrange to, temporarily relocate houses adjacent to the northern and south­ 99th Street South. any children under two years of age as soon ern sections of the Love Canal. (c) The miscarriage experience in the 99th as possible. 3. That residents living in the vicinity 12. The basement of homes bordering the Street North and 97th Street North and South sections approximated that which could be assist local and State agencies in defining site are now suffering from toxic chemical and abating hazardous conditions arising waste leachate intrusion from the site. expected. (d) A significant excess of spontaneous from the Love Canal landfill site. 13. The grammar school on the site has no 4. That residents living on 97th and 99th bW;ement, but a crawl space tmly, however, abortions occurred during the summer months of June through August. Streets and Colvin Boulevard avoid use of the possib111ty of standing water next to their basements as much as possible espe­ classroom windows provides a mechanism for (e) Congenital malformations were found cially for sleeping and eating purposes there­ the transportation of and exposure of the among 5 children of adult.s presently residiTlg by reducing their exposure to elevated levels school children to tt>xic vapors. on the Love Canal, with the distribution of organic compounds present in the air of 14. The soil strata surrounding and under­ being 3 children from 99th Street South, 1 their basements. lying the wastes, generally, consists of silts child from 99 Street North, and 1 child from 97th Street South. 5. That consumption be avoided of food and fine sands of low permeability in the products home-grown by residents of 97th levels 4 to 6 feet below the surface; in the (f) The mean ages of females ever preg­ and 99th Streets and Colvin Boulevard. next levels 19 to 26 feet below the surface nant on the Love Canal were comparable for 97th and 99th Streets. 6. That the Department of the Army con­ the soil is silts and clay of very low permea­ tinue the investigation initiated by it to b111ty; the next level tt> about 40 feet below (g) The average duration of residence on determine the extent to which the United the surface consists of compact loamy glacial the Canal for 99th Street females was 16.5 States Army was involved in chemical waste till of low permeab111ty; and the level 40 feet years and 10.8 years for the 97th Street disposal at the Love Canal landfill site and more or less below the surface consists of females. inform the New York State Department of limestone bedrock. (h) The mean ages of the houses located Health of significant findings obtained 15. The clay strata acts as a barrier and on 99th Street South was 26 years, for 99th through its search of army archives and creates a perched groundwater condition. Street North 21.6 years. for 97th Street North records, on-site inspections, or other sources 16. Leachate containing both halogenated 18.6 years, and for 97th Street South 13.6 ut111zed. and unhalogerlated organic compounds mi­ years. 7. That the Niagara County Medical So­ grates in the top soil layer and is the conduit CONCLUSIONS ciety cooperate with staff of the State Health by which it reaches the basement of homes 1. A review of all of the available evidence Department and the Niagara County Health adjacent to the site. respecting the Love Canal Chemical Waste Department in any study undertaken to August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24537 identify former residents of the Love .Canal are hereby directed to respond to requests an excellent editorial on a reported at­ area to determine what, if any, chronic or made by the Department of Environmental tempt by the Speaker to pressure the adverse effects they now exhibit; further Conservation for additional information in Rules Committee Democrats into deny­ that private physicians and the hospitals of relation to said report. Niagara County also cooperate with such 4. The City of Niagara f'alls and County of ing the rule requested by the Ways and staff; the physicians to assist in identifying Niagara Board of Health to report monthly Means Committee on the tax bill to make and obtaining the necessary consents from as to progress in implementing the Cones­ in order the Roth-Kemp tax reduction · such former residents and the hospitals with toga-Rovers report. amendment. As the editorial points out, respect to supplying the necessary medical 5. That the City of Niagara Falls and the tax bill was reported. from the Ways records. Niagara County Board of Health, provided and Means Committee after the majority 8. That the Commissioner of the New York they receive approval of the Commissioner of agreed to give the minority an oppor­ State Department of Environmental Con­ Environmental Conservation for the imple­ servation provide on site supervision of any mentation of the Conestoga-Rovers report, tunity to offer Roth-Kemp under the construction activity on the Love Canal shall develop suitable plans for the safety of normal amendment process. The Speak­ Chemical landfill site by a member of his the workers employed to do the necessary er, on the other hand, apparently has no department or other responsible party work to implement the plan and to minimize compunction about crossing one of his designated by him. hazardous exposure to residents that may own committee chairmen, not to men­ I do here by order and direct: occur during the course of the work, includ­ tion the American people, by unilateral­ 1. And declare, pursuant to the authority ing appropriate steps to maximize dust con­ ly voiding the agreement and blocking conferred upon me by Public Health Law, trol and. minimize airborne pollution; full consideration of one of the most im­ Section 1388, enacted by Chapter 487 of the 6. That the City of Niagara Falls Board of Laws of 1978, the existence of an emergency Education temporarily delay opening the ele­ portant issues to confront this Congress and direct that the measures herein ordered mentary school on the Love Canal site to and the country. are deemed reasonably necessary and shall be minimize exposure of school age children to Mr. Speaker, this heavy-handed pro­ taken for the preservation and protection of waste chemicals while corrective construc­ cedural ploy aimed at quelling the tax the public health, and by virtue of the lim­ tion activities take place. revolt now rampant in this country will ited emergency nature of the action imme­ 7. The Niagara County Department of only further enrage the people and spur diately necessary, which is herein directed Health and the City of Niagara Falls, in co­ to be taken, that the requirements of the operation with staff of the State Department them to make more radical demands. State Environmental Quality Review Act are of Health and State Department of Environ­ We have only seen the tip of the revolt: uot applicable, except that neither any long­ mental Conservation to undertake additional Next thing you know some cleverly dis­ t·ange plans to decontaminate the site, nor studies to: guised patriots will be holding a big "T" the implementation thereof, shall be exempt (a) delineate chronic diseases affiicting all party on Boston Harbor. from the requirements of such Act. residents who lived adjacent to the Love At this point in the RECORD, Mr. Speak­ 2. The Niagara County Board of Health Canal landfill site, with particular emphasis er, I include the editorial from today's and the Niagara County Commissioner to on the frequency of spontaneous abortions, take the following definite actions: congential defects, and other pathologies, in­ Wall Street Journal to which I alluded (a) Take adequate and appropriate meas­ cluding cancer; earlier to my remarks: ure to cause the removal from the Love (b) delineate the full limits or boundaries (From the Wall Street Journal, Aug. 4, 1978] Canal Chemical Waste Landfill site of all of Love Canal with respect to possible toxic TIP O'NEILL'S RULES chemicals, pesticides and other toxic mate­ effects; Once upon a time, the House Rules Com­ rial which lie exposed or visible on the sur­ (c) determine, by continued air, wat~r and mittee was the target of intense liberal face of the site. ground sampling, the extent that leachate hostillty. It was alleged to be an undemocrat­ (b) Take appropriate and adequate meas­ has moved out of the site to the surround­ ic barrier to the working of the people's will. ures to limit accessib111ty to the site by the ing neighborhood; Times have changed. In the last few days, in installation of suitable fencing or other ef­ (d) identify which groundwater acqulfers, a display of classic rulesmanship, Speaker fective means, together with periodic sur­ if any, have been contaminated by leachate; Tip O'Neill has set out to. use the Rules Com­ velllance and monitoring, to assure that ac­ (e) determine the possib111ty of mini­ mittee to keep the House from voting on the cess to the site is properly restricted or mizing the introduction of noxious odors Kemp-Roth tax cut blll. limited. and chemicals by way of drainage from out­ The Republicans had been promised a floor (c) Take all other appropriate and nec­ side the homes and to consider the utmty vote on the measure, as part of a compromise essary corrective action to abate the public or feasib111ty of installlng customized ven­ under which the Ways and Means Committee health nuisance now existing at the Love tillating devices, carbon filtering devices, or at last reported out a tax bill. Speaker O'Ne1ll Canal Chemical Waste Landfill site, includ­ the special venting of sumps. has announced he doesn't consider himself ing immediate steps to determine the feasi­ 8. That if monitoring shows that the levels bound by this agreement, and is using his b111ty of lowering the elevated levels of or­ of organic compounds in homes are not sig­ considerable influence to get the Rules Com­ ganic compound contamination in the air of nificantly reduced at the expiration of 12 mittee to bring the bill out under a rule that basements by the moisture-proofing and months following corrective construction, or does not provide for such a vote. venting of such basements use of carbon that if new evidence of hazards presently un­ filtering devices in cooperation with the New The Democratic leadership is reneging on recognized of serious nature is forthcoming its promise because many young Democrats York State Departments of Health and En­ at any time, that a complete re-evaluation vironmental Conservation. are frightened to vote on Kemp-Roth. If they of the health hazards at the site shall be vote yes the bill may pass, putting control of (d) Take an appropriate and necessary made by the State Health Department and this years' tax legislation in Republican steps to undertake necessary engineering other involved agencies at that time. More­ hands. If they vote no on the larger tax cut in studies to provide a long-range solution for over, I shall periodically re-evaluate this sit­ Kemp-Roth, they are likely to run into decontamination of the site. In connection uation and if necessary amend this order, therewith, that consultation and cooperation trouble with their mutinous constituents in issue additional orders and public health this fall's elections. of the United States Environmental Pro­ advisories. tection Agency, the New York State Depart­ If the Rules Committee obeys Mr. O'Neill, ment of Environmental Conservation and the 9. That this Order supersedes all other the Republicans can still attempt to insert New York State Department of Health be previous orders and directions heretofore Kemp-Roth via a procedural motion. But sought, and approval of the New York State made and issued by me in connection with more Democrats will be tempted to vote Department of Environmental Conservation. this matter, except as may otherwise be against this, hoping that the issue can be specified herein. fudged on the hustings and that their con­ (e) Make an initial report to me not later RoBERT P. WHALEN, M.D., than 30 days from the date of service of this Commissioner of Health. stituents won't realize they have opposed a Order, concerning the progress made in im­ Dated: August 2, 197B.e tax cut. plementing the orders and direct.lons herein As it happens, we always thought that the given, and thereafter report on the monthly liberals were undervaluing the Rules Com­ basis as to such progress. mittee's role as a useful restraint on con­ 3. The City of Niag-ara Falls and County of THF. TAX RULE gressional irresponsib111ty. But we do think Niagara Board of Health shall forthwith take that a legislative majority ought to live up all approoriate steps to imolement the to its agreements with the minority. Conestoga-Rovers reoort entitled "Phase HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON Pollution Abatement Plan Upper Ground­ And since the purpose of this move seems water Regime." subfect. however. to the ap­ OF ILLINOIS to be preventing the voters from discovering proval of the Commissioner of Environmen­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES their representatives• real positions on cut­ ting taxes, we wonder what happened to all tal Conservation aft.er due consideration is Friday, August 4, 1978 ~iven bv him to the feasiblllt.y of inclusion of the talk about letting the House work its wlll title drainage svstem on at Jeac:t the east and e Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. Sneak­ and insuring that the people benefit from west sides of the school property, and they er, today's Wall Street Journal contains sunshine in government.e CXXIV--1543-Part 18 24538 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 WHO'S GOING TO PROTECT US an indication that the South Koreans The only way to understand the balance of FROM OURSELVES may now appreciate the wisdom of act­ power is to examine the strategic doctrines of the participants and to determine the ing in good faith and in the spirit of nature of the latentt capab111ties that their HON. GUNN McKAY international comity between allies. In equipment provides. Weapons are useful for not introducing my amendment, I am specific strategic purposes. Attempts to use OF UTAH suggesting that we adopt a wait·and-see weapons for purposes for which they are not IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES attitude. If Mr. Kim provides new and suited can make them useless. Friday, August 4, 1978 concrete factual information as prom­ On the Arab side only the three powers ised. the Committee on Standards of Offi­ directly adjacent to Israel-Egypt, Syria, and THE COLORADO SQUAWFISH Jordan-will be considered. Other countries cial Conduct may have sufficient infor­ may also participate, but their importance is • Mr. McKAY. Mr. Speaker, the mation to complete its investigation. If Colorado sauawfish was once so com­ limited. This may not always hold true, but Mr. Kim is not forthcoming with this today only the front-line countries have mm­ mon that the Federal and State game information or if the circumstances of tary forces with sufficient size, quality and officials conducted a major eradica­ his testimony are deemed inadequate, we sophistication to affect the outcome of a tion program. Farmers speared them may still want his sworn testimony before war in the immediate future. with pitch forks and used them as fer­ the committee. For the time being, how­ ISRAEL tilizer while fishermen discarded them ever, I am satisfied that the investigation The Israeli m111tary of 1978 scarcely re­ on the river banks. Everything from is proceeding in a positve manner and no sembles that of 1973. There has been an dynamite to chemical control was tried immediate action by this body, such as enormous increase in weapons inventories, to control these predators. On March 11, my amendment, is required. In fact, for accompanied by qualitative improvements of 1967, they were listed in the Federal this House to impose further sanctions a similar magnitude, The result of theses Register as an endangered species and against South Korea at this time may be changes is a far more capable mUitary force, eventually were placed under the pro­ counterproductive.