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Lo Tishkach Foundation European Jewish Cemeteries Initiative

Avenue Louise 112, 2nd Floor | B-1050 Brussels | Belgium Telephone: +32 (0) 2 649 11 08 | Fax: +32 (0) 2 640 80 84 E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.lo-tishkach.org

The Lo Tishkach European Jewish Cemeteries Initiative was established in 2006 as a joint project of the Conference of European Rabbis and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany. It aims to guarantee the effective and lasting preservation and protection of Jewish cemeteries and mass graves throughout the European continent.

Identified by the Hebrew phrase Lo Tishkach (‘do not forget’), the Foundation is establishing a comprehensive publicly-accessible database of all Jewish burial grounds in Europe, currently featuring details on over 10,000 Jewish cemeteries and mass graves. Lo Tishkach is also producing a compendium of the different national and international laws and practices affecting these sites, to be used as a starting point to advocate for the better protection and preservation of Europe’s Jewish heritage.

A key aim of the project is to engage young Europeans, bringing Europe’s history alive, encouraging reflection on the values that are important for responsible citizenship and mutual respect, giving a valuable insight into Jewish culture and mobilising young people to care for our common heritage.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 1

Preliminary Report on Legislation & Practice Relating to the Protection and Preservation of Jewish Burial Grounds

Romania

Prepared by Andreas Becker for the Lo Tishkach Foundation in November and December 2009 with the support of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany & the Conference of European Rabbis.

Not to be cited, circulated or reproduced without the permission of the Lo Tishkach Foundation.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 2 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………4 Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………...5

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….6 1.1 Project Introduction ..………………………………………………………………………6 1.2 Report Objectives..…………………………………………………………………………6

2. Jewish Burial Grounds: An Overview…………………………………………………….8

3. Background on Jewish Burial Grounds in …………………………………....9 3.1 Historical Background……………………………………………………………………... 9 3.2 Numbers & Documentation……………………………………………………………….10 3.3 Ownership & Maintenance……………………………………………………………….. 11 3.4 Current State……………………………………………………………………………. 12 3.5 Main Threats……………………………………………………………………………13

4. Legal Instruments……………………………………………………………………….14 4.1 Romanian Legislation…………………………………………………………………….14 4.2 Bilateral Agreements...……………………………………………………………………15 4.3 International and European Conventions……………………………………………………15

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………17

Appendix 1 – Map of Romania………………………………………………………………19 Appendix 2 – List of Known Jewish Burial Grounds in Romania…………………………20

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This preliminary report was written with the assistance of a number of experts. The Lo Tishkach Foundation thanks Lucia Apostol and Rudy Marcovici of the Programme for the Rehabilitation of the Patrimony of the Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania for sharing their unique knowledge about the situation for Jewish burial grounds in their country, as well as for providing documentation for the purposes of this report.

The Lo Tishkach Foundation further thanks Aurel Vainer, Paul Schwartz and Albert Kupferberg respectively President, Vice-President and General Secretary of the Federation, for giving insight into the issue of Jewish cemeteries and mass graves in Romania.

Special thanks also goes to the Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, in particular Mircea Angelescu, Director General of National Cultural Heritage, Stefan Ioniţă, Director General for Religious Affairs and Adriana Popp, European Affairs Counsellor, who kindly gave of their time to discuss cultural heritage issues as they relate to Jewish heritage in Romania.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 4 Executive Summary

1. Numbers : There are 821 known Jewish cemeteries in Romania. They are located in 720 different localities and taken care of by the country’s 38 Jewish communities . These sites occupy a total area of 410 hectares . The Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania (FEDROM) considers more than 240 hectares to contain graves and 140 hectares to be devoid of graves . 17.5 hectares are used by guards and caretakers and 0.6 hectares are currently rented to third parties , as approved by a rabbinical committee established in November 2008 and consisting of rabbis of Romanian origin. 1 Only 17 sites are recognised and duly registered as national monuments . 108 Jewish cemeteries are still in active use by Jewish communities.

2. Ownership : Whilst no systematic and comprehensive expropriation of Jewish cemeteries occurred in Romania, the administrative and political structure put in place during decades of Communism resulted in a lack of clarity regarding the ownership of the country’s Jewish burial grounds. As a result, in 2002, the Romanian government reaffirmed ownership by FEDROM of all Jewish cemeteries and recognised the organisation as the sole representative body of the country’s Jewish community . Unless located on cemeteries, Holocaust memorials and mass grave sites are typically owned by the state or municipalities . Since the 2002 law was passed, FEDROM ownership has been contested by a number of foreign Jewish groups, most prominently, the Association of Jewish Romanian Americans although the community has received public support for its ownership of these sites from such major international Jewish organisations as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the World Jewish Restitution Organisation.

3. Maintenance : Although each Jewish cemetery in Romania belongs to a Jewish community in relative proximity that is supposed to take care of the sites under its jurisdiction, the means to carry out this mission are largely insufficient. FEDROM claims it is currently not in a position to maintain more than 30 per cent of all Jewish cemeteries in acceptable conditions . The Romanian state provides annual subsidies to FEDROM for the restoration and maintenance of Jewish cemeteries. The amount of funds varies significantly from one year to another and range between 9,000 USD (1995) and 234,000 USD (exceptional peak in 2007) per year. A number of sites are regularly maintained by caretakers in exchange for a small salary and free housing in buildings located on cemeteries.

4. Legal situation: A number of provisions in different bodies of law may be used to campaign for better protection and preservation of Jewish burial grounds in Romania. They include the Romanian constitution, cultural heritage legislation as well as the criminal code.

5. Recommendations : • Proper demarcation and of all Jewish burial grounds in Romania; • Stable annual funding for cemetery maintenance throughout the country; • A negotiated solution between the Jewish community, municipalities and the national government to increase the level of protection and public funding granted under cultural heritage legislation, and to award monument status to more Jewish burial grounds.

1 The members of the committee are Rabbi Schmuel Schmelke Halpert, Rabbi Yoel Tobias, Rabbi Ahron Rotter, Rabbi Haim Leib Deutsch, Rabbi Israel Portugal (represented by Rabbi Shimon Weinberger) and Rabbi Elyakim Schlesinger (represented by Rabbi Moshe Herschaft).

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 5

Introduction

1.1 Project Introduction

As a result of the ravages of the Holocaust and the subsequent waves of emigration, Europe’s Jewish population now stands at around 1.5 million, 8 million fewer than in 1933. Many areas in Central and Eastern Europe with previously vibrant Jewish communities no longer have a single Jewish resident; others have small and ageing Jewish populations, unable to fulfil their duty to care for the graves of those buried in thousands of Jewish cemeteries and mass graves. Most of these sites lie unvisited and unprotected, severely damaged by the destruction wrought by the Nazis and during the Communist era and at risk from neglect, vandalism, development, theft, inappropriate development and well-meaning but inexpert attempts at restoration. Without immediate action many will soon be lost forever.

Lo Tishkach was established in 2006 as a joint project of the Conference of European Rabbis and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to guarantee the effective and lasting preservation and protection of Jewish cemeteries, Jewish sections of municipal cemeteries and mass graves throughout the European continent, estimated at more than 20,000 in 49 countries.

