How many times do patterns of 13 appear on the Great Seal of the United States? The United States Diplomacy Center See what you can find. THE GREAT SEAL Dedicated to increasing public awareness of diplomacy and the of the Front: work of the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Diplomacy Center, Bureau of Public Affairs produces traveling exhibitions UNITED STATES • 13 stars in the constellation and organizes conferences and educational programs. Currently • 13 letters in E PLURIBUS UNUM the Center is developing a permanent exhibition hall with interactive displays and education programs that will tell the th • 13 stripes in the shield story of American Diplomacy and help prepare youth for the g the 225 An global challenges of tomorrow. tin niv ra ers • 13 arrows in the bunch leb a United States Diplomacy Center e of the Great Seal ry • 13 leaves in the olive branch Bureau of Public Affairs C

U.S. Department of State of the United States: • 13 olives on the branch 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20037 The shield, or escutcheon, stands Past, Present and Future without support, indicative of an independent nation Phone: 202-736-9040 Curator’s Office: 202-736-9052 Stars in the first Seal had a Education Office: 202-736-9044 This exhibition celebrates random pattern, only later did Fax: 202-736-9025 they take the modern fixed the Seal’s role in our nation’s Back: arrangement Email: [email protected] history and the meaning it holds Curator’s email: [email protected] for future generations. • 13 letters in ANNUIT CŒPTIS Education email: [email protected] (counting the O and E separately) For more information about the Seal, the Bureau of Public Affairs, • 13 levels in the pyramid U.S. Department of State has produced an illustrated booklet to download free from the internet at http://www.state.gov/documents/ The eye of providence appeared organization/27807.pdf. For a detailed study, readers can turn to The in the first concept sketch for Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States by the Seal Richard S. Patterson and Richardson Dougall, reprinted in 2005.

Paul Claussen’s career at the Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State lasted from 1972-2007. Middle School student Annie Lee’s He brought great knowledge to shaping the content of the vision of the Seal’s future meaning exhibition during the planning phase. emphasizes the importance of national unity amid a diverse U.S. populace, a theme as essential today as it was over Sadly, Paul passed away April 21, 2007. We hope by dedicating Dedicated to the Memory of M. Paul Claussen, 225 years ago this exhibition to him we can show our appreciation for his great Diplomatic Historian, Office of the Historian, U. S. Department of State contribution to diplomatic history. Presented by the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Diplomacy Center gs of the Symbols The final drawing incorporated ideas from earlier drafts. These The Seal stands for independence eanin on t M he included the motto, “E PLURIBUS UNUM” (“FROM MANY, of the Un Look closely at the Seal. Nothing supports the shield or binds t Seal ited S ONE”), the eye of providence and shield from artist Pierre du rea tate it to the eagle. According to Thomson, “The Escutcheon [shield] G s Simitière’s first sketch in 1776. is born on the breast of an American Eagle without any other The eagle, shield, olive branch and arrows; supporters to denote that the United States of America ought constellation with its overhead clouds, rays Pierre du Simitière illustrated unity by to rely on their own Virtue.—” and stars; the pyramid and all-seeing eye on placing the arms or symbols of the 13 the back captured the essence of the new nation states around the outside of the new Clouds float above the eagle, encircling a blue background our Founding Fathers sought to establish. nation’s shield; and on the inside, the arms of six countries that contributed decorated with 13 stars, surrounded by a ring of light rays. large populations to the U.S.—England, The constellation proclaims a new and independent State taking Even though the Scotland, Ireland, France, the Netherlands its place among other sovereign powers. and Austro-Hungary. U.S. existed in the Library of Congress minds and hearts of its founders, the country also had to be recognized among Symbols on the Front or Obverse Symbols on the Back or Reverse the other nations Signing the Declaration of Independence in 1776, back of the current two dollar bill. of the world. On Along with the motto “E PLURIBUS Artist William Barton, who worked closely July 4, 1776 the signers of the Declaration of Independence asked UNUM,” (“FROM MANY, ONE”) with Charles Thomson to modify the Seal’s John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson to create a the shield’s vertical stripes represent front, created the design that essentially Great Seal of the United States. the 13 states, while the blue bar across became its reverse. The U.S. has never cut the top stands for Congress, the a die for the reverse, but its image appears It took three committees, six years and several artists to complete Federal system, uniting the country on the back of the one dollar bill. the project. In 1782 the Continental Congress approved a design under one government. by Charles Thomson, the Secretary of the Congress, which artist The Seal stands for strength William Barton modified. Since then, the Seal essentially has not In 1782, describing symbols on the The power and authority, Seal he devised, Charles Thomson wrote, changed. virtue and strength of the The pyramid signifies strength and duration—a hope for the future “The Olive branch and arrows denote eagle safeguards unity under of the new republic. To illustrate that building a nation is a work in the power its outstretched wings. progress, the pyramid remains unfinished, without its pointed top. of peace & The eagle holds the olive war which is branch in its right claw, the The Seal stands for providence arrows in its left exclusively favoring our undertakings vested in Congress.” The eagle always faces the The eye and motto “ANNUIT COEPTIS,” (“HE [GOD] HAS Harriton Association, Bryn Mawr, PA National Archives Historical Society of Pennsylvania olive branch, never the arrows. FAVORED OUR UNDERTAKINGS”), allude to providence Charles Thomson, Secretary First sketch of the Artist William Barton added guiding unusual events that favored the American cause. The of the Continental Congress Great Seal by finishing touches to the date, 1776 (MDCCLXXVI) and motto “NOVUS ORDO created the 1782 design Charles Thomson front, designed the back of Colonists observed Native American for the Great Seal with help the Seal, and described the reverence for the bald eagle, which this SECLORUM”(“A NEW ORDER OF THE AGES”) make clear from William Barton Seal’s heraldic symbolism c.1700 picture illustrates. Library of Congress that a new system of democratic rule by the people had begun.