• with greater depth and sophistication. Most tection of the 1973 act. The Colorado important, changes in Israeli strategic doc­ squawfish recovery plan was signed in trine will greatly improve Israel's utmzation of this military force. Washington and went into effect on Three major changes in strategic doctrine March 16, 1978. An estimated $5 million BALANCE(S) OF POWER, BOOK III are worth mentioning. The first reflects a will now be spent for their protection. It C(l) MIDDLE EAST fundamental shift in policy, with far-reach­ is noted, however, that the squ~wfish ing consequences. Through 1973, Israel relied feed almost exclusively on other fish. on a strategy that is best described as an Among these are the bonytail chub, now HON. JOHN B. BRECKINRIDGE economy of force. Israeli mmtary planners listed as endangered, and the razorback OF KENTUCKY wanted mUitary forces to place as little fi­ nancial burden as possible on Israel's econ­ sucker, now listed as threatened. It IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES seems that by protecting one, we are omy while remaining able to deter Arab at­ Friday, August 4, 1978 tacks. This was an attempt to reduce Israeli endangering the others. In other words, defense costs to manageable proportions. Sucb $5 million spent for the protection of the e Mr. BRECKINRIDGE. Mr. Speaker, in a doctrine required an investment in highly Colorado squawish is $5 million spent our ongoing examination of the military visible and flexible weapons systems: fighter against the bonytail chub and the razor­ balances across the "Global Compass," aircraft but not antiaircraft missiles and back sucker .e our selections about the situation in guns; tanks but not anti-tank missiles. Europe are now followed by a look at the The dangers inherent in this strategy were forces that face each other in the East­ exposed in 1973. An economy of force doctrine could succeed only if a war were fought un­ ern Mediterrannean region: Israel, der conditions favorable to !Mael. An At:ab KOREAN SCANDAL Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. surprise attack, the Egyptian development of Although the United States is not effective anti-tank and anti-aircraft tactics, linked to any of these countries by an and relatively static battle situations con­ HON. ALLEN E. ERTEL alliance such as NATO, it is an area of tributed to the failure of the economy of OF PENNSYLVANIA critical importance to the United States, force doctrine. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES where any threat to peace presents clear A NEW STRATEGIC DOCTRINE Immediately after the 1973 war, Israel Friday, August 4, 1978 dangers to U.S. security. Our dedication to the survival of Israel is a rna tter of adopted a new strategic doctrine, which • Mr. ERTEL. Mr. Speaker, some time clearest policy; and our concern for might be described as maximum deployable ago I announced by intention to offer an force. This new doctrine demanded the crea­ maintaining a stable military balance tion and deployment of the largest possible amendment to the Foreign Assistance from all standpoints is a matter of the number of combat units. Larger defense Appropriations Act cutting off all funds clearest national interest. budgets, massive United States military aid for Peace Corps activities in South Korea. The following article, "The Military and a refined reserve structure made possible My amendment was designed to encour­ Balance of Power in the Middle East," large increases in the number of Israeli com­ age the Government of South Korea to by W. Seth Carus, provides valuable in­ bat and combat support units. make former Ambassador Kim Dong Jo sights into the elements of the balance in Israel's adoption of the maximum deploy­ available to the House of Representatives able force doctrine resulted from two specific that region and offers a concise sum­ conditions. First, Israeli defense planners in its investigation of Korean influence mary of developments within the mili­ learned in 1973 that quantity creates a kind buying. Kim Dong J o is believed to have tary forces of each country since 1973. of quality. This belief, now often expressed, information critical to the successful seexns to reflect a realiza. tion that beyond a completion of this inquiry. The article first appeared in Current History, January 1978. certain point quantitative inferiority can I am not going to introduce my amend­ make it impossible to benefit from qualitative There has always been an undercurrent of superiority. Second, it was learned that al­ ment because the South Korean Govern­ violence in the Middle East; war and the ment has assured the leadership of this ternate tactical capabi11ties were needed: threat of war between the Arabs and Israel anti-aircraft missiles and guns and anti­ House that former Ambassador Kim will a.ft'ect virtually all aspects of life. The tank missiles were just as necessary as fight· supply investigators with details of his struggle for military superiority between er aircraft and tanks, to meet the variety of alleged transactions with Members of Israel and the Arabs has continued, with only tactical situations that can be encountered Congress. This is a modest but im'!or­ brief respites, for 30 years. Since the 1973 in war. Both considerations required in• tant step in getting to the bottom of the October War this struggle has dramatically creased force size. Korean scandal. intensified. To effect the second major Clhange in Military superiority has usually been strategic doctrine Israel had to be independ­ We have no assurance that former achieved not only on the battlefield but also ent of external supply sources in wartime. Ambassador Kim's testimony will be as a result of peacetime improvements and In a sense, this was not a change. Israeli given under oath. planning. Standard measures of mililtary defense planners have tried, with little suc­ We have no assurance that he will be power are of limited value for an assessment cess to fi~ht without wartime deliveries from subject to cross-examination. of the balance of military power between the other countries. What has changed is im­ Arab countries and Israel. Comparisons of plementation. Enormous inventories of am­ We do know, however, that for the first equipment inventories are unrevealing and munition and spare parts now make it pos­ time the South Korean Government is often confuse more than they clarify. Even sible for Israel to fight an intense war last­ willing to permit Mr. Kim to respond to the consideration of qualitative differences \ng at least 30 days. Similarly, spare part written interrogatories. This, in itself, is scarcely makes such analyses more useful. in ven tortes are sufficiently large to make ' August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24539 Israel independent for an extended period Nesher and Kflr fighter-bombers. The effec­ Egypt, almost totally dependent upon So­ (allegedly for a year and a half). As a result, tiveness of the newer aircraft is far greater viet arms five years ago, now relies increas­ Israel is effectively independent of external than earlier aircraft. Large quantities of ingly on Western equipment. Britain, France supplies in the short term. American-produced precision-guided muni­ and Italy are important suppliers of arma­ Virtually all Israeli arms now come from tions have been purchased, and the Israeli­ ments. The United States provides a variety either the United States or Israel. The United designed Luz long-range air-to-surface mis­ of non-lethal equipment: jeeps, electronic States is Israel's most important supplier of sile is now in production. Electronic counter­ reconnaissance gear, C-130 transports and arms. Israeli orders of American m111tary measures have been substantially improved, reconnaissance drones. Present plans call for equipment sliice October, 1973, now exceed using American and Israeli equipment. a reduction of Egypt's dependence on West­ $4.5 b1llion.1 Most of the equipment is paid Acquisition of six Improved Hawk batteries, ern suppliers. For the past several years, the for by foreign m111tary sales credits. Repay­ Chaparral anti-aircraft missile launchers, Egyptians have been negotiating with French ment of a substantial portion of her credits and anti-aircraft guns will improve air de­ and British armament firms for the pur­ has already been "forgiven," meaning that fenses. The E-2C airborne early warning air­ chase of arms production fac111ties. At vari­ no repayment is required. craft will be operational in 1978. ous times, discussions have focused on air­ It should not be supposed that all the EGYPT craft production fac111ties for French F-1 credits to Israel go for m111tary equipment fighters, jet trainers and helicopters, and on Atter 1973, Egypt embarked on a carefully missile production facilities for the British orders. Often the credits have been used for defined m111tary improvement program. This indirect costs, including the costs of the Swingfire anti-tank missile and for the program has two main purposes. First, the French Crotale anti-aircraft missile. So far, October, 1973, airlift to Israel (costing at Egyptians would like to reduce dependence least $42 m1llion, including charges for de­ nothing has come of these negotiations. The on Soviet arms by the acquisition of Western reasons for the failure have not been dis­ preciaticn of the participating C-5A's) ~nd equipment. Second, the Egyptian:J are trying closed. payments to finance expansion of American to improve their equipment quality by the tank production fac111ties (about $44 mil­ replacement or modernization of obsolescent These developments should not be con­ lion). At other times, the costs for certain weapons. For financial reasons, this program strued as an indication that Egypt has be­ types of equipment are far greater than has proceeded very slowly. By judicious selec­ come independent of Soviet arms and logistic their m111tary importance. For example, the tion of equipment, however, it has proved support, or as an indication of Egyptian in­ order for 25 F-15 fighters (representing about possible to make substantial improvements dependence in the immediate future. How­ one-twentieth of the current inventory of at relatively little cost. ever, Egypt's shift toward the West is an im­ combat aircraft) was worth $653 m1llion (in­ portant trend that, eventually, could lead to The effects of this improvement program Egypt's independence. cluding $40 m1llion to cover United States have become increasingly apparent. The research and development costs). Egyptian army has acquired British Swing­ Mention should be made of Egypt's uncon­ Israeli-produced arms are becoming in­ fire and French HOT anti-tank missiles (the ventional warfare capab111ties. Since the early creasingly important. The air force relies former for the infantry, the latter for 42 1960's, the Egyptians have had inventories of upon the Kflr fighter-bomber and the Sha­ newly acquired French Gazelle helicopters). biological, chemical and radiological sub­ frir air-to-air missile. The navy uses the Both missiles are far superior to the Soviet stances.a The acquisition of the Soviet SCUD Gabriel anti-ship missiles launched from Bagger anti-tank missiles Egypt previously surface-to-surface missile could provide a Israeli-built vessels and guided by Israeli­ used. Egypt's navy has been rebuilding means of delivery for these substances, with built electronics. The army obtains virtual­ Soviet-supplied missile boats for over a year. sufficient range to reach deep into Israel. ly all its ammunition from domestic produc­ The rebuilt boats receive nev' engines ob­ Egypt's strategic problems are far more im­ tion. United States officials claim that four­ tained in West Europe (from Italy or portant than any material deficiencies. The fifths of Israeli arms are imported from the Britain), electronics from Britain (new radar crucial problem, simply put, is how to force United States; Israeli officials claim that and an electronic warfare system) , and battle on Israel. The Egyptians believe that domestic production accounts for one-third missiles from Italy (30 OTOMAT's have re­ Israel's great weakness is her inab111ty to sus­ of all acquisitions. Whatever the correct portedly been ordered). Six new KOMAR­ tain heavy military casualties. Egyptian strat­ figure, domestic production is extremely class missile boats have been built in Egypt egy therefore aims at inflicting heavy losses important and accounts for a large portion and will probably be equipped with the on the Israeli m111tary, even