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Proceedings of the World Congress on 2018 Vol I WCE 2018, July 4-6, 2018, London, U.K.

Cloud Computing and of Things: Issues and Developments

Isaac Odun-Ayo, Member, IAENG, Chinonso Okereke, and Hope Orovwode

Abstract— computing is a pervasive paradigm that is allows access to recent technologies and it enables growing by the day. Various service types are gaining increased enterprises to focus on core activities, instead programming importance. is a technology that is and infrastructure. The services provided include Software- developing. It allows connectivity of both smart and dumb as-a-Service (SaaS), Platform-as–a–Service (PaaS) and systems over the internet. will continue to be Infrastructure–as–a–Services (IaaS). SaaS provides software relevant to IoT because of scalable services available on the cloud. Cloud computing is the need for users to procure servers, applications over the Internet and it is also known as web storage, and applications. These services can be paid for and service [2]. utilized using the various cloud service providers. Clearly, IoT Cloud users can access such applications anytime, which is expected to connect everything to everyone, requires anywhere either on their personal or on mobile not only connectivity but large storage that can be made systems. In PaaS, the cloud service provider makes it available either through on-premise or off-premise cloud possible for users to deploy applications using application facility. On the other hand, events in the cloud and IoT are programming interfaces (APIs), web portals or gateways dynamic. This paper aims to provide an understanding of cloud provided by the CSP [2]. CSPs offering IaaS provide and IoT. In addition, the paper discusses current trends in terms of industry activities. It also examines the prospects of instance, storage, and enables users migrate workloads to cloud and IoT trends in cloud application management. This virtual machines (VMs). IaaS provides storage, compute and will be of benefit to prospective cloud users and even cloud VM capacities of various types to the consumer. The cloud providers. deployment types include the private, public, community and hybrid clouds. Private clouds are provided from the on- Index Terms— Cloud Computing, Internet of Things premise data centre of an allowing for control or through a third party for access to staff of the organization I. INTRODUCTION only. Public cloud provides off-premises services through LOUD computing is a model for enabling major cloud providers over the Internet [2]. Web “C ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access Service (AWS) Azure, IBM/SoftLayer and to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., Engine are typical examples. Community networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that clouds are provided by multiple with shared can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal common interest using the same infrastructure. Hybrid management effort or service provider interaction” [1]. clouds are a combination of private, public or community Cloud computing allows the delivery of computing resources clouds. Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical over the Internet. It allows enterprises and objects, devices, vehicles, buildings and other items which organizations to access resources without having to invest in are embedded with electronics, software, sensor and network on-premise infrastructure. Cloud users can access resources connectivity permitting these objects to gather and on demand for their workloads. The elastic nature of cloud interchange data. [3] IoT is a worldwide network of computing allows enterprises to scale up or down their interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on demands as the need arises. [2] The demands for resources standard communication protocols [4] that utilizes the are on a pay–per–use basis; hence consumers pay only for Internet. The concept is that of having things around people workloads or resources utilized. In view of this, enterprises that is able to measure, understand, modify or control reduce expenditure on in–house infrastructure and the aspects of the environment. The things in the IoT could be maintenance requirements are minimal. Cloud computing either complex devices or common objects. From smart devices to simple objects that can communicate over the Manuscript received December 08, 2017; revised January 22, 2018. Internet [5]. The things become communicating nodes using This work was supported in part by the Covenant University through the radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The things can Centre for Research, Innovation and Discovery (CUCRID). be clothing’s, furniture or any item acting as sensors, that are I. Odun-Ayo is with the Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria. (+2348028829456; able to interact with each other [4]. This will definitely [email protected]) impart every aspect of human endeavour as millions of items H. Orovwode is with Department of Electrical and Information can be interconnected for everyday purpose. Such Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria (e-mail: [email protected]) interaction among things on the Internet will generate large C. Okereke is with the Department of Electrical and Information amount of data that will require large storage and computing Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria (e-mail: resources that can be provided on the cloud. Cloud [email protected]).

