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Principi Florikulture PRINCIPI FLORIKULTURE Koordinator modula i autor teksta: prof.dr.sc. Nada Parađiković Predavanja za: Sveučilišni preddiplomski studij na Sveučilištu J.J. Strossmayer u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku smjer: Hortikultura Modul: Povrćarstvo i cvjećarstvo (IV semestar – obavezni modul) Modul: Uzgoj u zaštićenim prostor (VI semestar – izborni modul) smjer: Bilinogojstvo Modul: Povrćarstvo i cvjećarstvo (VI semestar - izborni modul) Sveučilišni diplomski studij Bilinogojstvo, na Sveučilištu J.J. Strossmayer u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku smjer: Biljna proizvodnja Modul: Modeli proizvodnje povrća i cvijeća (II semestar – obavezni modul) smjer: Povrćarstvo i cvjećarstvo Modul: Suvremene metode uzgoja florikulture (I semestar – obavezni modul) Sveučilišni preddiplomski studij na Sveučilištu J.J. Strossmayer u Osijeku, Odijel za biologiju Modul: Povrćarstvo i cvjećarstvo (VI semestar - izborni modul) Cvijeće je od davnina bogatstvom svojih oblika, mirisa i boja privlačilo pažnju čovjeka. Svojom je ljepotom poticalo njegovu maštu i na razne mu načine upotpunjavalo život. Mnoge su legende vezane uz cvijeće i kroz povijest pripisivana su mu svakojaka značenja i simbolika. Jezik cvijeća, nazivan još i floriografija, u viktorijansko je doba smatran idealnim sredstvom komunikacije za diskretno izražavanje osjećaja. Na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće u nekim se zemljama poznavanje jezika cvijeća smatralo dijelom opće naobrazbe. Iako nema čvrstih pravila, a ona koja postoje razlikuju se od podneblja do podneblja, cvijeće i cvjetne boje još i danas nose poruke i uz njih vežemo određene osjećaje. Pravi ljubitelji prirode i njezine ljepote rijetko će ostati ravnodušni na ljepotu kojom odiše svaki cvijet. Tih nekoliko latica i prašnika, priroda vješto oblikuje na bezbroj načina i time nam pruža veliko zadovoljstvo. Najbolje to znaju brojni ljubitelji cvijeća koji umiju tražiti i promatrati ljepotu u njihovoj građi, boji ili mirisu i samo jedan cvijet u vazi ili na prozorskoj dasci može uljepšat životni prostor i dati mu toplinu (Ivančić, 2009. ). Slika. Dalia (Dahlia) Slika. Božićna zvijezda (Euphorbia plucherrima) (foto Parađiković N.) Švedski botaničar osamnaestog stoljeća, Carla Linneausa (1707-1778.) je utemeljio binominalni sustav. U djelima Geneva plantarum i Species plantarum, Linnaeus je razvrstao svaku biljku koristeći dvije riječi u latinskom jeziku. Prva riječ bila je naziv roda (npr. Ilex), a druga pridjev (npr. aquifolium). Zajedno su osigurale naziv po kojem se mogla prepoznati biljka (Ilex aquifolium, božikovina). Ostalim vrstama istoga roda dani su različiti pridjevi Ilex crenata, Ilex pernyi, Ilex serrata itd. Biljke su grupirane u određene porodice prema strukturi cvjetova, plodova i ostalih organa. To znači da se porodica može sastojati od izrazito srodnih i specijaliziranih biljaka kao što su orhideje (porodica Orchidaceae) i bromelije (Bromeliaceae) ili obuhvaća biljke prema različitosti (prema onome što nude vrtlaru) kao što su one iz porodice Rosaceae: Alchemilla, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Geum, Malus, Prunus, Pyracantha, Sorbus i Spiraea. Naziv može odavati počasti: naziv Fuchsia je u čast Leonharta Fuchsa, njemačkog liječnika i herbalista. Može nam govoriti odakle biljka dolazi, kao vrsta Parrotia persica (iz Perzije, današnjeg Irana). Biljka može nositi naziv prema skupljaču koji ju je uveo: vrstu Primula forrestii u uzgoj je doveo George Forrest. Ili, naziv nam može govoriti nešto o fizičkim značajkama: Pelargonium izvedeno je od grčke riječi pelargos (roda) - što je prikladan opis plodova te biljke, koji nalikuju kljunovima roda; quinquefolia, pridjev vrste Parthenocissus quinquefolia znači da se listovi sastoje od pet liski, od latinske riječi quinque (pet) i folium (list). (Coombes, A., 2006.). Slika. Carl Linneausa (1707-1778.) Slika. Ilex aquifolium – božikovina (www.linnaeus.uu.se) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium) Cvijet je generativni biljni organ biljke i služi za razmnožavanje i produžetak vrste, a koji se sastoji od cvjetne stapke, cvjetišta, ocvijeća, tučka i prašnika (Hazler - Prilepić, 2005.). Većina cvjetova oprašuje se kukcima koji, skupljajući pelud, raznose njegova zrnca od cvijeta do cvijeta. Na taj način omogućavaju oplodnju biljaka. Nakon oplodnje, plodnica cvijeta zadebljava i stvara plod sa sjemenkama, a tijekom njezina debljanja sa cvijeta otpadaju svi dijelovi čija je uloga već završena. Zreli plod sadržava zrele i klijave sjemenke od kojih će nakon sjetve nastati nove biljke iste vrste. Ocvijeće može biti: 1 - jednostavno ocvijeće, perigon, je građeno od istovrsnih elemenata, listova ocvijeća - tepala. Listovi ocvijeća često se oblikom i bojom razlikuju od pravih listova, mogu biti nalik laticama te se ocvijeće naziva korolinično (corola - vjenčić), ili lapovima te se naziva kalicinično (calyx - čaška). 