at the cost of of vitally needed items.2 Italian missile.' In addition, six Westland Sea temporary Egyptian defeats. In 1973, the im­ A third major change in strategic doc­ King Mk. 37 helicopters delivered in 1976 and plementation of this strategy was fairly sim­ trine has passed almost unnoticed. Since 1977 provide sophisticated anti-submarine ple: merely by crossing the Suez Canal, it 1973, Israel has created strategic mob111ty capab111ties. was possible to force battle on the Israeli forces. The 1976 Entebbe raid revealed many forces. Political and strategic considerations interesting features of Israeli defense forces The Egyptian air force has benefited most forced Israel to attack Egypt's bridgehead including the existence of a matured strate~ from the improvement program. W!1ile the across the canal. gic mob111ty capab111ty. All the equipment inventory of combat aircraft has decreased somewhat, the number operational has prob­ This may not be possible today. As a result and tactics necessary for transportation of of the 1975 disengagement agreement be­ combat units far from Israel under combat ably increased. In 1973. possibly one-third of Egypt's combat aircraft were in storage. tween Egypt and Israel negotiated by United conditions existed before the Entebbe raid. States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger The air force, with about 25 C-130 and 10 Today, all aircraft in inventory are opera­ tional. The aualitv of the average aircraft Israel's forward positions are now deep i~ Boeing 707 transports, is fully capable of Sinai. Any attack on these positions would has im~roved considerably. Advanced model transporting and supplying any of Israel's expose the attacking units to the full force three paratroop brigades far from Israel.a MiG-21, MiG-23/27, and Su-20 fighters from the Soviet Union have re!)laced less sophisti­ of Israel's superior tank units. Undoubtedly, The Israeli m111tary has also made sub­ cated equipment. French aircraft are used in these Israeli units w111 be much more effective stantial improvements in tactical capab111ties significant numbers; a total of 52 Mirage III deep in the Sinai desert than they were in through the acquisition of new equipment fighters have been delivered or are on order. 1973, when the proximity of the Suez Canal and the development of new -tactical con­ So·riet aircraft a't'e bein'<' imuro•rert using allowed Egypt's army to penetrate Israeli cepts. Manpower and inventory levels have Western electronics. In addition. negotiations defenses merely by crossing the Suez Canal. been increased substantially. New types of are under way with a group of United States The Egyptians have built the defense equipment further extend combat capab111- needed to protect the canal; a large defense and British companies to provide logistics zone capable of supporting five infantry ties. The army has increased the number and roaintenanre su'Oport for Egypt's 200 to of tanks from 2,000 to 3,000, the number of 250 MiG-2·1 fighters.& divisions now exists on the east bank in the artillery pieces from about 800 to over 1 500 Sinai. It is, however, unlikely that Egypt the full-tracked armored personnel c~ier~ These qualltative improvements have had can afford to let Israel come very close to the from 500 to several thousand. Anti-tank mis­ a significant impact on the force ca'Oabilitles canal. The political risks of allowing Israeli siles have been purchased in large numbers of the Egyptian m111tary. At relatively little troops to come within artillery range of the including many thousand TOW anti-tank cost, many Perious weaknesses have been cor­ new developments along the canal (built at missiles from the United States. More infan­ rected. Often improvements are dramatic: enormous cost) would be substantial. And try units have been created. The navy has with fewer available aircraft, Egypt's inven­ the political consequences of another Israelt increased the number of missile boats from tory of combat aircraft can carry more ord­ penetration across the canal would be devas­ 14 to 21, with lllt least five more on order­ nance over longer ranges than the 1973 in­ tating. Any aggressive Egyptian advances into including at least two Super Flagstaff hydro­ ventory (even including au the aircraft tben Sinal would mean acceptance of these ex­ foils. Harpoon anti-ship missiles with a in storage). The navalim'Orovement program tremely high risks; risks that the Egyptians range of 110 kilometers have been ordered has yielded far more benefits than could have could accept only after serious deliberation. trom the United States. Allegedly some will been gained by buving large numbers of ad­ On the other hand, Egypt's adoption of a be air-launched versions. Finally, three ditional Soviet missile boats, as the Syrians passive or defensive posture would also have Israeli-produced 1124N Westwind maritime have done. These improvements have made serious consequences. The Egyptian attempt reconaissance aircraft are now in service. the Egy'Otian m111tary far stronger. As addi­ to solve this strategic dilemma wm play a tional Western equipment is received (es'Oe­ The air force has increased its inventory cially in the electronics field), capabilities crucial role in determining the outcome of a of combat aircraft from 370 to about 550. wm increase further. Egypt's efforts com­ future war.7 Most of the new aircraft are American F-4E SYRIA and A--4N jets, but about 100 are Israeli-built prise what should be considered a classic demonstration of intelligent defense plan­ The 1973 war revealed important Syrian Footnotes at end of article. ning. weaknesses. First, while Syria's air defense 24540 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 system provided excellent coverage of the Da­ template fighting a major war against Is­ tent oa.pabillties wlll be available no matter mascus/Golan Heights area, It left the re­ rael is a consequence of a military modern­ what the nature of a war. Alternatively, de­ mainder of the country undefended. Second, ization program started soon after the 1967 cisive superiority in one or more crucial areas serious command difficulties Impeded the ef­ Six Day War. Limited Jordanian resources can make it possible to force an opponent to fective use of the Syrian army. This was es­ have made implementation long drawn out. fight under unfavorable conditions. pecially true at the divisional level. Third, Through 1973, most improvements were or­ In this context, an examination of the air force and army tactics were often abomi­ ganizational, limited to the reformation of forces currently available to the Arabs and nable. Fourth, most Soviet-supplied equip­ shattered combat brigades and their Incor­ to Israel reveals a number of important facts. ment was unreliable and was highly suscepti­ poration Into two tank and three infantry The Arab countries have made intensive ef­ ble to countermeasures. divisions. The tank divisions were strength­ forts to develop new oa.pab111ties and to en­ Syria's air defense system has been ex­ ened during 1973 and 1974 by the receipt of hance existing capab111ties. However, a com­ panded from 35 batteries In 1973 to almost 184 tanks from the United States (including parison of these improvements with Israeli 50 today, to permit the Syrians to defend im­ 52 newly bunt M-60A1's, the mainstay of advances indicates that the improvements portant targets away from the front lines. both the United States and the Israeli tank made by the Arabs have resulted in little, if In addition, more SA-6 missile batteries and forces) . Construction of a tank rebuilding any, relative improvement. More significant, the new SA-9 system (an improved version facillty wlll permit the modernization of the Israeli milltary now has the capab111ty to of the manportable SA-7 mounted on an older tanks-again copying the United State-s meet a variety of highly unfavorable con­ armored car) will improve front-line de­ and Israeli armles.s The quality of the in­ tingencies. The opposing Arab forces in gen­ fenses. The command problems experienced fantry divisions has also been much im­ eral lack such a capabillty. Therefore, it will In 1973 do not seem to have recurred during proved. One division has been mechanized, be almost impossible for the Arabs to repeat the fighting in Lebanon, where the Syrians with a second soon to follow.o This was made the early Egyption successes in the 1973 Oc­ seem to have controlled their units effec­ possible by the purchase from the United tober War. Equally important, Israel seems tively. Since control was exercised directly States of new M-113A1 armored personnel to have decisive superiority in a number of from Damascus, it is still uncertain to what carriers, M-109 self-propelled artlllery and areas that could be important in a future extent command control of Syria's five divi­ TOW and DRAGON antitank ml.sslles. The war. sions has Improved. Efforts have also been most important improvement, however, was Only if they can rectify the deficiencies re­ made to improve tactics, although Syria's the creation of a comprehensive Jordanian sulting from the 1973 October War and only performance in Lebanon does not indicate air defense system. COsting at least $540 mil­ if they solve new strategic problems will the any significant improvement. Because of the lion, this system will eventually comprise 14 Arabs be able to overcome these Israeli ad­ political constraints placed on the use of Improved Hawk surface-to-air missile bat­ vantages. The Israeli m111tary is now superior Syrian forces, this may mean very little, In a teries, self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, and to the Arab milltaries, but the extent of that future war, Syrian tactics should be more man-portable Redeye surface-to-air missiles. ~uperiority is totally dependent on the ab1Uty effective than those employed in 1973. Though the full system will not be com­ of the Arab armies to correct qualitative de­ pleted until 1979, a substantial portion is ficiencies and to implement new strategies Efforts have also been made to rectify now operational. Three Hawk batteries are to meet the altered situation. Arab eneffec­ Syrian equipment deficiencies. No specifics currently operational and three more will be tiveness in either area could lead to over­ are available, but it is likely that improved delivered durin~ the first three months of whelming Israeit superiority. But if the Arab versions of the Soviet SS-N-2 antiship mis­ 1978. Along with other equipment now in states correct their deficiencies and develop sile (perhaps the new SS-N-2C variant?) service these weapons give Jordan an effec­ new strategies, they might virtually eliminate will reduce Syrian vulnerab111ty to Israeli tive air defense system. Israel's superiority. countermeasures. The Soviet Atoll AAM-2 Currently, the Jordanians are almost to­ FOOTNOTES air-to-air missile (totally ineffective in 1973) tally dependent on United States-supplied will probably be replaced by a more effective 1 Defense Security Assistance Agency, For­ weapons. The small quantities of equipment eign Military Sales and Military Assistance missile. Many important quantitative in­ obtained elsewhere have come from Spain (4 creases have also been made in Syrian arms. Facts, December, 1976, provides official data light transnort aircraft), Great Britain on foreign military and commercial sales The tank inventory has been increased from (Bulldog training aircraft), and Iran (F- 2,000 in 1973 to 2,600 today (Including 1,000 programs and on credits provided. 5A/ B jet fighters surplus to Iranian require­ 2 T-62 tanks and possibly a few T-72's-the Israel's domestic arms industry has been ments). However, It should be noted that well covered by the American press. See for most modern tanks in the Soviet arsenal) . 26 of the 42F-5A/B's sent by Iran to Jordan The number of combat aircraft Is now about example William Farrell, The New York In 1975 were transferred to Morocco that Times, February 15, 1977, p. 3. Unfortunately, 420, compared with the 1973 strength of 330. same year, leaving only 16 in Jordan.lo Most new aircraft are sigmficantly more most of these reports are sensational as are­ capable. The number of MIG-21's has in­ OTHER ARAB COUNTRIES sult of the efforts of American diplomats and creased from 200 to 250. The inventory now In 1973, a number of other Arab countries defense officials. For a blatant example, see includes about 50 MiG-23 and MlG-27 Flog­ sent forces to sunnort the front-line coun­ Clarence Robinson, Aviation Week and Space ger fighter-bombers. Finally, the navy has tries, Including Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Technology, vol. 103 (December 13, 1975), increased the number of missile boats from Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Tunisia. pp. 14-17. 