One of the key aims of the project, identified by the Hebrew phrase Lo Tishkach (‘do not forget’), is to establish a comprehensive, publicly-accessible database of Jewish burial grounds in Europe. This is now available on the project’s website (www.lo-tishkach.org ) and currently features data on over 10,000 Jewish burial grounds. Data collected will be used to both facilitate research into this fundamental aspect of Europe’s Jewish heritage, and to provide a starting point for local- level actions to protect and preserve Jewish burial grounds throughout Europe.

In order to afford large-scale, lasting protection to these valuable sites, local-level work, while extremely valuable, is not enough. It is crucial to ensure that there is a sufficiently robust legal environment – encompassing both appropriate legislation and effective enforcement – and a clear set of standards on burial ground protection enshrined in a recognised code of practice incorporating religious, legal and technical considerations.

One of the most important aspects of our work in this sphere is a research project aiming to collate legislation and practice affecting burial grounds throughout Europe, which we believe to be the first of its kind. Reports produced will be used as the basis for high-level advocacy and awareness-raising activities to bring about the development of a more effective normative framework for cemetery protection.

Stick in a paragraph relating to all previous reports and their dates.

1.2 Report Objectives

Carried out in the context of the second strand of the project’s activities as outlined above, the ultimate objective of this research work is to analyse the effectiveness of the current protection and preservation regime for burial grounds throughout Europe and to offer proposals as to how the situation could be improved.

This paper presents the findings of preliminary research on the protection and preservation of Jewish cemeteries and mass graves in Romania which – in providing an overview of the current situation of burial grounds, the key legislative provisions which are particularly appropriate to

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 6 them and the enforcement of a number of these provisions – offers a solid foundation for future action and research.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 7 2. Jewish Burial Grounds: An Overview

Known variously by the Hebrew bet kevarot (house of tombs), bet olam (house of eternity), bet chayyim (house of the living) and bet shalom (house of peace), Jewish burial grounds are sacred sites which, according to Jewish tradition, must remain undisturbed in perpetuity. As such, the term ‘former Jewish cemetery’ is erroneous. This is of the utmost importance for the Lo Tishkach Foundation , meaning that all Jewish burial grounds, visible or otherwise, fall under its remit.

Showing proper respect for the dead ( kevod ha-met ) is intrinsic to Jewish law. The connection between the soul and the human body after death is an essential aspect of Jewish belief in the eternity of the soul. This manifests itself in prohibitions against autopsy, disinterring the dead (pinui met v’atzamot ), 2 deriving benefit ( issur hana’ah ) from a corpse or grave, or performing various practices thought to ‘ridicule the helpless’ ( l’oeg l’rosh ). 3

It can also be seen in the requirement for:

• A prompt burial; • The waiver of various rabbinic restrictions on Shabbat and religious holidays to ensure proper care of the dead; • The ritual bathing and dressing of the body ( tahara and tachrichim ); • Laws concerning proper conduct in a cemetery.

Establishing a cemetery is one of the highest priorities for a new Jewish community, as Jewish bodies must be buried in a permanent plot on Jewish-owned land sanctified for this purpose. If this is not possible, burials may take place in a non-Jewish cemetery with a visible separation from non-Jewish graves by a solid barrier or a definite space of no less than four cubits (approximately 1.8 metres).

To ensure that the necessary requirements are properly met and that each member of the community is afforded a proper burial, the Jewish community’s burial society ( chevra kadisha ) provides its services free of charge. Participation in the society, performed on a voluntary basis, is considered to be particularly laudable as tending to the dead is ‘true kindness’ ( chesed shel emet), undertaken without expectation of a reward.

2 Generally speaking, Jewish law ( halacha ) sharply condemns the excavation and removal of corpses from their gravesites even if they will be reburied; exhumations are only permitted in exceptional circumstances and under full rabbinical supervision. 3 Such practices include not only making derogatory remarks or joking in the presence of the dead but also ‘any indulgence in the pleasures and needs of the living’ such as eating, drinking or smoking. Source: Lamm, M., The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning , Jonathan David: , 2000.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 8 3. Background on Jewish Burial Grounds in Romania

3.1 Historical Background

3.1.1 Jewish Community of Romania 4

The first Jews to live on the territory of present-day Romania arrived with Roman soldiers in the second century. Permanent Jewish settlement in the country began in the , with the arrival of Jews from Poland and Hungary. The Jewish population grew further as a result of the influx of Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the 1490s.

Coming under Ottoman rule in the 15 th and 16 th centuries, the Moldavia and Walachia provinces of Romania found themselves located along the trade routes linking the Ottoman Empire to Poland, which attracted Jewish merchants and led to thriving community life in northern Romania. It was precisely this region, however, which for years would suffer badly from the Cossack uprisings and pogroms beginning in 1648.

Throughout the 17 th and 18 th centuries, discriminatory legislation restricted the commercial and social activities of Jews. The situation deteriorated in the 19 th century with the awakening of nationalism across Europe. The government of newly-united Moldavia and Walachia expelled Jews from villages and restricted their social and economic activities even further. The country’s new constitution excluded all 130,000 Romanian Jews and all other non-Christian individuals from Romanian citizenship. The situation did not improve during the decades leading up to World War I, thus prompting tens of thousands of Jews to emigrate, primarily to the United States.

As a result of Romania’s annexation of Austro-Hungarian and Bucovina, and Russian Bessarabia, after World War I, the country’s Jewish population more than doubled to 750,000. The country’s territorial expansion significantly diversified the religious and socio- economic make-up of Romania’s Jewish community, which now included Jews that had lived under the Russian Tsarist regime as well as Reform and Neolog Jews assimilated into the Hungarian upper-middle class. All groups were however equally affected by the anti-Semitic measures that continued to intensify throughout the following decades, in particular after the establishment of the fascist ‘Iron Guard’.

After an initial attempt to remain neutral during World War II, Romania allied with Nazi Germany when Marshal Ion Antonescu took power on September 6, 1940. Although Antonescu initially refused mass deportations of Romanian Jews to Nazi extermination camps, his army participated in anti-Jewish pogroms and massacred 30,000 in occupied Odessa, and in August 1941 began the deportation of 150,000 Jews to ghettos and camps located in Transnistria, which at the time was under Romanian rule.

About half of Romania’s pre-war Jewish population of 800,000 perished in the Holocaust. The vast majority of the survivors emigrated (often in exchange for money paid to the Communist regime) during the two decades following World War II, primarily to Israel and the United States.

Although being one of the most oppressive Communist dictators in post-war Eastern Europe, Nicolae Ceaucescu allowed foreign Jewish organisations to operate in Romania, which helped the

4 Information based on Gruber, Ruth, Jewish Heritage Travel , p. 249; Jewish Virtual Library , The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Romania ; Aurel Vainer, 16 December 2009.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 9 national Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania (FEDROM) to cater to the needs of those Jews that had remained in the country.