2 - dvostruko ocvijeće, periant, građeno je od dvaju različitih tipova listova, lapova koji tvore čašku i latica koje tvore vjenčić. Latice mogu stajati slobodno na cvjetištu - horipetalno ocvijeće ili latice mogu međusobno srasti - simpetalno ocvijeće. Srasti međusobno mogu i lapovi. Tučak se sastoji od plodnice, vrata i njuške. Plodnica je nastala sraštavanjem jednog ili više plodničkih listova. Svi plodnički listovi jednog cvijeta čine ginecej. Apokarpna plodnica nastala je sraštavanjem samo jednog plodničkog lista, a cenokarpna sraštavanjem dva ili više plodničkih listova, stvaranjem pregrada (sinkarpna) ili bez pregrada (parakarpna). U odnosu na cvjetište, plodnica može biti nadrasla (simbol u cvjetnoj formuli G(n), n je broj plodničkih listova - smještena je na vrhu cvjetišta, podrasla (G(n)) - plodnica je smještena u udubljenom cvjetištu i s njime je srasla, obrasla (G -(n)-) - plodnica je smještena u udubljenom cvjetištu, no nije s njime srasla. U plodnici se nalazi jedan ili više sjemenih zametaka, u svakom je embrionska vrećica sa 8 stanica. Prašnici su građeni od prašničke niti koja nosi prašnicu sastavljenu od dviju poluprašnica povezanih konektivom. Svaka poluprašnica ima dvije polenovnice u kojima se stvara polen (sa 3 stanice polenove mješinice). U nekih vrsta prašnici mogu međusobno srasti s prašnicama ili prašničkim nitima, ili mogu srasti s ostalim dijelovima cvijeta, najčešće vjenčićem. U cvijetu je skrivena reducirana spolna generacija, gametofit. U embrionskoj vreći (makrospori) 3 stanice jajnog aparata od kojih je jedna jajna stanica, 2 sinergide i 3 antipode predstavljaju ženski gametofit, dok je muški gametofit 9 skriven u peludnim zrncima (mikrosporama), a građen je od vegetativne i generativne stanice (generativna se stanica tijekom klijanja polenove mješinice podijeli u 2 spermalne stanice). Plod Plod je organ za rasprostiranje koji se razvija nakon dvostruke oplodnje, a sastoji se od usplođa i sjemenke. Sjemenka se sastoji od klice, endosperma i sjemene lupine. Klica nastaje oplodnjom jajne stanice, a hranjivo staničje, endosperm oplodnjom sekundarnih jezgara. Klica i endosperm obavijeni su zaštitnom sjemenom lupinom koja nastaje od integumenata. Usplođe se sastoji od eksokarpa, mezokarpa i endokarpa. Ako se usplođe razvija iz plodnice - plod je pravi. Kod nepravog se ploda usplođe razvija i od drugih dijelova cvijeta (npr. cvjetišta). Plodove dijelimo na osnovi nekoliko kriterija. Pododjeljak Magnoliophytina, kritosjemenjače, dijelimo u 2 razreda 1 - Magnoliatae - dvosupnice 2 - Liliatae – jednosupnice Svaki se razred dijeli u podrazrede, ovi u nadredove, nadredovi u redove, a ovi u porodice. Magnoliatae, dvosupnice Biljke ovog razreda imaju najčešće 2 supke, razvijen dugovječni glavni korijen iz kojeg izbija slabije razvijeno bočno korijenje. Provodne žile su na presjeku stabljike poredane u krug i one su, osim u jednogodišnjica, otvorenog tipa što omogućuje sekundarni rast u debljinu. Listovi su različitog oblika, često razdijeljeni, peraste ili mrežaste nervature. Ocvijeće je dvostruko, a cvjetovi su građeni na osnovi broja 5 ili 4 (pentamerni ili tetramerni), no broj plodničkih listova je često manji (1 ili 2), a često odstupa i broj prašnika (redukcija ili sekundarna poliandrija). Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Rosaceae, Fabacea, Rutaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Primulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Apocynaceae,Valerianaceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Caryophyllaceae. Liliatae, jednosupnice U biljaka ovog razreda postoji jedna supka. Glavni korijen vrlo brzo prestaje s rastom, a iz njega izbija adventivno korijenje. Provodne žile stabljike su zatvorenog tipa, a na presjeku nisu poredane u krug. Listovi su najčešće sjedeći, paralelne nervature. Ocvijeće je perigon, a cvjetovi su građeni na osnovi broja 3 (trimeran cvijet). Liliaceae, Iridaceae, Poaceae, Orchidaceae. Literatura: Sambamurty, A. V. S. S (2005): Taxonomy of Angiosperms. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. Singh, Gurcharan (2004): Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach, Science Publisheres INC. Štefanić, E. Građa generativnih biljnih organa. Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku. http://www.pfos.hr/~dsego/ispitna_literatura/Opca%20botanika/Gra%F0a%20generativnih%2 0biljnih%20organa.pdf Sistematika jednogodišnjeg i dvogodišnjeg cvijeća (Cronquist, 1981. cit. Sambamurti, 2005.) dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida) monocotyledons (Liliopsida) Izvor: http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/tfp/ali/tfplecmonos01.htm PODRAZRED LISTOVI CVIJET ANDRECEJ GINECEJ 1 krug od 5, 4 ili 2 jednostavni Simpetalni, elementi prašnika, najviše 5 plodnih ASTERIDAE rijetko raspoređeni u 4 sekundarne listova, plodnica sastavljeni ciklusa,radijalna
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