ISBN: 978-988-14047-9-4 WCE 2018 ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online) Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2018 Vol I WCE 2018, July 4-6, 2018, London, U.K.

computing can provide the infrastructure that allows the features of cloud computing and IoT showing the integration of monitoring devices, storage, analytic tools and complimentary role of both. Thereafter the security concerns various platforms for seamless operation [5]. of the integration of both systems were discussed. In [13], The focus of this paper therefore is to discuss cloud design and implementation of a novel service management computing in relation to the operations of Internet of things. framework for IoT devices in cloud is presented. The The paper will examine the relevance of IoT and how cloud approach was to design and implement a framework to computing can be leveraged upon. Thereafter, the current manage IoT and non-IoT data. Various IoT and non-IoT IoT developments as it relates to cloud computing from data which are generated takes advantage of the processing industries perspective will be examined. This paper will and storage capabilities of the cloud. In [14], a utility contribute to the understanding of the developments in IoT paradigm for IoT: the sensing cloud is proposed. The and cloud computing. This paper is organized as follows: approach is to implement a top-down system that senses, Section 2 reviews related work in IoT and cloud computing. collect and make data available as service. This framework Section 3 discusses IoT and its integration with cloud was implemented on an android device. computing. Section 4 examines current trends in IoT and cloud computing. Finally, Section 5 concludes and makes III. CLOUD COMPUTING AND INTERNET OF THINGS future recommendations. There are three IoT components that enables utilization of IoT. The first is the hardware components made up of II. RELATED WORK sensors, actuators and embedded communicating hardware In [5], internet of things: a vision, architectural elements, [5]. There is also the middleware, comprising storage and and future directions is presented. The focus is on the computing tools for data . Finally, the visualization relevance of wireless sensors and cloud computing in our aspect which is available for different applications on day to day activities. Private and public clouds will be an different platforms [5]. The RFID tags, the wireless sensor enabler of the actualisation of IoT in conjunction with networks, addressing schemes, storage, analytics and various web technologies. In [6], cloud of things: integrating visualization are critical components of IoT. internet of things with cloud computing and the issues A. Typical Applications of Internet of things involved is proposed. The focus is on the need to integrate the cloud with the IoT because of the amount of data being 1) Healthcare generated. The issues involved in this unique integration Smart devices, mobile, and the Internet have contributed were discussed in the paper. In [4], bringing IoT and cloud immensely to providing easy healthcare services, which is computing towards pervasive healthcare is presented. Health cheap, efficient and available almost everywhere [9]. The care delivery generates a lot of sensor data that can be utilization of sensors, generates vast amount of data and supported by the use of cloud computing. The focus is the cloud computing has reduced the need for the computing using both open hardware and software resources to manage infrastructure for such data generated [9]. Secure multimedia patient related data. In [7], integration of cloud computing health care services utilizing sensors has also been made and internet of things: a survey is proposed. The focus is the possible on the cloud. integration of IoT and cloud as a CloudIoT paradigm. This 2) Smart City application is expected to become relevant in virtually all IoT is enabling smart cities through the acquisition of areas of human endeavour. In [8], the cloud is not enough: information from diverse geographical locations using RFID saving IoT from the cloud is presented. The focus is on the and geo-tagging [9]. Cloud computing will enable access to need to streamline the connectivity of IoT and the cloud to these information through architectures that support the avoid obvious disadvantages. A data-centric approach was various IoT activities. Sensors and cloud platforms with suggested to take of observed pitfalls. In [9], the internet of relevant equipment will make management of smart cities things in the cloud is presented. The focus is on the requisite easy. Cloud platforms will also make it easy to have IoT middleware for IoT. A variety of middleware were discussed plugins to support communication among things in IoT. that would enhance utilization of IoT on the cloud. In [10], 3) Smart Home and Metering on integration of cloud computing and internet of things is IoT is being applied in homes through embedded devices proposed. The focus is the integration of IoT and cloud as a in the various house appliances and items. The cloud could CloudIoT paradigm. This application is expected to become provide applications to make this task simple [9]. Control of relevant in virtually all areas of human endeavour. In [11], home equipment and the use of IoT in social networking for the internet of things (IoT) and its impact on individual reading and modifying home appliance will allow for better privacy: an Australian perspective is presented. The home management [5]. The cloud will provide the approach is to discuss the mode of operation of IoT in terms framework for the information access. of individual data. The conclusion is that data collection 4) Enterprise through IoT does not safeguard individual’s privacy. In [12], It is possible to monitor persons and manage utilities integration of IoT and DRAGON-lab in cloud environment within an enterprise. Wireless sensors will be utilized by is proposed. The approach is the utilization of a Dragon-lab enterprises for security automation and climate control [5]. for the implementation of a three-layer cloud structure Intelligence video surveillance will also generate lots of integrated with IoT. In [3], secure integration of IoT and data. Cloud–based solutions to satisfy requirement of storage cloud computing is presented. The focus is to examine the and processing becomes relevant in this instance. It will be