Today, between 8,000 and 10,000 Jews live in 38 Jewish communities located throughout the country. About half of the country’s Jewish population lives in the capital .

3.1.2 Jewish Cemeteries in Romania

More than 800 Jewish cemeteries are located on the territory of present-day Romania. The majority of these sites, which vary significantly in size, date back to the 19 th century and boast a great variety of gravestones.

Reflecting historical patterns of Jewish settlement in Romania, the density of Jewish cemeteries is highest in the North-eastern parts of the country, where more than 200 Jewish burial grounds are located. The Jewish community of alone is responsible for 127 cemeteries. 5

As a result of the extermination of numerous Jewish communities throughout Romania during the Holocaust, about 80 per cent of the country’s Jewish cemeteries can be found in localities without Jewish inhabitants.6 Consequently, the responsibility for maintaining and preserving these sites is transferred to the nearest Jewish community. 7

3.1.3 Jewish Mass Graves in Romania

Much less information is available on the current situation for Jewish mass grave sites in the country. Such sites are known to exist in the city of Iasi, where one of the most violent pogroms in Jewish history took place, when during the final days of June 1941, , soldiers and civilians killed at least 15,000 Jews in this city.8 Many victims killed during the pogrom and the subsequent deportations were re-buried in mass graves in Iasi or nearby towns. In most cases, these mass graves are located within the boundaries of Jewish cemeteries. 9

3.2 Numbers & Documentation

There are 821 known Jewish cemeteries in Romania, taken care of by the country’s 38 Jewish communities. 10 These sites are located in 720 different localities and occupy a total area of 410 hectares. FEDROM considers more than 240 hectares to contain graves and 140 hectares to be devoid of graves. 11 17.5 hectares are used by guards and caretakers and 0.6 hectares are currently rented to third parties, as approved by a rabbinical committee established in November 2008 and consisting of rabbis of Romanian origin. 12 An agreement signed between the rabbinical

5 FEDROM, Summary Table for the Jewish Cemeteries of Romania owned by FEDROM , 1 November 2009, p. 1. 6 Vainer, Aurel, President, The Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania, Bucharest, 16 December 2009. 7 FEDROM, Summary Table , p. 1. 8 International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, Final Report on the Holocaust in Romania , Bucharest, 11 November 2004, p. 2. 9 Lucia Apostol, Chief of the Development Sector, Centre for the Administration of the Patrimony, FEDROM, Bratislava, 18 March 2009 and Rudy Marcovici, Director of the Centre for the Administration of the Patrimony, FEDROM, Bratislava, 18 March 2009. 10 FEDROM, Summary Table , p. 1. 11 FEDROM, Jewish Patrimony of Romania – Rehabilitation, Restoration and Options for Preservation , paper presented at the Annual International Conference on Jewish Heritage, 28-29 May 2009, p. 3. 12 The members of the committee are Rabbi Schmuel Schmelke Halpert, Rabbi Yoel Tobias, Rabbi Ahron Rotter, Rabbi Haim Leib Deutsch, Rabbi Israel Portugal (represented by Rabbi Shimon Weinberger) and Rabbi Elyakim Schlesinger (represented by Rabbi Moshe Herschaft).

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 10 committee and FEDROM authorises rental use of cemetery land if the committee establishes the absence of graves and human remains after using ‘modern, intelligent equipment, certified for this purpose’. 13 The funds resulting from the rental use of cemetery land to be considered tombless are used for the restoration of cemeteries (70 percent) and (30 per cent). 14

Only 17 sites are recognised and duly registered as national monuments. 108 Jewish cemeteries are still in active use by Jewish communities. 15

As all of the country’s Jewish cemeteries are owned by FEDROM (see section on ownership and maintenance below), relatively detailed documentation about the location and state of the vast majority of sites is available. FEDROM is aware of the surface of each site and maintains records of existing enclosures as well as enclosure to be restored, with detailed break-downs according to material. 16

Further documentation compiled by FEDROM lists a total of 403,663 gravestones as well as 270 additional structures and buildings located in the country’s Jewish cemeteries ( ohels , prayer houses, mortuaries etc.). 17

Whilst the numerical data on Jewish cemeteries held by FEDROM is relatively comprehensive, academic and photographic documentation of the country’s Jewish burial grounds is lacking. Notable studies are available in the for the medieval Jewish cemetery in Siret 18 as well as in English for a number of sites in Bucovina.19 Documentation available online includes most prominently a project for the study of Jewish women’s gravestones in the town of Radauti in Bucovina. 20

3.3 Ownership & Maintenance

3.3.1 Ownership

Whilst no systematic and comprehensive expropriation of Jewish cemeteries occurred in Romania, the administrative and political structure put in place during decades of Communism resulted in a lack of clarity regarding the ownership of the country’s Jewish burial grounds. 21 As a result, in 2002, the Romanian government reaffirmed ownership by FEDROM of all Jewish cemeteries and recognised the organisation as the sole representative body of the country’s

13 Agreement signed between the Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania and the Rabbis of Romanian Origin , Bucharest, 5 November 2008, p. 2. 14 Idem, p. 3. 15 Ibid. 16 FEDROM, Summary Table for the Jewish Cemeteries of Romania owned by FEDROM , pp. 3-6. 17 Idem , pp. 5-6. 18 Sanie, Silviu, Dainuire Prin Piatra: Monumnentele Cimitirului Medieval Evreiesc de la Siret , Editura Hasefer: Bucharest, 2000. 19 Geissbühler, Simon, Jewish Cemeteries of Bucovina , Noi Media Print: Bucharest, 2009. 20 Gruber, Ruth, (Candle)sticks on Stone: Representing the Woman in Jewish Tombstone Art , http://candlesticksonstone.wordpress.com/ . 21 Mircea Angelescu, Director General, Department of National Cultural Heritage, Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, Bucharest, 17 December 2009.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 11 Jewish community. 22 The World Jewish Restitution Organisation (WJRO) participated in the legislative process. 23

Unless located on cemeteries, Holocaust memorials and mass grave sites are typically owned by the state or municipalities and administered by the Ministry of Culture and Religion. 24

Since the 2002 law was passed, FEDROM ownership has been contested by a number of foreign-based Jewish groups, most prominently the Association of Jewish Romanian Americans. Much of the conflict has been owed to the fact that this organisation of descendants and FEDROM pursue different agendas with regards to the pace of cemetery restoration.