9 to 12, supplementing them with a small In general, these forces had little impact. a All hard data for Israel and the Arab frigate (two more are on order) and 9 Ka-25 Currently, only Iraq can provide a sie;nificant countries is based on compilations from nu­ Hormone anti-submarine helicopters-the number of units, and they are of doubt­ merous sources. Unfortunately, the standard type used on the new Soviet Kiev class air­ ful quality. Both Kuwait and Saudi Arabia source for such information, The Military craft carriers. The Soviet Union currently have undertaken major improvement pro­ Balance 1976-77 by the International Insti­ supplies most of Syrian weaponry. The only grams. It will be at leaqt two or three more tute for Strategic Studies, is inaccurate and lmporhnt excentions are the few helicopters years before either country could be of any incomolete. The test rource for aviation data strategic importance. But in the context of is Flight International, vol. 112 (July 20, recently ordered from Italy and France, the 1977). pp. 325-341. all-terrain trucks supplied by the Germans, the current mmtary balance. all these forces and Austrian ordnance and ordnance pro­ are relatively unimportant. The Libyans have 'Aviation and Marine International, vol. 4 duction equipment. purchased several billion dollars wort.h of (June, 1976), p. 21, and subsequent issues. military equioment. There is, however, no in­ r. On the MiG-21 overhaul proposal see Unlike the Egyptians, the Syrians do not dication that mo,.e than a fraction of this Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. appear to have unconventional weapons. equipment is nsable. For the fol:'eseeable fu­ 107 (September 26, 1977), pp. 22-3. However, like the Egyntlans, they have a full ture, Libya will be lmoortant only as a pos­ 0 Stockholm International Peace Research range of defensive equlnment for protection sible source of arms for the front-line coun­ Institute, The Problem of Chemica7 and Bio­ against chemical, biological, or radiological tries. loqical Warfare (New York: Humanities attack. Syria's large inventory of Soviet CONCLUSIONS Press, 1973) is the major source. See FROG short-range and SCUD medium-range especially volume 2: CB Weapons Today, pp. surface-to-surface missUes with high ex­ It is evident that all the front-line coun­ 240-242. plosive warreads are intended for use against tries have effected ma1or lmnrovements in 7 targets in Israel. their miUtary forces. Unfortunately, the im­ William Beecl'>er. The Boston Globe, June 7, 1976, discusses these problems in some With improved tactics, training, and com­ pact of these improvements on the balance of detail The first of many reports on Eg"pt's milltary power is not so discernable. The mand, Syrian equlnment acoulsitlons could new defenses appeared in the Evening Sun have significant imPact. It will be the QUality difficulty is largely a consequence of the fact (Baltimore), August 27, 1974, p. A3. of the Syrl9.n solutions to qualitative that m111tary forces are usuallY optimized 8 The U.S. Army Corps of En~tneerq ts . deficiencies, however, that wllllargely deter­ for particular kinds of wars. For this reason, res•:>Onsible for the conc;truction of this $33- mine the effectiveness of the Syrian mil1tary. the balance of military power is determined mUlion fac111ty. See Stephen Klaidman, JORDAN by the conditions under which a war is Washington Post, May 15, 1975, p. A12. fought. Tn a future war, Jordanian participation 9 These supnlement 26 F-5E and 4F-5F de­ will be greater than it was in 1973. At that Milltary superiority can result from two livered 1975-76. The U.S. press seems to have/ time, only two Jordanian tank brigades sent related developments. The organization of largely i,:;.:nored this transaction. to aid Syria In the Golan Height~ saw any military forces with a multiplicity of po­ 10 Plans to convert the third infantry divi­ action. That Jordan can now seriously con- tentially usable capabilities ensures that Ia- sion have 'been dropped .• August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24541 CONGRESSIONAL MYOPIA ON current priorities, and an increasingly com­ LEUKEMIA VICTIM GETS VA FOREIGN AID plex world has made it more difficult to ap­ BENEFITS preciate the purposes of foreign ald. After World War II our help was directed HON. DON BONKER to people with whom we had much in com­ HON. TIM LEE CARTER OF WASHINGTON mon, and it showed rapid results because its OF KENTUCKY beneficiaries possessed the skllls to put it to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES immediate use. Furthermore, the threat of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Friday, August 4, 1978 monolithic Communism lurked in the back­ Friday, August 4, 1978 ground, silencing potential critics. Today • Mr. BONKER. Mr. Speaker, judging by many of those we help differ from us in their e Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, Donald the rhetoric surrounding this year's for­ values and cultures. They often lack demo­ Coe of Tompkinsville, Ky. was hospital­ eign aid programs, it appears that cur­ cratic traditions and criticize us in public ized in early January 1977, and told bY rent efforts to reduce the Federal budget forums. Still, we are capable of understand­ his doctors that he had a rare kind of rest solely with the programs to help ing a changing world if our leaders frame the cancer, acute hairy cell leukemia. In others around the world. Because foreign issue in perspective. August of 1957, while in military service, aid appropriations represent less than A recent letter from a fellow Congressman he had been exposed to radiation from a one-quarter of 1 percent of U.S. GNP, it began: "How would your constituents feel. nuclear blast one direction while the President has set off The report is composed of three main on a near-opposite policy course. It's nice they don't like it at all. parts: (1) detailed submissions from 14 Not that this is his whole problem; Mr. that the White House wants to start putting out the "good news," but unless the Presi­ mission agencies and 2 other agencies of Carter has been operating under some handi­ the Federal Government, (2) analyses caps that have little to do with his policies. dent can somehow manage some funda­ Watergate, Vietnam, and the Great Society mental policy shifts, there just isn't going of selected aspects of Federal support of hangover have left their poisons in the air. to be much good news to tell. basic research; and (3) a comparative Moreover, the President's judgment in per­ analysis of the mission agencies and the sonnel matters has been awesomely bad. No TIP. O'NEILL'S RULES historical trends of their support of basic one could have guessed that by now we'd Once upon a time, the House Rules Com­ research. have had a budget director who couldn't mittee was the target of intense liberal hos­ keep his financial affairs in order, a White tility. It was alleged to be an undemocratic In commenting on the report, Dr. Mur­ House drug adviser who'd write a fake drug barrier to the working of the people's will. ray who is also Vice Chairman of the prescription and a U.S. Permanent Represen­ Times have changed. In the last few days, in National Science Board, said, "As a re­ tative to the United Nations who evidently a display of classic rulesmanship, Speaker sult of this review of the agencies and doesn't think the U.S. is much worth repre­ Tip O'Neill has set out to use the Rules their activities, the Board affirms its senting. Committee to keep the House from voting on strong belief in the value of multiple sup­ Still, President Carter's malaise isn't just the Kemp-Roth tax cut blll. port of scientific research by the Federal some kind of marketing problem. The rea­ The Republicans had been promised a floor Government and in the key role of the son every White House misshap settles so vote on the measure, as part of a compro­ mission agencies." snugly into the public mind is that the Pres­ mise under which the Ways and Means ident can't manage to arouse any counter­ Committee at last reported out a tax bill. As the President points out in his mes­ vailing enthusiasm for the policies he's try­ Speaker O'Nelll has announced he doesn't sage to the Congress regarding the re­ ing to promote. And that's because he and consider himself bound by this agreement, port, science and technology contribute his advisers have seriously misread the di­ and is using his considerable influence to in significant ways to our international rection the public mood is traveling. get the Rules Committee to bring the bill trade balance, to productivity and eco­ When Jimmy Carter was nomina ted, he out under a rule that does not provide for nomic growth, and play an active role in was widely seen as a moderate-someone who such a vote. would affirm central American values after The Democratic leadership is reneging on helping the Government meet our Na­ the beating they had taken for almost a dec­ its promise because many young Democrats tion's needs. ade. Admittedly, that idea of Mr. Carter was are frightened to vote on Kemp-Roth. If I urge my colleagues to take a very capacious and vague. But it certainly didn't they vote yes the b111 may pass, putting close look at this valuable material from 24544 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 the National Science Board, and I com­ consider this proposal, and join with me level V of the Executive Schedule in section mend Dr. Grover Murray and the other and the resolution's cosponsors in sup­ 5316 of title 5, United States Code; (4) to terminate the employment of any members of the lOth National Science porting its provisions. such sta.1f as the select committee considers Board Report Committee for having Attached is the draft resolution creat­ appropriate; and given us this outstanding and helpful ing the Select Committee on Nonmetro­ (5) to reimburse members of the select report.• politan America. The resolution follows: committee a.nd of its sta1f for travel, subsis­ Resolution to establish a select committee to tence, and other necessary expenses in con­ study nonmetropolitan America nection with any meeting of the select com­ Resolved, mittee, or subcommittee thereof, other than SELECT COMMITTEE TO 'STUDY ESTABLISHMENT expenses in connection with any meeting of NONMETROPOLITAN AMERICA the select committee or a subcommittee SECTION 1. There is hereby established in thereof, held in the District of Columbia. the House of Representatives a select com­ (c) The select committee and all author­ mittee to be known as the Select Committee ity granted in this resolution shall expire HON. JOHN B. BRECKINRIDGE on Nonmetropolitan America (hereinafter OF KENTUCKY thirty days after the filing of the report of referred to as the "select committee"). the select committee required under section IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FUNCTIONS 6(a) of this Act with the House, or just prior Friday, August 4, 1978 SEc. 2. (a) The select committee shall con­ to noon on January 3, 1979, whichever date duct a full and complete investigation of­ occurs first. e Mr. BRECKINRIDGE. Mr. Speaker, it (1) major economic issues affecting non­ REPORT AND RECORDS is my privilege today to introduce a res­ metropolitan America; SEc. 6. (a) The select committee shall olution for consideration by the Congress (2) population trends affecting nonmetro­ transit a report to the House as soon as establishing a Select Committee To politan America; practicable during the present Congress, but Study Nonmetropolitan America. (3) employment and employment-related not later than January 2, 1979, containing As chairman of the Congressional issues in nonmetropolitan America; the results of its investigations and study, Rural Caucus, composed of over 100 bi­ (4) the quality of life in nonmetropolitan together with such recommendations as it America; deems advisable. partisan Members of Congress deeply (5) the needs of small businesses in non­ interested and involved in the wide spec­ (b) Any such report that is made when metropolitan America; the House is not in session shall be filed trum of issues affecting nonmetropoli­ ( 6) the emciency of Federal programs pro­ with the Clerk of the House. tan America, I have consistently been in­ viding financial assistance and loans to per­ sons in nonmetropolitan America, with par­ (c) Any such report shall be referred to terested in affecting significant improve­ the committee or committees that have juris­ ments in the small cities, towns, and ticular emphasis on the effectiveness of such programs in providing jobs and other eco­ diction over the subject matter thereof. rural areas of America. nomic opportunities; (d) (1) Except as provided in paregraph What is needed now, however, is a (7) housing in nonmetropolitan America; (2) of this subsection, the records, files, and select committee which can, specifically and materials of the select committee shall be and exclusively, address the issues con­ (8) credit needs and financial resources in transferred to the Clerk of the House. fronting nonmetropolitan America. This nonmetropolltan America. (2) If the report of the select committee proposed committee would supplement (b) In carrying out its responsibillties un­ is referred to only one committee under the the operations of the CRC and serve as der this Act, the select committee shall not provisions of subsection (c) of this section, a strong "right arm" for the caucus. investigate or study agriculture or matters the records, files, and materials of the select It is clear that there are disturbing related to agriculture. committee shall be transferred to the com­ and difficult problems facing America's APPOINTMENT AND MEMBERSHIP mittee to which such report is referred.e small cities, towns, and rural areas. Lack SEc. 3. (a) The select committee shall be of job opportunities, investment capital, composed of eight Members of the House, who shall be appointed by the Speaker, one government, medical, and health serv­ of whom the Speaker shall designate as INTERNS DESERVE CREDIT ices are some of the crucial issues which chairman. plague nonmetropolitan America. The (b) Any vacancy occurring in the mem­ proposed committee could get to the bership of the select committee shall be HON. JOHN B. BRECKINRIDGE heart of these vital issues in a significant filled in the manner in which the original OF KENTUCKY and organized manner. Our experiences appointment was made. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (c) For purposes of this section, the term with the CRC indicate that these prob­ Friday, August 4, 1978 lems are difficult but not totally intract­ "Members" shall mean any Representatives ible if approached in an intelligent man­ in, ar Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, e Mr. BRECKINRIDGE. Mr. Speaker, I ner. While many committees and sub­ the House of Representatives. would like to take this opportunity to committees admittedly handle a portion AUTHORITY AND PROCEDURES acknowledge and express my apprecia­ of the many problems confronting non­ SEc. 4. (a) The provisions of clauses 1, 2, tion for the contributions made t.o con­ metropolitan America, there is no com­ and 3 of Rule XI of the Rules of the House gressional offices by our summer interns. mittee in the House which even attempts of Representatives shall apply to the select Although their efforts are seldom over­ an overall approach to the economic committee. looked. these young men and women­ (b) Nothing contained in subsection (a) who perform numerous tasks essential problems of rural America. The Congress of this section shall be construed to limit needs a committee to pull together the the applicabillty of clause (2) (i) of rule XI to congressional offices-are seldom diverse areas affecting rural America. of the Rules of the House of Representatives adequately recognized. The clear objective of the committee is to the select committee. I sincerely thank Michael Swirsky, to draw together in a single institutional ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS Julie Rothhouse, and Debbie Lachman framework all of the necessary inputs SEc. 5. (a) Subject to the adoption of ex­ o~ Brown University; Beth McCutcheon to create and support a realistic strategy pense resolutions as required by clause 5 and Miriam Aroni of the University of for dealing with the problems noted. of rule XI of the Rules of the Ilouse of Rep­ California at Los Angeles; Chris Tackett The basic methodologies of the com­ resentatives, the select committee xnay incur of Centre College; Barry Meehan of the mittee would be common to most investi­ expenses in connection with its duties under University of Kentucky; Leslie Levy of gating committees' hearings, invitation this resolution. Miami University; Patricia Refo of the of views, data, judicious use of subpenas (b) In carrying out its duties under this University of Michigan; Stuart Streich­ where necessary, employment of staff resolution, the select committee is author­ ler o:!' Bowling Green State University; and other congressional operations. I ized- Bill Marsteller of American University; ( 1) to appoint, either on a permanent basis Cheryl Nikonovich of Trinity College; propose that the life of the Select Com­ or as experts or consultants, such staff as mittee on Nonmetropolitan America the select committee considers necessary; and Robert Ross of Hampden-Sydney should be 2 years. The first year would (2) to prescribe the duties and responsi­ College for the outstanding work they be devoted to public hearings, the second bilities of such staff; have done these past several months. to drafting legislative proposals. I would (3) to fix the compensation of each mem­ These bright, amiable, and under- , also propose that $300,000 be allotted for ber of such statf at a per annum gross rate standing students have not only per­ its operations. which does not exceed the highest rate of formed the often routine and unexciting · I urge all Members of the Congress to basic pay, as in effect from time to time, of functions indispensable to om.ce opera- , August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24545 tion, but have also demonstrated a high And the best for last: $80,000 to develop a Even if you are the most ardent, dedicated level of competence in work on legisla­ zero gravity toilet. supporter of our industry, you must know I should add that in referring to the $9 that the rules we have followed for some 225 tive research, public relations, testimony, trillion U.S. obligation, I followed the Wash­ years are in trouble today. and careful analysis of major legisla­ ington practice of rounding it off for neat­ Attempting to forecast expenses to income tion-all as a gratuity and contribution ness by dropping the untidy $33 billion In is all but impossible in a climate of irrational without compensation. excess of the $9 trillion. litigation, inflation and burgeoning social Commending them for their interest ADDITIONALLY programs of a "brother's keeper" nature. in government and assistance they have In a good year, federal government regula­ The failure of the public and legislators rendered to my staff. I am grateful for tions take about 45,000 pages in the Federal to understand the mechanics of this business their service and wish them the best of is a problem for which we must accept Register. responsibllity. luck in their future endeavors.• The nation's 41 regulatory agencies have In the framework of a two-century life more than doubled their budgets since 1974. span, the problems have hit us overnight Next year the tab will be $4.82 billion. A con­ and we have committed the dual error of gressional committee was given a study whiCih presuming we are understood while failing: REOUCING BIG GOVERNMENT showed that the cost to American business to do an adequate job of educating our to administer these regplations will hit $96.7 market. billion in 1978-an increase of $31.2 billion The crunch has come at a time when all HON. · PAUL N. McCLOSKEY, JR. in two years. citizens are concerned over rising costs. A OF CALIFORNIA A FEW EXAMPLES few smoldering embers of bad insurance IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Regulatory paperwork will cost the Eli practices have been fanned vigorously by a Lilly Drug manufacturer $15 million per year. few overzealous consumer activists who are Friday, August 4, 1978 Six hundred and sixty-six dollars of the religious in their conviction that most bust­ • Mr. McCLOSKEY. Mr. Speaker, a con­ price of your new car will be due to "help" ness, particularly big business, is inherently stituent sent me the enclosed weekly from the government. It has increased by dishonest, evil, and cavalier in its attitude $216 since 1976 alone. towards the public. Many of these activists bulletin of the Professional Insurance '!'he average $50,000 home contains $9,844 now populate government agencies and are Agents of California and Nevada. It sums worth of regulatory costs. In fact, the num­ generating investigations, studies and de­ up so well what so many of our constitu-· ber of fam111es who can afford a medium­ nouncements of the industry. ents are saying, and I insert it in the priced home has dropped from 50% in 1970 GOVERNMENT TOUCH-DISASTER RECORD at this point in the hope that it to 27% in 1976. And as far as government-run business is fill stimulate our continued progress to­ DESSERT ON STATISTICAL MENU concerned, the record speaks for itself. ward reducing the size, costs, and com­ But I've saved some of the best for dessert Virtually everything the government has plexity of the U.S. Government. on my statistical menu: touched in the private sector has become a While putting my thoughts together for HEW, with 1,144,000 aid recipients, employs disaster--especially those programs cater­ this speech, a mysterious, official-looking bill 1,217,000 people-slightly more than the ing to social needs which are rallying cries hit my desk. It told me that I owed this United States Army and Marine Corps com­ from consumer leaders and academicians of country nearly $113,000 as my share of the bined. the new breed. government's $9 trillion debt. Somehow or other, the HEW m111tia has re­ Keeping in mind that Social Security is Wondering how I could have had a hand cently dropped between $6.3 billion and $7.4 an insurance proposition, just think of the in such unbelievable spending, I read on: billion through a crack. Nobody knows if it know-how the feds could share with us in Item 1. $3 billion stolen annually in health was spent, ripped off or just what happened making our operations more efficient and programs. to it. But brushing that little incident aside, affordable. Item 2. $6.5 billion annually to the Penta­ they still went back to Congress for an addi­ No one seems to know why 1977 suddenly gon to buy five times as many routine sup­ tional $43 billion for the 1979 budget. And at turned from red to black in the property­ plies as are actually used. Weapons are not $182 billion per year, HEW consumes 36% casualty field. included in this figure. Then I discovered of the entire federal budget. Profits were embarrassing in spite of the that 80% of these purchases are later The former Clhief actuary for the Social Se­ need to recoup severe losses from prior years. scrapped in unused condition or sold for curity system has estimated that the de­ But if you've read the article in the May 1 pennies on the dollar. mands over the next 75 years will exceed issue of Business Week tmtitled, "Sudden Item 3. $200 mUllen annually for useless revenue by at least $1 trillion, providing Riches for the Casualty Insurers," you know research grants showered on favored profes­ there are no further changes in the system. that consumers in certain areas are creat­ sors, such as $10,000 for a Library of Congress This is a key point which I lhope to tie to my ing small "Proposition 13" demonstrations biography on Isaac Newton, when there are real theme once I've purged myself of against us because they are angered and con­ already 23 such works on hand. statistics. vinced that we are engaged in a rip-off. Item 4. Subsidy payments of $600,000 an­ AND JUST IN CASE YOU FORGOT nually to a single bee-keeper in Washington. I'm certain that if your daily experience is Our lawmakers do not seem to have too anything like mine you find precious few Item 5. The interest meter on the national much confidence in our Social Secudty sys­ citizens who identify greedy lawyers, immoral debt ticks away at $85,000 per minute. No tem, because they do not have to participate contingencies and "go-for-the-throat" plain­ wonder so many of us are being forced into tiffs as contributing much to the problem. three-martini lunches. the way we do. Instead, they are permitted to invest 8% of their earnings in a private plan. Clearly, we have not done a good job in Item 6. In the last 20 years, our federal Did you know that the Civil Service Com­ the public relations area and are still falling government has spent $250 bUlion in foreign mis~:.ion has reported that eight of 10 federal down badly, in spite of the leadership of aid to finance both sides in 14 separate wars. blue-collar workers are now receiving wages companies such as Aetna, St. Paul, and Crum This information came to me from the Na­ above the preva111ng rates, due to the 125% & Foster in their recent, excellent educa­ tional Taxpayer's Union in Washington, D.C. in pay hikes they have received since 1970? tional ads. It's an organization which may get quite a "ERISA'S OVERKILL REMEDY" PRESSURE IS BUILDING lift now that California's Proposition 13 is law. Apparently, Californians are getting You might feel the same way that I do The pressure is building against us. Just angry about their taxes and the way they about some of the disgraceful practices which as it has done against the health establish­ are spent. were part of private pension plans a few ment, which we all sense w111 soon fall under years ago, but ERISA's overkill remedy is far crippling federal control and heaven knows MORE ITEMS CITED, OTHERS ADDED worse than the complaint. That fact is that at what cost and regulation for each of us. But as long as I've come this far, let me employers introducing new plans have fallen It is within our power to halt or modify cite a few more items from the Taxpayer's back to pre-1968 levels, while the plan­ the changes which will ultimately be forced Union and then add some of my own for cancellation rate is now 11 times the 1968 U'pon our industry? And should you as an flavor: level. agent, the wife of an agent, or any agency We've given the Pentagon $375,000 to study Add to that the effect of proposed House employee really be concerned? frisbees. Bill 12078, which would drive the cost of As to your power to change the course of Teaching mothers how to play with their some employee-benefit programs to a point events. Proposition 13 is evidence of what is babies was a worthy project which cost only where sponsors will have no choice but to possible. It also shows that apathy accept­ $159,000. trim benefits such as retirement plans or do ance of a situation, or counting on the other A study to find out why some people say away with them completely. guy to do something while you sit tight, is "ain't" seems reasonable for $121,000. It House Bill 12078 passes, the pressure on an invitation to have bureaucrats run all To learn more about the mating calls of Social Security would be so grave that even over you while their ends are served. the Central American toad was a bargain more ominous regulations would be neces­ If the results of several national polls at $29,324.. sary to save the whole shooting match. taken during the Panama Canal deliberations 24546 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 were an accurate reflection of public senti­ cards, policyholders, claimants and damned director requesting a policy statement or ment, the treaty should never have passed nuisances. religious services on Metropolitan properties. Congress. Apathy reigned, it seems, and a Some lessons come hard, and for all the The response: The housing authority was handful in the Administration squeaked the criticism I have heaped on the consumer. "not in favor of granting permission to hold treaty through without public outcry. In activists, we would do well to remember that religious services in authority bulldings." contrast, when a prominent U.S. Senator re­ his or her excesses and pressures are awaken­ The Senator later found there was nona­ cently remarked that a proposal to register ing us to the alternative we face if we are tional policy on religious services. Local serial numbers of all guns is tantamount apathetic enough to "let George do it." e housing authorities were under the juris­ tp gun control, the response was swift-a diction of the "JS Department of Housing and flood of 351,000 letters to the Treasury De­ Urban Development but the religious ques­ partment in the first week with a ratio of 13o CITIZEN OF THE YEAR: SISTER tion was a local authority decision. to 1 against the proposal. CLAIRE FOKEN Sister Claire took action. She went to the ARE WE GETTING INVOLVED? newspaper for help. She enlisted the aid of Are we getting that involved when we learn public officials. The nun wrote letters. Started that key government agencies are being told HON. THOMAS A. LUKEN a petition drive. that agents are a costly parasite in the deliv­ OF OHIO By late October, the Mayor of Cincin­ ery process? nati, several councilmembers, Congressman Are we going out of our way to tell or write IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thomas Luken and a slew of news media from our state and federal representatives about Friday, August 4, 1978 television, radio and newspapers attended a the true reasons for rising rates? meeting of the housing authority. Are we sure that in supporting states' • Mr. LUKEN. Mr. Speaker, I rise Congressman Luken threatened to serve at rights, we are satisfied that state govern­ today with great pride and admiration to an illegal Mass, although Sister Foken was ments are not practicing the excesses and commend Sister Claire Foken of St. working primarily to hold