ISBN: 978-988-14047-9-4 WCE 2018 ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online) Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2018 Vol I WCE 2018, July 4-6, 2018, London, U.K.

possible to deliver surveillance information over the cloud 4) Resource Allocation and using the elastic, on–demand benefits of cloud computing As the ‘things’ increase in IoT, so also will be the demand 5) Smart Mobility for cloud computing resources [5]. It may sometimes be Intelligent transportation system will be made possible difficult to know how much resources are needed for by IoT, through the integration of cloud, wireless sensor, particular applications of IoT. Billions of objects are RFID and other technologies [5]. Cloud-based platforms expected to be connected to the cloud through IoT and this integrated with IoT can be used for vehicular purposes. Such will likely make storage on the cloud over -stretched [7]. vehicular data clouds will reduce congestion, increase safety 5) Identity Management and enhance maintenance activities. Currently, the issues of identity and access management 6) Smart Energy have not yet been completely resolved on the cloud. Several IoT and cloud can be integrated to enhance the devices connecting to the cloud through IoT will also require management of energy in diverse geographical locations. proper identity management [5]. Without adequate identity Lighting can be optimally distributed using sensing modes and access management for things on the cloud, security will [9]. Such modes, utilizing the cloud computing infrastructure be breached. will be able to predict where and when light is needed. The issue of energy option and compatibility can be solved by IV. CURRENT DEVELOPMENT IN IOT AND CLOUD integrating data on the cloud to provide optimal electricity distribution [9]. Optimum energy consumption can also be A. IOT Development and Industry accomplished by monitoring electricity points in a house, to Over a million new IoT devices are being connected to determine what should be consumed [5]. the Internet daily and that is accelerating [16]. Experts predict that as many as 25 to 50 billion new online B. Issues of IoT and Cloud Computing IP-enabled IoT devices will be deployed online by 2020. As IoT can be seen as a bridge between Information a result, IoT has created on explosion of data that is Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) [15]. IT expected to move freely between devices and locations. has been the traditional tool for communicating between Such movement will also be across network environment people and organizations, while OT focused on process in and public clouds. This will definitely be a challenge to delivering a product or service. IoT connects billions of cloud infrastructure. Traditionally, global data centre traffic things capturing data from them that can be analysed to is commonly measured in zettabytes and it is expected to be produce information for use. The growth and convergence of around 15ZB by 2020. However, according to Forbes, the processes, data and things is making networked connections total volumes of data generated by IoT will be around more relevant and valuable, providing unprecedented 600ZB per year by 2020 which is 275 times higher than opportunities for enterprises. Despite the diverse projected traffic going from data centres to users and devices applications of IoT in relations to cloud computing, there are (2.2ZB) and 39 times higher than total projected data centre numerous challenges that must be overcome. traffic 15.3ZB. The resulting wave of structured and 1) Protocols unstructured data will challenge the ability of security teams Utilization different sensors on IoT will affect the in identifying problems and also aggravate the handling compatibility based on specific protocols. For different capacity of cloud service providers. These changes are things to be connected to the Internet, different protocols already affecting access points and data centres. It is also will be required [5]. Sensors may be working on different projected that 25% of Internet attack will be on IoT. protocols such as ZigBee, IEEE1451 etc. [5]. The protocol In Industry 4.0, industrial processes associated machines support will depend on the sensor and the gateway; hence becomes smarter and more modular, while new protocol there is no guarantee that a sensor on a device can be standards like open platform communications unified successfully on figured. architecture (OPC UA) allows previously isolated control equipment to communicate with each other, enabling a hyper 2) Energy Consumption connected network across multiple ecosystem. IoT, cloud A large number of sensors will require more computing computing and broad brand are key technologies behind this resources leading to more power consumption in cloud . Smart, always connected things with datacentres. Wireless systems comprise the sensing out, instant access to contextual information as well as devices processing unit, transceiver and power unit, while video and applications with artificial intelligence, are improving sensing involves encoding and decoding [14]. In both interacting and delivery of service. Beyond the traditional instances, power plays a major role. Cloud data centres are Internet connecting people via networks, expanded networks already contending with high cost of energy consumption, of billions of connected devices are collecting and sharing which can be aggravated by the application of IoT. data to make semi-autonomous and autonomous decisions. 3) Privacy/ Access Control These automated decisions and micro transactions across the The utilization of sensors everywhere for everything in digital economy are features of Industry 4.0. IoT and the IoT implies the possibility of eroding privacy. The sensors associated confluence of highly , utilized in connection with the cloud is out of user’s control computing and security are rapidly connecting day to day [7]. Hence the issue of privacy will be further worsened. activities and changing the face of commerce.