3.3.2 Maintenance

Although each Jewish cemetery in Romania belongs to a Jewish community in relative proximity that is supposed to take care of the sites under its jurisdiction, the means to carry out this mission are largely insufficient. FEDROM claims it is currently not in a position to maintain more than 30 per cent of all Jewish cemeteries in acceptable conditions. 25

Between 1995 and 2006, the Romanian state provided annual subsidies to FEDROM for the restoration and maintenance of Jewish cemeteries, ranging between 9,000 and 33,000 USD per year. The amount was increased to about 54,000 USD in 2006 and, following the establishment of an inter-ministerial committee on Jewish heritage, to 234,000 USD in 2007. This amount, however, was cut by half in 2008 and reduced to 59,000 USD in 2009. The committee, which involves the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Construction will only resume its activities once economic conditions have improved. 26

A number of sites are regularly maintained by caretakers in exchange for a small salary and free housing in buildings located on cemeteries. In some places, this system of maintenance has been functioning since the end of World War II. 27

In other cases, groups such as the Heritage Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Cemeteries in Europe (HFPJCE) restore or maintain cemeteries. In Romania, this Brooklyn-based group has been involved with the full or partial restoration of more than 80 sites. 28

3.4 Current State

According to a country-wide survey of Jewish cemeteries in Romania carried out during the late 1990s by the U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad 29 , less than twenty of these sites contain more than 5,000 gravestones. The survey identified 42 sites with

22 LEGE nr.598 din 4 noiembrie 2002 pentru aprobarea Ordonanţei de urgenţă a Guvernului nr. 36/2002 privind reglementarea dreptului de proprietate al Federaţiei Comunităţilor Evreieşti din România asupra lăcaşurilor de cult, cimitirelor şi altor bunuri destinate activităţilor cultului mosaic and Legea nr. 489/2006 privind libertatea religioasa si regimul general al cultelor 23 Aurel Vainer, Bucharest, 16 December 2009. 24 Lucia Apostol, Bucharest, 16 December 2009. 25 Aurel Vainer, Bucharest, 16 December 2009. 26 Mircea Angelescu, 17 December 2009. 27 Aurel Vainer, Bucharest, 16 December 2009. 28 Heritage Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Cemeteries in Europe (HFPJCE), Status Report of 420 cemeteries , September 2009, http://www.hfpjc.org/status-report-september-2009.pdf 29 U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, Jewish Historic Sites in Romania , forthcoming.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 12 between 500 and 5,000 stones. Almost half of Romania’s Jewish cemeteries, however, contain only between one and 20 stones. About a dozen Jewish cemeteries are still identified as such, although no visible gravestones remain at the site.30 Of the more than 400,000 gravestones, FEDROM considers about 67,000 to be in a state of bad repair. 31

According to FEDROM data, the enclosures around Jewish cemeteries in Romania total 192km. 32 With the number of known Jewish cemeteries standing at 821, this averages about 230m of enclosure per cemetery, which means that numerous sites are not properly fenced. In addition, about 2km of the existing enclosures need to be repaired.33

3.5 Main Threats

Despite the availability of precise data on the location and state of Jewish cemeteries in Romania, the lack of regular maintenance and proper enclosures exposes many sites to natural as well as man-made threats. Vegetation overgrowth, erosion, encroaching development and vandalism are all factors that threaten numerous Jewish burial grounds in Romania. Further research is however necessary to assess the most serious threats, for they may vary from one region to another.

A particularly damaging instance of vandalism occurred in October 2008, when more than 200 graves were desecrated in Bucharest’s Giurgiului cemetery, a place of 40,000 graves.34 This placed a heavy financial burden on FEDROM, as under Romanian legislation, if perpetrators of acts of vandalism are not apprehended, the onus to repair damages lies with the owner of a site. 35

30 U.S. Commission, op.cit. , p. 26. 31 FEDROM, Summary Table , p. 5. 32 FEDROM, Summary Table , p. 3. 33 Idem, p. 5. 34 Jewish graves in Romania wrecked , BBC News, 24 October 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7688901.stm 35 Aurel Vainer and Lucia Apostol, Bucharest, 16 September 2009 .

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 13 4. Legal Instruments

A sound legislative environment is crucial in order to guarantee the lasting protection of Romania’s Jewish burial grounds. This section investigates to what extent existing legal instruments at various levels can provide such protection.

4.1 Romanian Legislation

Several key provisions in Romanian legislation affect the protection and preservation of the country’s Jewish burial grounds. These can be found within the following legislative areas: the Romanian constitution, cultural heritage legislation as well as the criminal code.

4.1.1 Romanian Constitution

Article 33 (3) of the Constitution of Romania 36 , which stipulates that ‘the State must make sure that spiritual identity is preserved, national culture is supported, arts are stimulated, cultural legacy is protected and preserved, contemporary creativity is developed, and Romania’s cultural and artistic values are promoted throughout the world’, may be invoked in campaigning for identification and better protection of Jewish burial grounds in Romania.

4.1.2 Cultural Heritage Legislation

Romania’s Law no. 422 of July 18 th , 2001 on the Protection of Historical Monuments recognises historical monuments – a status which applies to 17 Jewish cemeteries in Romania – as ‘part and parcel of the national cultural heritage’ (art 2.1). However, this does not make the sites in question eligible for public funding, for ‘the guard, maintenance, preservation, consolidation, restoration and enhancement of the historical monuments, using appropriate means, falls upon the owners’ (art. 6.1).

A major benefit of securing historical monument status is the exemption from property tax. 37 The annual state subsidy to FEDROM for the purpose of cemetery maintenance, however, is not in any way linked to cultural heritage legislation and merely the result of a non-binding agreement between FEDROM and the inter-ministerial committee mentioned above.

4.1.3 Criminal Code

The Romanian Criminal Code 38 provides a strong basis for the punishment of acts of vandalism and desecration perpetrated at burial sites. Article 247 states the following: ‘The act of profaning by any means a grave, of a monument or a funeral urn or a corpse, shall be punished by strict imprisonment from one to 3 years or by days/fine.’

36 An English translation is available from the website of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies at http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=371 . 37 Mircea Angelescu, , 17 December 2009. 38 The Criminal Code, http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1695/file/c1cc95d23be999896581124f9dd8.htm/pr eview .

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 14 4.2 Bilateral Agreements

On July 8 th , 1992, the United States and Romania signed an Agreement on the Protection and Preservation of Certain Cultural Properties .39 In article 3, the signatories agree, inter alia , to ‘ensure that there is no discrimination in form or in fact, against the cultural heritage of any group in the scope and application of its laws and regulations concerning: (a) the protection and preservation of their cultural heritage; (b) the right to contribute to the protection and preservation of their cultural heritage; and (c) public access thereto.’

Article 6 provides for the establishment of a joint cultural heritage commission to implement the provisions of the Agreement. According to information provided by FEDROM, however, this never materialised. 40

4.3 International & European Conventions

International and European support for the protection and preservation of Jewish burial grounds can most clearly be found in the cultural heritage sphere. Romania has ratified a number of key UNESCO- and Council of Europe-monitored legal instruments as detailed below. These Conventions have been excellent standard-setters and are invaluable in terms of encouraging the development of effective cultural heritage policy. They are, however, essentially unenforceable in spite of their legally binding nature.

As such, while the signatories of binding legal instruments make a commitment to bringing their national legislation in line with their conditions, these instruments cannot be used to either demand changes to legislation or to guarantee that such legislation is properly applied. Furthermore, only very few Jewish burial grounds in Romania are currently recognised as national cultural heritage.

International and European human rights instruments guaranteeing religious freedom, the right to privacy and family life and the right to private property are also of interest with regard to the protection of Jewish burial grounds. These provisions can be found in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 41 and in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). 42 Both instruments are legally binding on state parties; the ICCPR is monitored by the Human Rights Committee, 43 while the ECHR is enforced by the European Court of Human Rights. 44 The status of Romania’s signing and ratification of relevant conventions is detailed in the following.