ecumenical serv­ carelessness of the federal system? William Parish in Price Hill, who has ices. Tile fact remained the service was for­ Are we sure that our companies really are made significant progress in the protec­ bidden. opposed to federal controls; or could it be tion of the first amendment right, the "What will you do to us, arrest us?" Luken that due to impossible regulation in some asked when he told the authority of the Mass, states and the hassle of fifty different ap­ freedom of religion. It is through her "I thought this was a democracy. How dare proaches some might silently see central con­ dedication and hard work in aiding the you, to take a vote on the freedom of wor­ trol as the lesser of two evils? citizens of Pinecrest obtain the right ship." Are we joining the ranks of thousands of to worship that she has, for the second Soon it was Sister Claire's turn to speak. "I other small businessmen who are fed up to time in 3 years been honored by the am a human being, and I brought the pro­ the teeth with IRS, OSHA, ERISA, EEO, Delhi/Price Hill Press as Citizen of the posal here last spring on behalf of other hu­ DEC, and wage-and-hour regulations which Year. She is indeed a woman to be ac­ man beings," she told the housing authority. are literally strangling us? "I did not come here as a representative of Are we trying to tell our clients that part claimed and recognized. I would like to the Sisters of Charity or the Catholic of their expense is a share in supporting share the following article from the Hill Church. I came here on behalf of the resi­ guaranty funds, residual markets and a host News, Cincinnati, Ohio, which appeared dents of the building." of other social problems being built into on July 25, 1978. What Sister may not have realized is her their premiums? (From the Hill News, Cincinnati Ohio, drive to allow religious services may have Are we telling them about astronomical July 25, 1978] turned into a national issue. That is, if the local housing authority would have contin­ settlements which are a matter of public CITIZEN OF THE YEAR: SR. CLAmE FOKEN record? ued the ban. A national Christian group was Are you making it clear that as an agent, SHE WON THE RIGHT TO WORSHIP AT THE prepared to finance a lawsuit that could have you are paid a commission only when you PINECREST SENIOR APARTMENTS ended in the Supreme Court. produce and that the commission provides It was a question of religious freedom for But the Cincinnati Metropolitan Housing employment for two, three or more people in those who could not attend services at the Authority backed down and granted Sister your community? various churches of all denominations across Claire Foken's request. If we are not providing strong counter­ Price Hill. The board of judges in deciding this year's arguments against the deck which is being Many of the residents of The Pinecrest, Citizen of the Year, Sister Claire Foken, felt stacked against us both by unknowing but that apartment complex for seniors run by her actions were the most significant of all concerned fellow citizens and the more devi­ the Cincinnati Metropolitan Housing Au­ positive events on the hill from August, 1977, ous anti-business forces at work today, then thority, are shut-in because of physical until the present. the vacuum exists in which we will get ev­ problems. But the housing authority would While the criteria for selection of the Citi­ erything that's coming to us as we mill not allow religious services because they zen of the Year was based on those who have around like lost sheep. claimed it would violate principles of separa­ served the hill beyond their normal everyday When a bulletin from the U.S. Chamber, tion of church and state. obligations, the judges felt Sister Claire's PIA or IIAA hits your desk, asking you to The Pinecrest is a federally-subsidized actions were more than prescribed for a write or call your Congressman, don't say, project and like other public projects the woman in a religious order. "I'm too busy." Do it, right then. If you don't, freedom .. to pray in a group scared the direc­ "They felt Sister Claire was no ordinary that busy-ness you complain about might tors of the housing authority. After all, group nun," said Richard Hines of The Hill News. slip into someone else's hands by default, prayer was not permitted in public schools. "Had Sister Claire not been there to fight for leaving you with plenty of time but no bust-· This principle went as far as to suggest the the seniors, they still may have been without ness. phrase, "In God We Trust," be stricken from the freedom to worship." I came from a country (England) where a American currency. This is the second time in three years that government tried to pull a war-torn and Over a year ago, Sister Claire Foken, Sister Sister Claire has been honored as Citizen of weary people up by their bootstraps. The of Charity, who works at St. William Church, the Year. In 1976, when the Delhi/Price Hlll necessarily high taxes destroyed both busi­ took it upon herself to do something about Press sponsored the award, she was selected ness and personal incentive. The people, ex­ it. The seniors, ever so aware of the meeting Citizen of the Year for her work with shut­ periencing the same problems and concerns with their Maker, wanted to worship. Many ins.e we have, believed the well-intentioned gov­ felt they were "sinning" because they did not ernment promises to help medicine, railroads, attend Sunday services. They felt private ship-building and other vital enterprises. prayer was not what God wanted. AIRLINE NOISE REDUCTION LEGIS­ The results are known on a worldwide basis. "I have gone down there three times and LATION: LET THE AIRLINES PAY Though other problems dog the little is­ held prayer sessions," Sister Foken told The land in its efforts to recover, I suspect that Hill News in August, 1977. "It was a won:ier­ HON. JAMES J. DELANEY recovery from socialism, overly strong gov­ ful thing. There were tears running down their faces, they were so happy to have the OF NEW YORK ernment, and labor domination will take opportunity." years, if it ever comes to pass. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Since March of 1977, Sister had been work­ We have some of the symptoms and, for Friday, August 4, 1978 all of its evils-and there are many-! still ing to allow religious services. She first went to Jerry Springer for advice on how to get e Mr. DELANEY. Mr. Speaker, the Com­ believe that privatE" enterprise is more effi­ the housing authority to change its position cient and less costly in most areas. on religious services. Springer suggested a mittee on Rules recently sent to the :floor There have been exc~:>sses in the past. Not letter to Senator Howard Metzenbaum be­ of the House the Airport and Aircraft the least of them has been the tendency to cause it "wasn't a matter of city council." Noise Reduction Act the time of purchase but for many years money takes on added significance when one suggests an over-all debt ratio of about 51 o/. thereafter. Second, in contrast to other in­ realizes that the nation's trunk airlines and by the end of the year before adjustment dustries which can use the pricing mecha­ Pan American are approaching a 1: 1 debt/ for convertible debentures and about 41% nism to pass the cost of environmental modi­ equity ratio as a group and have Improved after such adjustment. It should also be fications on to the user or buyer, the airlines on It in several Individual Instances. noted that banks typically make other ad­ are prevented from doing so on a timely Table 2 shows the total debt, non-current justments for borrowing purposes which basts because of the regulatory mechanism. obligations under capital leases and the tend to increase the equity base. Indeed, the industry might want to trade equity of the ten trunk carriers and Pan Clearly, then, the airltnes are in a posi­ the necessity to finance their noise-related American as of March 31, 1978. One should tion where they can attract new financing, capital needs for the ablllty to fully control note that the totals are modestly distorted it is also obvious that the present financing their pricing. The ,present CAB has encour­ because Braniff, Western and Delta (the lat­ ab111ty is stlll limited and can be increased aged pricing freedom only below the normal ter being insignificant in this respect) had only with a sustained profit trend. A series rates while moving slowly if at all toward not yet restated their balance sheets in con­ of studies have 1been undertaken in the greater managerial flexiblllty on the upside. formance with the requirements of the Fi­ past couple of years to determine the air­ Perhaps the simplest help in financing air­ nancial Accounting Standard Board State­ lines' capital needs and the likelihood of line capital needs would be a pass-through of ment 13. FASB 13 requires the capitalization their meeting these needs. the 2% noise abatement charge without fed­ and inclusion in the balance sheet of all Given certain reasonable assumptions of eral controls or review. Finally, the lead times capital lease obligations essentially by the traffic growth and aircraft service life a necessary for aircraft commitments are such end of this year. 1977 Boeing study concluded that the 1976- that corrective action in regard to regula­ However, the b':lsic conclusions remain. 85 capital requirements of the trunks and tory poltcies might come too late to ensure At the end of the first quarter, the major air­ Pan Am were $47 billion. An upward varia­ the availablllty of financing if current CAB Unes had total long-term obltgations of tion in the assumed service life of aircraft policies do not meet the test of time. $4.139 blllton and capital leases capitalized from 16 to 20 years led two other studies to To cite the moral claim of the airlines on at $2.095 billion. Relative to the total invest­ conclude that $21 blllion .were needed. An the government's help in setting up a partiaJ ment base of $11.215 btllion, this represented ATA study of all U.S. airlines (based on a financing mechanism to increase their equity 55.6% of capitalization. Five of the carriers 5 % traffic growth rate) estimated total cap­ base is not to deny the efficiency of the pri­ wtll h:we debt ratios of less than 50% by the ital needs at $26 blllion for the 1976-85 vate capital market if it is allowed to operate end of this year, even after adjustment of period and $65 billion for the 1976-89 period. unhampered. Airlines have generally been able to obtain adequate financing for their Capital structures of u.s. trunk airltnes 1 needs. Costs have been high at times, but [Dollars in mllllons] this reflects the lender's or investor's per­ ception of the risk involved. Noncurrent TABLE 1.-U.S. trunk airlines cash and short­ obligations term investments 1 under Millions Long-term capital American Airlines ______$447.6 debt leases Equity Braniff International ______30.8 Continental Air Lines ______American Airltnes ------­ $558.8 $436.5 $703.6 30.6 270.7 Delta Air Lines ______ContinentalBraniff International Air Lines ______------_ 227.3 107.5 234.7 202.6 Eastern Air Lines ______103.6 National Airltnes ______EasternDelta Air Air Lines------Lines ______202.8 697.6 12.3 429.5 452.8 Northwest Airlines ______111.8 348. 1 Pan American World Airways ______National Airlines ------­ 61.3 198.8 178.0 Northwest Airltnes ------100.0 Trans World Airltnes ______123.9 Pan American World Airlines ______760.2 741.2 335.4 336.5 UAL, Inc------529.0 l'rans World Airlines ______614.4 Western Airlines ______29.'7 446.5 439.5 UAL, Inc. ------825.4 423.8 887.3 1,704.8 Western Airlines ------100.7 179.6 1 As of Mar. 31, 1978. Total ------4,139.4 2,095.0 4, 981.1 Certainly a reduction in the perception of risk in the past two years has permitted 1 As of Mar. St. 1978. a number of airlines to tap the private capt­ NoTE.-Braniff, Delta and Western balance sheets had not yet been reclassified to capi­ tal market, starting In early 19'77 with Ameri­ talize all non-current obligations under capital leases, pursuant to FASB No. 13. can Airline's $125-million preferred stock financing. Interestingly, even during the pear to indicate that the air1lnes would be difficult years of the early 1970's, the credit FAR 3 fleet noise rule able to fully finance these needs at a 9-10% and equity markets were not closed to the annual return on investment. airlines. This is evidenced by the risk financ­ Aircraft Percent Comptetton The current year wlll nrohably be the third ing of Southwest Airlines and the placement type completion date in succession in which the return is in that of lease financing with the help of forms of p;eneral area (the l!J76 return on corporate equipment trust certlflcatE.S. B-747 investment of the trunks and Pan .Am was One also notes with interest the raising B-727 ------­ 50 Jan. 1, 1981 8.5 % ). One can be hopeful that the recently of $100 million of equity funds last year by B-737 ------­ 100 Jan. 1, 1983 emerged conservatism of airllne manage­ Trans World Airlines only a few months ments plus an enlightened regulatory en­ after its former chairman Charles Tillinghast DC-9 ------­ vironment could combine to keep rates of 25 1~81 decried the fact that the capital markets B-720 ------­ Jan. 1, return at a relatively satisfactory level. were closed to hls company. All told, the ten B-707 ------50 Jan. 1, 1983 DC-8 ------100 Jan. 1, 1985 Belief in the airlines' general ab111ty to trunks and Pan American raised about $403 meet their financial net>ds does not p;uar­ mlllion In public financing last year. antee that each trunk carrier w111 obtain all There is little doubt that the airlines are A more recent Boeing study puts the value the funds it wants at the orice it wants to not the most preferred credit risks today. of aircraft to be delivered to U.S. airlines in oay. Far !rom it. It is obvious !rom Table 2 Insurance companies in particular lose no the 1978-87 period at $32 bi111on in 1977 that carriers like Delta and Northwest will opportunity to inform regulators and legis­ dollars. About $18 btllion of this can be as­ have no difficulty arranging for reasonable lators of their reluctance of Investing In air­ sumed to be growth-related while the re­ financing. Unes (whtle they do assume specific aircraft mainder represents replacement aircraft. One should also note that even Eastern risks) . . Still, insurance companies do lend Presumably, this includes a large oortion of Air lines has drawn up a tlve-year budget money to profitable airline companies, as noise-related capital exoenditures exceot for which envisions ca1lital exryenditures of $615 they did last year in the case of Braniff In- retrofits and modifications. The studies ap- mUlion in addition to the recent Airbus August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24549 order. Given a modest profit, Eastern is in measurement four of the main factors that GENERAL EXPLANATION OF H.R. balance with the addition of about $312 mil­ mustrate the standard of living. 