ISBN: 978-988-14047-9-4 WCE 2018 ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online) Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2018 Vol I WCE 2018, July 4-6, 2018, London, U.K.

B. IOT Trends support up to 1 million nodes and over 10 years of battery 1) Data Analytics life. In addition, it has reduced synchronization overhead A major feature of IoT will be in the form of real-time with no hops in meshed ecosystem. information enhanced decision-making capabilities. C. Cloud and IoT Security Suggested Solutions According to ABI research, by 2020 enterprise will spend Many of the cloud and IoT security suggested challenges more than 26% of their entire IoT solution cost on are new, but they can be managed through a combination of technologies and services such as cloud computing that good practices and better framework. This can be stores, integrate, visualize and analyse IoT data. accomplished through high speed authentication and 2) Application Enablement Platforms monitoring. In addition, using internal segmentation Application enablement platforms (AEPs) were created to designed to protect and networking simplify the extraction of data from devices and machines, and to enforce distributed security. Also, utilizing cloud– transport that data efficiently over a network, and connect it based services that can track and defend devices and data to a form that can be easily utilized by IoT devices [16]. These devices use such information to maintain inventories, TABLE I. optimize priority activities in manufacturing and provide COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CLOUD AND IOT AREAS critical information to data users. In view of this, AEPs are References now converging OT and IT networks, while OT networks are considered more valuable than IT networks. OT networks use proprietary and legacy operating systems and devices that may not designed to be IP – enabled [16]. Such devices can be accessed by a simple scan and it can easily be targeted by malware. Shutting down an active manufacturing issue Security Concerns Comm. Technology Architectural Issues Identity Management Data Issues Applications Issues API issues and Control Access floor is more devastating than hacking and stealing data (Suciu, x x x from a website. Attacks in the last few years that destroyed Vulpe, Fratu, industrial furnaces and centrifuges are examples. & Suciu, 2015) 3) Things Identity and Management (Ren, Ren, x x x x IoT devices and service suppliers in smart homes, cars, Wu, & Lee, health and entertainment are already cross–connecting 2015) (Dinh, Kim, & x x x devices. Things identity is needed to facilitate these services. Lee, 2016) Many simple IoT devices are difficult or impossible to (Kelaidonis et x x x x x x secure, hence things identity and authentication is crucial to al n.d.) IoT security [16]. Security solutions need to identify and (Munir et al x x x x x x analysed things connected to the network, and also share and ,2017) apply needed rules (Neagu et al x x x x 4) Edge Computing 2017) (Al-turjman et x x x x x Normally, IoT data is collected by a remote sensor and sent al, 2017) back to a cloud environment where it utilizes storage or (Massonet et x x x x x x computing resources. Operating on the IoT data is used to al., 2017) output information required in IoT services and products. It (Yang et al., x x x is necessary in most instance that computing resources be 2017) utilized where the devices are located instead of remote (Fujii, 2017) x x x x geographical location in the cloud data centre [16]. Edge (Nastic et al x x x x x x x computing helps to limit the amount of data transported back 2017) (Orsi & x x x x x to the cloud. It also reduces connectivity cost over metered Nesmachnow, networks along with storage and analysis cost. Applications n.d.) such as automatic breaking in smart cars require edge (Srinivasulu, x x x x x computing to avoid collision, because the application cannot 2017) wait for analysis and response from the cloud. In addition, (Ferrer et al x x x x x x smart cities must optimize energy and other resources such n.d.) as traffic patterns and parking space. (Atayero et al x x x x 2015) 5) Low Power Wide Area and Long-Range (Doukas & x x x x x x x Technologies Maglogiannis, Low-Power-Wide-Area (LPWA) and Long Range (LoRa) 2012) technologies are the latest in connectivity technologies [16]. (Botta, et al x x x x x x x x x It comprises cellular, short–range wireless, satellite and 2014) fixed line connections. LoRa standards have been (Distefano, et x x x x x x x x al 2015) established and standardized but LPWA is gradually being (Zhang et al., x x x x x established. LPWA and LoRa provides long range 2015) connectivity of greater than 15km, high capacity that can

ISBN: 978-988-14047-9-4 WCE 2018 ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online) Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2018 Vol I WCE 2018, July 4-6, 2018, London, U.K.

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ISBN: 978-988-14047-9-4 WCE 2018 ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online) Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2018 Vol I WCE 2018, July 4-6, 2018, London, U.K.

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ISBN: 978-988-14047-9-4 WCE 2018 ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)