39 http://www.heritageabroad.gov/agreements/doc/romania.pdf 40 Aurel Vainer and Lucia Apostol, Bucharest, 16 September 2009 41 Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm . 42 Available at http://conventions.coe.int . 43 States that have signed the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR agree to allow persons within the member state to obtain an opinion from the Committee regarding violations of that Covenant. For those countries, the Human Rights Committee can thus function as a mechanism for the international redress of human rights abuses, similar to the regional mechanisms afforded by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights or the European Court of Human Rights. It remains disputed, however, whether the Human Rights Committee's in principle non-binding final views qualify as decisions of a quasi-judicial body or simply constitute authoritative interpretations on the merits of the cases brought before them for the members of the Optional Protocol of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 44 Any person who feels his rights under the Convention have been violated by a State Party can take a case to the Court in accordance with Protocol 11, which states the jurisdiction of the Court to rule over cases brought against States Parties by individuals. Recognition of the right of individual application was, however, optional and it could therefore be exercised only against those States which had accepted it, until the acceptance of Protocol 11 was made compulsory. The decisions of the Court are legally binding, and the Court has the power to award damages.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 15

4.3.1 International Conventions

• 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : Ratified 9 Dec. 1974. • 1972 Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage : Accepted 16 May 1990. • 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export & Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property : Accepted 6 Dec. 1993. • 1954 (Hague) Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict : Ratified 21 Mar. 1958; First Protocol : Ratified 21 Mar. 1958; Second Protocol : Ratified 7 Aug. 2006.

4.3.2 Council of Europe Conventions

• 2005 Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society: Not signed .45 • 2000 European Landscape Convention : Ratified 7 Nov. 2002. • 1998 Convention on the Protection of Environment through Criminal Law: Signed 15 Feb. 1999 46 • 1992 European (Valletta) Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (revised) : Ratified 18 Mar. 1997. • 1985 European Convention on Offences relating to Cultural Property : Not signed .47 • 1954 European Cultural Convention : Acceded 19 Dec 1991. • 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms : Ratified 20 Jun. 1994.

45 At the time of writing, this Convention had not yet come into effect as a result of insufficient ratifications (ten are needed, but only eight had been received). 46 At the time of writing, this Convention had not yet come into effect as a result of insufficient ratifications (three are needed, but only one had been received). 47 At the time of writing, this Convention had not yet come into effect as a result of insufficient ratifications (three are needed, but none had been received).

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books and Articles Lamm, M., The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning , Jonathan David: New York, 2000. Geissbühler, Simon, Jewish Cemeteries of Bucovina , Noi Media Print: Bucharest, 2009. Gruber, Ruth. Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to Eastern Europe , National Geographic: Washington, 2007 Sanie, Silviu, Dainuire Prin Piatra: Monumnentele Cimitirului Medieval Evreiesc de la Siret , Editura Hasefer: Bucharest, 2000

Official Documents and Legislation Agreement for the Protection and Preservation of Certain Cultural Properties Between the Government of the United States and the Government of Romania , 8 July 1992 http://www.heritageabroad.gov/agreements/doc/romania.pdf Agreement signed between the Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania and the Rabbis of Romanian Origin , Bucharest, 5 November 2008 Constitution of Romania , http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=371 Law no. 422 of July 18 th , 2001 on the Protection of Historical Monuments LEGE nr.598 din 4 noiembrie 2002 pentru aprobarea Ordonanţei de urgenţă a Guvernului nr. 36/2002 privind reglementarea dreptului de proprietate al Federaţiei Comunităţilor Evreieşti din România asupra lăcaşurilor de cult, cimitirelor şi altor bunuri destinate activităţilor cultului mosaic Legea nr. 489/2006 privind libertatea religioasa si regimul general al cultelor The Criminal Code, http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1695/file/c1cc95d23be9998 96581124f9dd8.htm/preview

Other Sources FEDROM, Jewish Patrimony of Romania – Rehabilitation, Restoration and Options for Preservation , paper presented at the University of Bucharest Annual International Conference on Jewish Heritage, 28-29 May 2009 FEDROM, Summary Table for the Jewish Cemeteries of Romania owned by FEDROM , 1 November 2009 Heritage Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Cemeteries in Europe (HFPJCE), Status Report of 420 cemeteries , September 2009, http://www.hfpjc.org/status-report-september- 2009.pdf

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 17 International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, Final Report on the Holocaust in Romania , Bucharest, 11 November 2004 Jewish graves in Romania wrecked , BBC News, 24 October 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7688901.stm Jewish Virtual Library , The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Romania , http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/romania.html Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/romania_pol96.jpg U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, Jewish Historic Sites in Romania , forthcoming

Interviews Dr Mircea Angelescu, Director General, Department of National Cultural Heritage, Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, Bucharest, 17 December 2009. Lucia Apostol, Chief of the Development Sector, Centre for the Administration of the Patrimony, The Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania, Bratislava, 18 March 2009 and Bucharest, 16 December 2009. Stefan Ioniţă, Director General for Religious Affairs, Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, Bucharest, 17 December 2009. Dipl. eng. Albert Kupferberg, General Secretary, The Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania, Bucharest, 16 December 2009. Dipl. eng. Rudy Marcovici, Director of the Centre for the Administration of the Patrimony, The Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania, Bratislava, 18 March 2009 and Bucharest, 16 December 2009. Adriana Popp, European Affairs Counsellor, Romanian Ministry of Culture and Relgious Affairs, Bucharest, 17 December 2009 Dipl. eng. Paul Schwartz, MSc, Vice-President, The Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania, Bucharest, 16 December 2009. Prof Dr Aurel Vainer, President, The Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania, Bucharest, 16 December 2009.

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 18 APPENDIX 1 – MAP OF ROMANIA

Source: Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/romania_pol96.jpg

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 19 APPENDIX 2 – LIST OF KNOWN JEWISH BURIAL GROUNDS IN ROMANIA

Cemetery name Administered by the Jewish Community of Abrămuţ Abrud Acâş Satu Mare Acâţari I + II Târgu Mures Adămuşi Târgu Mures Adi Endre Satu Mare Adjud I. Focsani Adjud II. Focsani Adoni Oradea Aghireş Cluj Agrij Cluj Agriş Satu Mare Alba Iulia Alba Iulia Alba Iulia Aldesti - Bârsa Arad Aleşd Oradea Aleuş Oradea Aluniş Cluj Amati Satu Mare Ambud Satu Mare Satu Mare Apa Satu Mare Apahida Cluj Apateu Satu Mare Arad Nou Neolog Arad Arad Ortodox Arad Arad Vechi Neolog Arad Aradul Nou Arad Arăneag Arad Arbore Radauti Satu Mare Arduşad Arhiud Bistrita Ariniş Baia Mare Arpaşul de Sus Aruncuţa Cluj Aştileu Oradea Atea Satu Mare Baba Baia Mare Babadag