13722, A BILL RELATING TO THE lion in new funds. In education, women and minorities were ~EPENDENT CONTRACTOR One other aspect of the airline's financial found to be more likely than white males STATUS OF INDIVIDUALS FOR standing needs mention. At the end of 1977, to drop behind in school, to leave high EMPLOYMENT TAX PURPOSES the trunk carriers and Pan Am had cash school without being graduated, to miss a assets and short-term investments of $1.787 college education and to work in jobs re­ b1llion. At the end of March, 1978, the total quiring less schooling than they had ob­ HON. RICHARD A. GEPHARDT was $1.705 b1llion. Equipment commitments tained, the study round. at about the end of January were $2.2 bil­ For example, up to 60 percent of all high OF MISSOURI lion, of which $1.4 b1llion became payable school graduates were over-qualified for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this year and should be largely met with cash their jobs, according to the 1976 census Friday, August '4, 1978 on hand and internally generated funds. figures used ln the study, but black males Since that time, about $1.6 billion have been were more than 50 percent more likely to be e Mr. GEPHARDT. Mr. Speaker, in the added to these commitments. underemployed than their white counter­ conference report accompanying the As of now, the carriers have not com­ parts with diplomas. _ Tax Reform Act of 1976, the conferees mitted themselves to significant purchases Minorities and women pay a higher pen­ expressed concern regarding the han­ of "new generation" equipment. The indus­ alty for falling to continue or finish high try's cash generated from operations last school or college than do white males, the dling of cases involving the status of an year was about $1.880 billion and may come study round. The 11 percent of all minori­ individual as an independent contractor close to $2 billion this year. Less than $4.00 ties who finish college are likely to earn or an employee for emplo:•ment tax pur­ million a year is currently needed to meet no more than 85 percent as much as compar­ poses. They urged that the Internal Rev­ debt retirement obligations. Thus, even after ably educated white males. Women of all enue Service "to apply any changed po­ paying for new equipment, the industry races can be expected to earn less than 70 sition or any newly stated position which should be able to keep its cash horde largely percent as much as white men similarly is inconsistent with a prior general audit intact in 1978. trained. Assuming a more moderate earnings level position in this general subject area to Women and minority men more often are past, as opposed to future taxable years" on average than the current, it st111 appears unemployed, hired in low prestige positions, possible for the trunks to show a net cash receive lower annual pay raises and, in dis­ until the completion of a study of the flow (after debt retirement) of as much as proportionate numbers, live in poverty more problem by the staff of the Joint Com­ $14 b1llion in the aggregate between now and than their white male counterparts. These mittee on Taxation. 1985. This would provide an adequate base factors often do not change, even when the Unfortunately, as recently confirmed to finance the contemplated additions to the job qualifications, age and other factors are in testimony before the Senate Finance aircraft fleet forecast in all available major the same as for white men, the study con­ studies. The key wm be the maintenance of Subcommittee on Taxation and Debt a reasonable level of profitab111ty.e cluded. Management, the IRS has not suspended Teen-age unemployment, usually higher its processing of cases as the conferees for females and minority group members than any other groups, was as much as 5 had intended. Witnesses from numerous times that of white males in 1970 for many industries testified that the ms was con­ EQUALITY IN AMERICA-STILL A groups, and went up to over 8 percent in tinuing its abrupt departure from the WAY TOGO some cases by 1976. longstanding law in this area. Assess­ The most severely affected minority groups, ments involving millions of dollars have Puerto Rican males and black females, were been made or proposed, and several busi­ HON. HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK signficantly more likely to be jobless than nesses have ceased operations as a re­ OF NEW JERSEY white male teen-agers. Using the unemployment statistics as an sult. Some independent contractors have IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES example, the commission noted that, when ceased working until the law becomes Friday, August 4, 1978 they are measured as part of the national clear again, and millions of jobs are population, they can be misleading. threatened. e Mr. HOLLENBECK. Mr. Speaker, al­ "Even when unemployment rates are rela­ H.R. 13722 would alleviate this situa­ though women and minorities in America tively low, the rates for blacks and other tion in two ways. First, it prohibits the have made great gains in recent years, minority groups are typically twice that of IRS from applying a new or changed po­ they still lag far behind white males in [whites)," the report said, adding that the sition in this area which is inconsistent their opportunities, salaries, and overall nation tolerates a level of unemployment ffor with a general audit position, regulation, position in society. The following arti­ minorities] that would be considered intoler­ or ruling in effect on January 1, 1976. cle from the Washington Post of August able for the country as a whole. Female-headed and minority households Second, the bill recognizes the independ­ 2, 1978, gives a clear picture of the situa­ are stlll concentrated in inner cities, gener­ ent contractor status of individuals tion, and I wish to submit it for the ally live in rented rather than owned hous­ who have been treated consistently and RECORD in order that my colleagues might ing, for which they spend more than one­ in good faith as independent contractors measure more adequately the distance fourth of their income, and live in over­ in reliance on rulings, cases, past ms we have come with the distance still to crowded conditions far more often tha.n white audit practices, industry practices, or be traveled. male-headed families, the study found. the taxpayer's own longstanding prac­ (From the Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1978] The commission's three recommendations for presidential action, based on the report: tices. PROGRESS ASIDE, MINORITIES, WOMEN SEEN The bill defines good faith to make the LAGGING A directive that all agencies and depart­ ments whose programs affect women and mi­ relief granted specific, administrable, (By Alice Bonner) norities review the findings and their impli­ and certain. In no event will good faith Despite 16 years of measurable progress, cations. be found if the taxpayer's treatment of minorities and women have not made signi­ Orders for the administration's reorganiza­ an individual as an independent con­ ficant strides toward economic and social tion staff to reconsider its assignment of pri­ tractor constituted negligence or fraud. equality with white men, the U.S. Com­ mary statistical policy making authority with mission on Civil Rights reported yesterday. By protecting independent contrac­ any agency other than the omce of Manage­ tor status, the bill preserves the exist­ The conclusion came in a report that com­ ment and Budget. mission members hailed as unique in its ence of individual entrepreneurs and in­ comparisons between white males-"the most Planning to overcome deficiencies identi­ dependent small businessmen and wom­ advantaged group" in the country-and seven fied by the commission in federal statlstical en in the United States. The impor­ minority groups as well as all women. gathering and use to develop ways of better measuring inequities. tance of preserving such independent Similar studies have generally compared entrepreneurs has been consistently rec­ minorities with themselves in a way that Commission Vice Chairman Stephen Horn hides or distorts inequity, commission Chair­ called the study one of the most significant ognized by Congress. By continuing the man Arthurs. Flemming noted. He said the the body has done. "It provides an approach law as it existed before the IRS's change unusual benchmark of comparison with that we hope wlll get into the bloodstream of in position, the bill will also permit Con­ white males adds the missing link for usable decision-making by the federal government," gress to study this area free of the social analysis. he said. problems created by the IRS's abrupt "It gives a standard answer to the old Dr. Robert B. Hill, research director for the departure from longstanding practice. question of 'Compared to what?'" staff National Urba.n League, said the commis­ The independent contractor status pre­ member Deborah P. Snow said. sion's use of white males as the benchmark served bv the bill would control for pur­ The study also took into account more to measure equality is not unprecedented, minority groups than are usually included. but that it has not been done as systemati­ poses of chapters 21, 23, and 24 of the and focused on quality of life as an indicator cally or in as comprehensive a fashion before. Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as of equity rather than growth. It used in its "We think that's good," Hlll said.e amended.e 24550 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 4, 1978 WILDERNESS: "THE EXCESS OF results of RARE II. The decision-making cent national average-is net income that ANY VIRTUE IS VICE" mechanism seexns to be out of balance. would reduce taxes or otherwise help bal­ An observer might argue that nonwilder­ ance the budget. ness benefits will certainly get fair treatment, When it becomes politically desirable for HON. STEVEN D. SYMMS and he could cite obvious favorable evidence an Administration and a Congress to sacri­ OF IDAHO such as the huge need for wood, a need which fice this much in national wealth and jobs is expected to double by 2020. Wood is re­ in order to provide relatively low-quality IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES newable, has a low energy cost, and the waste wilderness recreation, watch out-it looks as Friday, August 4, 1978 is even biodegradable. Many communities though the system is out of balance. are dependent on trees for their jobs. Hous­ It's a common misconception that the Wil­ • Mr. SYMMS. Mr. Speaker, I would ing has been called the greatest social prob­ derness System includes very little commer­ like to express my concern over the Rare lem in the United States, and lumber prices cially valuable forest land (land able to II studies being conducted by the U.S. are rising because of a wood shortage. Furth­ perpetually grow 20 cubic feet per acre per Department of Agriculture Forest Serv­ er, non-wilderness recreation is in far greater year or more in industrial wood). ice. Of particular concern to me is the demand than wilderness recreation. National In my home state of Idaho, we were as­ way in which all activity on over one­ Forest ski-area use alone equaled the total tonished to learn recently that there are Wilderness area use in 1976. One could also already over 3,000 square miles of commer­ third of our National Forest System has point out that, after all, the public will be cial forest land in our existing Wilderness been halted. I feel it is of utmost impor­ involved and will act in their own best in­ and primitive f',reas. This means that almost tance to speed up the Rare II reclassifi­ terest. So surely non-wilderness users will get two-thirds of these areas are composed of cation process so that we can once again a fair shake. commercial-quality forest land. To say it an­ regain full use of our forests. But consider some history. other way, nearly one commercial forest acre out of every six in Idaho National Forests is I think we need to more fully realize When the Wilderne~:s Act passed in 1964, it the devastating economic effect Rare II was to some like David whipping Goliath. A already in Wilderness or primitive areas. This could have in the West. We have estab­ dedicated, h·ard-working minority of Wilder­ 3,000 square miles is over 100 percent greater lished a need for more wood products, ness believers with an appealing cause had than the total forest land owned by the convinced Congress of the wisdom of setting forest industries in Idaho. Many Ida­ mineral development, and grazing lands; honians-especially labor, industry, recrea­ but as more of our forests are reclassified aside huge areas of fo.re·st l·and to provide primitive-wilderness benefits. Most industry tion-vehicle users, and other nonwilderness as wilderness we will see less production peo?le thought wild·erness desirable but groups-think Idaho has already contributed resulting in even higher costs for wood made a big effort to keep the areas smaller, its fair share to wilderness preservation. products. This ls not to mention the principally to reduce the economic impact. Some say that a minimum growth capabil­ large numbers of people who will lose Ano·ther major argument agains.t wilderness ity of 20 cubic feet per acre per year is too jobs as mills and logging operations will establishment was the knowledge that the low for commercial forest land. However, in be forced to close. huge majority of people don·c use Wilderness many areas of Scandinavia timber is grown areas. When they recreate, it's developed commercially on land that is much less pro­ Wood is a renewable resource that is