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 20 Babta Satu Mare Bacău I. Bacau Bacău II. Bacau Baia Mare Baia Mare Baia Sprie Baia Mare Band Târgu Mures Banloc Timisoara Bara Roman Bârlad I. Barlad Bârlad II. Barlad Bârlad III. Barlad Bârsana Sighet Baru Mare Deva Batin Cluj Băbăseşti Satu Mare Băcăinţi Deva Băceşti Iasi Băiţa de sub Codru Baia Mare Bănişor Cluj Bărboşi Târgu Mures Băseşti Baia Mare Bătarci Satu Mare Becheni Satu Mare I. Bistrita Beclean II. Bistrita Beica de Jos Târgu Mures Beiuş Vechi Oradea Beiuş Nou Oradea Beliu Arad Satu Mare Bendiu Bistrita Benesat Baia Mare Berbeşti Sighet Berchez Baia Mare Bercu I. Satu Mare Bercu II. Satu Mare Berea Satu Mare Bereşti I. Galati Bereşti II. Galati Berinţa Baia Mare Satu Mare Bezidu Nou Târgu Mures Bicaz Baia Mare Bicazul Ardelean Piatra Neamt Biharia Oradea

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 21 Biled Timisoara Bistra Sighet Bistriţa I. Bistrita Bistriţa II. Bistrita Biuşa Baia Mare Bivolari Iasi Bixad Satu Mare Blaj Alba Iulia Bobâlna Bobota Cluj Bocicoel Sighet Bocşa Resita Bogata Târgu Mures Bogata de Sus Dej Bogdan Voda Sighet Satu Mare Boghiş Oradea Boghiş Satu Mare Boineşti Satu Mare Boiu Oradea Boiu Sat Târgu Mures Bonţida Cluj Borleşti Satu Mare Borod Vechi Oradea Borod Nou Oradea Boroşineul Mare Brasov Borsec Piatra Neamt Borşa Cluj Borşa Sighet Satu Mare Botiza Sighet Botoşani Vechi Botosani Botoşani Nou Botosani Bozienii de Sus Roman Brad Deva Brâncoveneşti Târgu Mures Braşov I. Brasov Braşov II. Brasov Bratca Oradea Brăila I. Braila Brăila II. Braila Brăniştea Bistrita Breb Sighet Bucecea Botosani Bucium Baia Mare

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 22 Bucium Cluj Bucureşti I Bucuresti Bucureşti II. Bucuresti Bucureşti III. Bucuresti Budeşti Sighet Buduşi I. Bistrita Buduşi II. Bistrita Buhuşi Bacau Buia Sibiu Burdujeni I. Burdujeni II. Suceava Buşag Baia Mare Buteni Arad Buza I. Dej Buza II. Dej Buzău I. Focsani Buzău II. Focsani Buziaş Timisoara Cadea Oradea Calafat Câlna Dej Camar Cluj Câmpina Ploiesti Câmpulung Suceava Câmpulung la Tisa Sighet Caporal Alexe Arad Caracal Craiova Caransebeş Lugoj I. Satu Mare Carei II. Satu Mare Cârlibaba Vatra Dornei Câtcău Dej Cavnic Baia Mare Căianul Mic Bistrita Căiuţi Bacau Călăraşi Ob. Călăţele Cluj Călineşti Sighet Călineşti Oaş Satu Mare Cămârzana Satu Mare Cămăraşu Deal Cluj Căpleni Satu Mare Cărăşeu Satu Mare Căşei Dej Cătina Cluj

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 23 Căuaceu Oradea Căuas Satu Mare Ceanul Mare Cluj Cefa Oradea Cehăluţi Satu Mare Cehul Silvaniei Baia Mare Ceica Oradea Cenad Timisoara Cenaloş Oradea Cenei Timisoara Cermei Arad Cernavoda Constanta Cerneşti Baia Mare Satu Mare Cetatea de Baltă Alba Iulia Chesa Oradea Cheşereu Oradea Chet Oradea Cheud Baia Mare Chichişa I Cluj Chichişa II Cluj Chidea Cluj Chilia Veche Tulcea Chilioara Cluj Chinari Târgu Mures Chiochiş Bistrita Chislaz Oradea Chistac Oradea Chişineu Criş Arad Chiuza Bistrita Chiveşti Dej Ciacova Timisoara Cicarlau Baia Mare Ciceu Giurgeşti Bistrita Cidreag I. Satu Mare Cidreag II. Satu Mare Ciocoaia Oradea Ciocotiş Baia Mare Cipău Târgu Mures Ciucea Cluj Ciumăfaia Cluj Ciumeşti I. Satu Mare Ciumeşti II. Satu Mare Cizer-Pleşca Cluj Cluj I. Cluj

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 24 Cluj II. Cluj Cluj III. Cluj Cluj IV. Cluj Coaş Baia Mare Cociu Bistrita Cociuba Mare Oradea Codăeşti Vechi Iasi Codăeşti Nou Iasi Colţău Baia Mare Comlauşa Satu Mare Comloşul Mare Timisoara Comloşul Mic Timisoara Constanţa Constanta Copalnic Baia Mare Copalnic Mânăştur Baia Mare Corabia Craiova Corod Satu Mare Coroi-Sânmartin Târgu Mures Corund Sat Satu Mare Corvineşti I. Bistrita Corvineşti II. Bistrita Coşeiu Cluj Craidorolţ Satu Mare Craiova Craiova Crasna Cluj Crasna Petrova Sighet Crăciuneşti Sighet Cristolţ Baia Mare Cristur Baia Mare Crisuru Secuiesc Târgu Mures Criştelec Cluj Criştetii Cicerului Bistrita Crucişori Satu Mare Cubulcuţ Oradea Cuci Târgu Mures Culciul Mare Satu Mare Curtici Arad Curtuiseni Oradea Cuzdrioara Dej Dâmbu Târgu Mures Damieneşti Bacau Dara Satu Mare Dămăcuşeni Baia Mare Dănesti Baia Mare Dărăbani Vechi Dorohoi

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 25 Dărăbani Nou Dorohoi Dărmăneşti Husi Deaj Târgu Mures Deda Târgu Mures Dej Dej Derna Oradea Dersida Cluj Deseşti Sighet Deta Timisoara Deva Deva Dindeşti Satu Mare Diosig Oradea Diosod Cluj Ditrău Târgu Mures Diviciorii Mari Dej Diviciorii Mici Dej Dobra Deva Doh Cluj Dorohoi Vechi Dorohoi Dorohoi Nou Dorohoi Dorolt Satu Mare Dragomireşti Sighet Drăgăşani Piteşti Dudeştii Vechi Timisoara Dumbraveni Sibiu Dumitreni Târgu Mures Enciu Bistrita Episcopia Bihor Oradea Eriu Sâncrai I. Satu Mare Eriu Sancrai II. Satu Mare Fagaras Brasov Faget Lugoj Falticeni I. Falticeni Falticeni II. Falticeni Fantanele Bistrita Farcasa Basarab Baia Mare Fauresti Baia Mare Feldioara Dej Feldru Bistrita N Feleac Bistrita N Fersig Baia Mare Fildu de Jos Cluj Fintesul Mare Baia Mare Fizesiul Gherlei Dej Focsani I. Focsani

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 26 Focsani II. Focsani Frata Cluj Frumusica Botosani Gaiesti Pitesti Galati I. Galati Galati II. Galati Galatii Bistritei Bistrita Galgau Dej Galos Petreu Oradea Gârbau Cluj Garbov Dej Gârdani Baia Mare Gataia Timisoara Gelu Timisoara Geoagiu Sat Deva Ghenci Satu Mare Gheorgheni Târgu Mures Gherghie Oradea Gherla Dej Gherta Mica Satu Mare Ghimes – Faget Bacau Ghioroc Arad Ghirisa Satu Mare Ghirolt Satu Mare Gilau Cluj Ginta Oradea Giorucuţa Satu Mare Giulesti Sighet Giungi Satu Mare Giurgiu I Ob.Giurgiu Giurgiu II. Ob.Giurgiu Giurtelec Satu Mare Glod Dej Glod Sighet Glodeni Târgu Mures Graniceri Arad Gros Oradea Gura Humorului Suceava Gura Zlata Deva Gurahont Arad Halmagiu Arad Satu Mare Harlau I. Iasi Harlau II. Iasi Harnicesti Sighet

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 27 Hasmasi Dej Hatag Deva Herina Bistrita Hida I. Cluj Hida II. Cluj Hideaga Baia Mare I Satu Mare Hodod II Satu Mare Hodosa I. Târgu Mures Hodosa II. Târgu Mures Hoghiz I. Brasov Hoghiz II. Brasov Holod Oradea Homorodul de Jos Satu Mare Hotoan Satu Mare Hripa Satu Mare I. Cluj Huedin II. Cluj Hunedoara I. Deva Hunedoara II. Deva Hurezu Mare Satu Mare Huşi I. Husi Huşi II. Husi Iapa Sighet Iara Cluj Iaşi Iasi Iclod Dej Iegherişte Satu Mare Iernut Târgu Mures Ieud Sighet Ighiu Alba Iulia Ileanda Dej Ilia Deva Ilisua Bistrita Ilisua Oradea Ilva Mare Bistrita Ilva Mica Bistrita Ineu Arad Ip Oradea Irina Petresti Satu Mare Isaccea Tulcea Itcani Suceava Ivesti Tecuci Jibau Cluj Jimbolia I. Timisoara

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 28 Jimbolia II. Timisoara Jojib Satu Mare Lapusel Baia Mare Lapusul Romanesc Baia Mare Lazuri Satu Mare Lechinta Bistrita Lechinta Satu Mare Lelei Satu Mare Leordina Sighet Les Oradea Lespezi Iasi Lipau Satu Mare Lipova I. Arad Lipova II. Arad Livada I. Satu Mare Livada II. Satu Mare Livezi Bacau Lompirt Cluj Lopadia Noua Alba Iulia Lucacesti Baia Mare Ludus Târgu Mures Lugoj Lugoj Lunca Bradului Târgu Mures Lunca de Jos Târgu Mures Luncan Cluj Luncsoara Oradea Lupeni Deva Lusca Bistrita Macea Arad Macin Tulcea Madarasi Satu Mare Maeriste Cluj Magesti Oradea Magherani Târgu Mures Mahal Dej Maia Dej Malin Bistrita Malut Bistrita Mara Sighet Marca I. Oradea Marca II. Oradea Marca III. Oradea Marghita Oradea Mariselu Bistrita Martinesti Satu Mare

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 29 Matei Bistrita Medias I. Sibiu Medias II. Sibiu Mediesul Aurit I. Satu Mare Mediesul Aurit II. Satu Mare Medisa Satu Mare Mehadia Resita Meresti Târgu Mures Micasasa Sibiu Satu Mare Târgu Mures Miercurea Miraj I. Târgu Mures Miercurea Miraj II. Târgu Mures Mihaileni Dorohoi Mihalt Alba Iulia Milas Bistrita Mineu I. Baia Mare Mineu II. Baia Mare Mintiu Bistrita Miresul Mare Baia Mare Misca Oradea Mociu Cluj Moftinul Mic Satu Mare Mogosesti Baia Mare Moiad Cluj Moinesti Bacau Moisei Sighet Moldovita Suceava Murgeni Barlad Nadisul Hododului Satu Mare Nadlac Arad Nanesti Sighet Napradea Cluj Nasaud Bistrita Nazna I. Târgu Mures Nazna II. Târgu Mures Necopoi Satu Mare Negreni Cluj Negresti Iasi Negresti Oas Satu Mare Negrilesti Bistrita Nimigea de Jos Bistrita Nimigea de Sus I. Bistrita Nimigea de Sus II. Bistrita Niresi Dej

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 30 Nuseni Bistrita Nusfalau Oradea Oar Satu Mare Oarta de Jos Baia Mare Ocna Mures Alba Iulia Odobesti I. Focsani Odobesti II. Focsani Satu Mare Odorheiul Secuiesc I. Târgu Mures Odorheiul Secuiesc II. Târgu Mures Ogra Târgu Mures Oltenita Ob.Giurgiu Oncesti Sighet Oradea Neolog Oradea Oradea Ortodox Oradea Oradea Velenta Oradea Orastie Deva Orasul Nou Satu Mare Oravita Resita Orheiul Bistritei Bistrita Orsova Timisoara Ortelec Cluj Osorhel Dej Otelec Timisoara Otomani Oradea Panade Alba Iulia Panciu I. Focsani Panciu II. Focsani Pancota Arad Panticeu Cluj Panticu Tecii Bistrita Pascani Iasi Paulis Arad Pausa Cluj Pecica Arad Peles Satu Mare Periam Timisoara Petelea Târgu Mures Peteritea Baia Mare Petin Satu Mare Petrosani Deva Piatra Neamt I. Piatra Neamt Piatra Neamt II. Piatra Neamt Pir Satu Mare Pişcari Satu Mare

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 31 Pişcolţ Satu Mare Piteşti Pitesti Ploieşti Ploiesti Plopiş Târgu Mures Pocluşa de Barcău Oradea Podu Iloaiei Iasi Podul Turcului Bacau Poiana Blenchii Dej Poieni Cluj Poienile de sub Munte Sighet Poienile Izei Sighet Satu Mare Porumbacul de Jos Sibiu Porumbesti Satu Mare Potau I + II Satu Mare Praid Târgu Mures Prilog Satu Mare Prundu Burgaului Bistrita Puiesti Barlad Pungesti Iasi Racaciuni Bacau Racsa Satu Mare Radauti Radauti Radauti Prut Dorohoi Radna Bistrita Raducaneni Iasi Ramnicul Valcea Pitesti Rascova Sighet Rastolnita Târgu Mures Ratesti Satu Mare Razoare Târgu Mures Rebrisoara Bistrita Recas Cluj Recas Timisoara Recea Cluj Reghin Târgu Mures Remetea Chioarului Baia Mare Remeti Sighet Repedea Sighet Resita Resita Reteag Bistrita Rm.Sarat I. Focsani Rm.Sarat II. Focsani Roman Roman Romuli Bistrita