recreation. ductive. With improved management, these in high demand by our society. Some of lowersite lands can produce 50 percent more The achievement of getting over 14,000 than when unmanaged. Also, many of the the proposed wilderness areas are heavily square miles put iruto immediate Wilderness, wooded, thus yielding a relatively low Idaho lands are far above the minimum in with provision for massive increases at the productivity. wilderness value. On the other hand sacrifice of many no wilderness benefits, was In the long run the cost in jobs of put­ these forests could be logged and greatly a dramatic accomplishment. You could call ting forest land into Wilderness is determined increase the production of wood products it a David-over-Goliath victory. But the pres­ by the basic capacity of the land to produce while boosting the economy of the West. ervationist David has now matured, and, to harvestable trees. As wood value continues to the slingshot-like weapons of emotion and rise, it becomes economical to harvest trees I feel the real issue here is agreeing total sincerity, he has added sophisticated on an equitable balance between wilder­ that were formerly inaccessible. use of litigation and appeals, and the Wilder­ Our system requires participation by citi­ ness and nonwilderness classification. nes3 System has now increaEed by about 85 zens for wise action on major problems such I wish to submit an article from Amer­ perc:mt to nea.rly 26,000 square miles. He also, as public-land resource allocation. The pub­ ican Forests, written by Jay Gruenfeld. as Dr. Cutler said, has stopped all activity on lic has a great deal of common sense, but Mr. Gruenfeld's knowledge and assess­ 103,000 square miles, which is over one-third common sense functions well only when it of the National Forest System. Let's face it, can be used with basic facts. On the road­ ment of the Rare II studies is most en­ David looks a lot like Goliath now. lightening. The article reads as follows: less-area issue, the public doesn't have One of my favorite aphorisms is "the ex­ enough basic facts. This is partly due to DAVID Is "GoLIATH Now cess of any virtue is a vice." It may be ap­ an underfunded communications job by (By Jay Gruenfeld) plicable to the future Wildern~s System be- industry. It's a multiple pleasure to discuss the cause of the Wilderness Goliath. · Here are just a few of the facts that, in roadless-area issue. Not only is it of vital im­ You may believe I'm exaggerating the dan­ my opinion, should be considered in reach­ portance, but I'm an industrial forestry pro­ ger of an unwise, heavily overwildern-essed ing a balanced. equitable allocation of the fessional who also believes sincerely in the resolution of the roadle~:s-area issue. But National Forest roadless areas. value of Wilderness areas. I'm a wilderness consider this. Although the Forest Service 1. The basic strength of our civilization user to the point of addiction. By choice­ was conducting an intensive study (Rare still rests in our ability to produce energy, usually by choice, anyhow (I've been lost a II) of National Forest ro·adless area, it was minerals, building materials, fibers, chemi­ time or two)-! have spent over 200 days possible and perhaps politically desirable cals, and foods through the a.JPlication of recreating in wilderness in the lower 48 for Congress to bypass this process and pass capital, science, technology, and labor to states. (I'm using a capital "W" to denote this year the Endangered Wilderness Act that natural resources. land that has official federal designation as put over 2,000 square miles into instant Wilderness. And this area contained much 2. There are already nearly 26,000 square wilderness.) miles of congressionally established Wilder­ This is not intended to be an exhaustive prime timber and commercial forest land. ness. commentary, reflecting industry consensus, As part of this Act, one 71-square-mile 3. A Wilderness Preservation System is on Dr. Cutler's presentation on the Roadless area, small by Wilderness standards, was unique to the United States. It's a sign of Area Review and Evaluation process. It's just designated Wilderness even though most of affluence and of a new country with a pi­ some comments from one point of view, al­ it is prime timber-growing land and by most oneering history. criteria is l·ow-quality Wilderness. I'm fa­ though industry people would agree with 4. There are hundreds of thousands of most of this. A heavy majority of forest-in­ miliar with this tract. If only one percent of its present saw-timber volume were har­ square miles of wilderness in Canada and dustry people believe a Wilderness Preserva­ Mexico. This is part of the existing wilder­ tion System is necessary and desirable. The ve'3ted annually, it would be enough to build 1 ,500 la.rge wooden homes. ness resource and should be considered when question is, how much? determining the optimum size of our domes­ RARE II is designed to speed up the re­ Utilizing one year's harvest would provide tic system. classification process, and industry is in total about 150 direct jobs plus 150 or more in­ 5. National Forest timber sales have been support of this objective. A speedup is not direct jobs. And this is in an area where the declining. They are now well below the beneficial, however, if it doesn't result in an employment future is bleak. If this timber allowable harvest, which itself is considered equitable solution. The major concern of were valued at $12 below the 1977 average by most professional foresters to be set at the forest-products industry, the nonwllder­ for sales in that ranger district, it would a very conservative level. ness recreationists, miners, stockman, and mean that one of the costs of establishing other users of forest land is not with the this Wilderness is to sacrifice a direct gross 6. Delay in releasing roadless areas for harvest hurts industry, increases forest­ Roadless Area Review and Evaluation process sales revenue of $3 million per year ( 15 product prices, causes inflation, and has as described by Dr. Cutler !n the May issue MMBF X $200 per thousand board feet). A contributed to mill closures and unemploy­ of American Forests. It is with the possible very high percentage-well over the 60-per- ment. August 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24551 7. It is profitable for the Forest Service As a new member of the council that only a partial knowledge of the values in­ to sell timber. In fiscal year 1977 over 60 per­ guides the Society of American Foresters, volved are likely to be faulty and could cause cent of the income from total National For­ l'm especally aware of the role professional more serious problems than they solve." est timber sales was net contribution to the foresters must play to help achieve a rea­ I suspect that the cooler heads in the mid­ treasury after deducting timber-sales ex­ sonable solution to the roadless-area issue. dle of the environmental movement recog­ pense and all road costs. The timber-sale The Society of American Foresters states nize that their Goliath-size strength must be income of $625 million made up over 90 that it's our professional responsibillty to constrained or the nation will suffer an un­ percent of the total National Forest income. "use the knowledge and skills of the pro­ necessary and wasteful reduction in the pro­ 8. Replacing timber put into Wilderness fession to benefit society." In my opinion, ductivity of its natural resources. Also, labor, by intensifying management on the better part of tJhis responsibility is that professionals industry, and other users of nonwilderness sites sounds better than it is. Harvesting have a special obligaticn to represent the "si­ need to wake up some sleeping giants and a cost-free Creator-given tree usually pro­ lents." The silents are those whose interests find some Davids in order to assure that the vides a high net profit to the national treas­ are affected but who for some reason are final decisions are in the national interest. ury. This keeps taxes down and provides inactive. It's too simplistic to say they de­ Sen a tor Frank Church has said that the wealth that can be distributed the way serve what they get. Dr. Cutler and J, as original congressmen and environmentalists society wants. foresters, have a professional ethical commit­ who were instrumental in passing the Wild­ Intensifying management might mean in­ ment to sound land-use and forest-m3.nage­ erness Act had no idea that the Wilderness vesting heavily in improved s:ite preparation, ment decisions. Professionals, when they Preservation System would reach its now­ fertillzing the trees, and supporting these have the facts, have an obligation to tem­ probable size. The 1976 programs prepared costs at a high rate of interest. Usually this per uniform~d public opinion with profes­ under the Resources Planning Act project a means thrut you are paying a high cost (in sional judgment, even when this takes a National Forest Wilderness System of 43,000 the form of taxes or foregone benefits, etc.) great deal of political courage. Jt's awfully square miles by the year 2000, roughly a 115 for not harvesting. Forest fertillzers and easy to abdicate professional forestry respon­ percent increase over the 1975 total. The other intensive forestry aotivities often have sibility and just count heads. timber-sale program for 2000 is projected at a high energy cost; the most common forest The end result of the RARE II process, 19.9 billion board feet, a 128 percent ·increase fertilizer is an oil derivative. Dr. Cutler states, is for the Forest Service over the 1975 volume sold. However, timber 9. Urbl.nites especially do not realize thrut to recommend: sales decreased in '76 and '77-partly because many thousands of square miles are avail­ ( 1) Which ro!tdless areas should be added of the roadless-area freeze. It now appears able for wilderne~s experience in areas man­ to the Wilderness Preservation System. that the Wilderness goal for the year 2000 aged primarily for nonwilderness benefits. (2) Which areas should be managed for wm be achieved, but radical changes must be Urbanites do understand that there are peo­ such nonwllderness uses as developed recrea­ made to reach the timber goal. ple who can have a pleasurable "wilderness" tion, timber production, and manipulation Some of you, I'm sure, feel as I do that the experience in a Forest Service campground of vegetation for wildlife. time has come to put a ceillng on the but would experience fear on boredom in a (3) Which areas require further study. amount of National Forest land devoted big-"W" Wilderness. This is a challenge to all of us who wm solely to Wilderness. It's time t.o do other These are faots that the citizenry needs have input to the process. It is a special things. There is some logic in saying that the to hear before voicing an opinion on the challenge to the professionalism of the For­ 26,000 square miles of National Forest cur­ value of tradeoff's. est Service. If, for example, after all this rently in Wilderness is surely enough for the Now for some comments with which some time and study, category 3 contains large relatively few of us who use it. But this an of you may not agree. Please accept them as areas of valuable commercial forest land, the emotional political issue, not one principally the honest beliefs of a wilderness addict who National Forest professionals will have abdi­ of logic. Compromise is necessary. Therefore, also believes in the American system. cated a decision-making responsib1Uty, t·or I personally would support the Resources From personal conversations, I know that as Dr. Cutler said last month in AMERICAN Planning Act's 1976 program goals, which Rupert Cutler and I agree on the necessity FORESTS: provides for an ultimate Wilderness System "Without answers now, the disorder of a of about 43,000 square miles and an increase for a quality Wilderness Preservation System. piecemeal approach will continue to add un­ Although quality is a relative term, he and in timber harvest and other resource bene­ necessary costs to the already overburdened fits. This should be enough Wilderness, and I do agree on two general points: taxpayer and prevent industries and commu­ In the West at least, other than as a sort the resource loss wm be endurable 1f the nities dependent on National Forests from areas are chosen carefully. of frame for the pristine picture, heavily establishing long-range plans and making timbered commercial forest land has rela­ The following analogy expresses how most needed investments." of my coworkers in the woods and mills feel tively low wilderness value. And the cost of I don't know for sure whether the preser­ the frame should be in balance with the about determining the balance between vationist David has become a Goliath, but I Wilderness and other uses and how to select value of the picture. do know that things have changed dramati­ Wilderness areas: There is relatively little wilderness use of cally and appear to be overbalanced against solid-forested areas, although their people­ "We need wood, jobs, and recreation. The developed recreation, wildlife-habitat man­ forest is a factory producing wood, jobs, and carrying capacity is high. agement, timber harvest, and other nonwil­ recreation. To get more Wilderness, don't In the long term the Wilderness System w111 derness benefits. shut down the factory."e survive best if it does not include large areas Value-tradeoff discussions tend to dwell of low-quality wilderness that have signifi­ mostly on wilderness values compared to for­ cant value for other uses. In the future est-product values. Other nonwilderness val­ low-quality wilderness areas will be vulner­ ues are sometimes the most important. able to dismemberment under increasing In 1976 recreational use was 27 times DOLLAR CRISIS RIGGED TO SELL deman,ds for shelter, energy, jobs, and other greater outside the National Forest Wllder­ OUT U.S. SOVEREIGNTY needs. ness System than within. A spokesman for a About five years ago I noted an interesting recrel.tional-vehicle user group warned: sociological wilderness statistic based on ex­ "RARE II . could be an effective tool for HON. STEVEN D. SYMMS tensive observations. Since then this sta­ curbing piecemeal and exces

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