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 32 Rona de Jos Sighet Rona de Sus Sighet Rosiori Oradea Rosiori Satu Mare Rosiori de Vede Craiova Rozavlea Sighet Rus Dej Rusi Munti Târgu Mures Salonta I. Oradea Salonta II. Oradea Salsig Baia Mare Sâmbăta I + II Oradea Sân Marghita Dej Sân Martin Dej Sân Miclauş Alba Iulia Sâncel Alba Iulia Sâncraiu Cluj Sandra Satu Mare Sângiorgiu de Padure I. Târgu Mures Sângiorgiu de Padure II. Târgu Mures Sângiorz Băi Bistrita Sânicolau Mare Vechi Timisoara Sânicolau Mare Nou Timisoara Sâniob Oradea Sânmihaiul de Câmpie Bistrita Sânpetru Almasului Cluj Sânpetru de Câmpie Târgu Mures Sânpetru German Arad Sânpetru Mare Timisoara Sântana Arad Santau Satu Mare Sântimreu Oradea Saravale Timisoara Sârbi Sighet Satu Mare I. Satu Mare Satu Mare II. Satu Mare Satu Mic Satu Mare Satu Nou Arad Săcălăşeni I. Baia Mare Săcălăşeni II. Baia Mare Săcăşeni Satu Mare Săcel Sighet Săcuieni Oradea Sălacea Oradea Sălard Oradea

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 33 Sălcuţa I. Bistrita Sălcuţa II. Bistrita Sălişca Dej Săliştea de Sus Sighet Sănislau Satu Mare Săpânţa Sighet Sărata Bistrita Sărăsău Sighet Sărăţel Bistrita Sărmăşel Cluj Săsar Baia Mare Săsarm Bistrita Sătmărel Satu Mare Săvârşin Arad Săveni Botosani Sculeni Iasi Sebes Alba Alba Iulia Sebiş Arad Seica Mare Sibiu Seini Baia Mare Seleuş Arad Semlac Arad Ser Satu Mare Sf. Gheorghe I. Brasov Sf. Gheorghe II. Brasov Sfârnaş Oradea Sibiu I. Sibiu Sibiu II. Sibiu Sic Cluj Sighet I + II Sighet Sighisoara Târgu Mures Sighisoara(Braite ) Târgu Mures Simand Arad Simeria Deva Simionesti Bistrita Simisna Dej Sinaia Ploiesti Siret I. Radauti Siret II. Radauti Siret III. Radauti Slatina Pitesti Slatioara Sighet Socont Satu Mare Solca Radauti Somcuţa Mare Baia Mare

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 34 Somes Odorhei Baia Mare Someş Uileac Baia Mare Sovata Târgu Mures Spermezeu Bistrita Stamora Moravita Timisoara Stanceni Târgu Mures Strâmtura Sighet Suatu Cluj Suceava I. Suceava Suceava II. Suceava Suciu de Sus Baia Mare Sulina Tulcea Sulita Botosani Suplac I. Târgu Mures Suplac II. Târgu Mures Suplacul de Barcau Oradea Supurul de Jos Satu Mare Supurul de Sus Satu Mare Surduc Baia Mare Şeitin Arad Şieu Bistrita Şieu Sighet Şieu Cristur Bistrita Şieu Magherus Bistrita Şieu Odorhei Bistrita Şilea Alba Iulia Şilea Nirajului Târgu Mures Şilindia Arad Şilindru Oradea Şimian Oradea Şimleul Silvaniei Oradea Şintereag Bistrita Şiria Arad Şirioara Bistrita Şoimi Oradea Şopteriu Bistrita Ştefăneşti Botosani Tarcea Oradea Târgovişte Ploiesti Târguşor Oradea Târna Mare Satu Mare Târnaveni I. Târgu Mures Târnaveni II. Târgu Mures Târsolt Satu Mare Tămaia Baia Mare

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 35 Tămaşeni Satu Mare Tămăşeşti Baia Mare Tăsnad I. Satu Mare Tăşnad II. Satu Mare Tăut Oradea Tăuteu Oradea Tăuţi Magheruşi Baia Mare Teaca Bistrita Tecuci I. Tecuci Tecuci II. Tecuci Tecuci III. Tecuci Teius Alba Iulia Telciu Bistrita Târgu Neamt Piatra Neamt Târgu Trotuş Bacau Târgu Frumos Iasi Târgu Jiu Craiova Târgu Lapus Baia Mare Târgu Mures I. Târgu Mures Târgu Mures II. Târgu Mures Târgu Ocna I. Bacau Târgu Ocna II. Bacau Târgu Secuiesc Brasov Timişoara I. Timisoara Timişoara II. Timisoara Tinca I Vechi Oradea Tinca II Nou Oradea Satu Mare Tisa Sighet Topliţa I. Târgu Mures Topliţa II. Târgu Mures Tria Derna Oradea Trip Satu Mare Trotuş Bacau Tulcea I. Tulcea Tulcea II. Tulcea Tulghieşi Piatra Neamt Turda Cluj Turnu Arad Turnu Magurele Craiova Turnu Severin Craiova Turt Satu Mare Satu Mare Tuşino Târgu Mures Ucea de Jos Brasov

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 36 Ucuriş Oradea Uileacu Şimleului Cluj Uileacu de Beiuşi Oradea Uleacu de Criş Oradea Ulieşi Târgu Mures Ulmeni Baia Mare Unguras Dej Unimat Satu Mare Urişor Dej Uriu Bistrita Urmeniş Bistrita Vadul Crişului Oradea Vadul Izei Sighet Vaida Oradea Vâlcani Timişoara Vâlcaul de Jos Cluj Vâlcele Braşov Valea Chioarului Baia Mare Valea Izvoarelor Târgu Mureş Valea lui Mihai Oradea Valea Lunga I. Alba Iulia Valea Lunga II. Alba Iulia Valea Stejarului Sighet Valea Ungurasului Dej Satu Mare Vama Suceava Vama I. Satu Mare Vama II. Satu Mare Vânători Arad Vârşand Arad Vârşolţ Cluj Iasi Vatra Dornei Vatra Dornei Vaţa de Jos Deva Văleni Sighet Văleni de Mureş I. Târgu Mureş Văleni de Mureş II. Târgu Mureş Vetiş Satu Mare Vezendiu Satu Mare Viforoasa I + II Târgu Mures Satu Mare Viile Tecii Bistrita Viişoara Cluj Viişoara Oradea Vinga Arad

Lo Tishkach Foundation 2009 Page 37 Vinţu de Jos Alba Iulia Vişeul de Jos Sighet Vişeul de Mijloc Sighet Vişeul de Sus Sighet Voivodeni Târgu Mures Vulcan Deva Zalău Cluj Zalnoc Cluj Zam Deva Zău de Câmpie Târgu Mures Zăuan Oradea Zerind Arad Zimbor Cluj Zlatna Alba Iulia

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