Appendix I List of Abbreviations

a.b. as before bldg. a.b.d. as before described blk. block abut. abutment b.m.s. both measured separately adj. adjoining or adjustment b.n. bullnose a.f. after fixing or angle fillet bott. bottom agg. aggregate b. & p. bed and point agst. against br. branch alice. allowance breakg. breaking alt. alternate brr. bearer alum. aluminium b.s. both sides appvd. approved BS British Standard air all round b.s.m. both sides measured archve. architrave bwk. brickwork ard. around asp. asphalt assctd. associated cal. plumb. calcium plumbate art. artificial calkg. caulking av. average cant. cantilever cap. capacity or capillary cappg. capping bast. basement casg. casing bd. board cast. casement bdd. boarded cat. catalogue bdg. boarding cav. cavity bdy. boundary C.C. curved cutting b.e. bossed end or both ends C.C.N. close copper nailing bearg. bearing ccs. centres benchg. benching c. & f. cut and fit b. f. before fixing chan. channel b.i. build in or built in chfd. chamfered b.i.g. back inlet gully chnlk. chain link bit. bitumen chr. chromium b. & j. bed and joint chy. chimney bk. brick c. i. cast iron bkg. breaking eire. circular bkt. bracket cistn. cistern 263 264 Building Quantities Explained c.j. close jointed dia. or diam. diameter clg. ceiling diag. diagonally cln. clean diagrm. diagram else bdd. close boarded diff. difference c. m. cement mortar dimnsd. dimensioned col. colour disch. discharge comb. combined dist. distance or distemper comm. commencing ditto. or do. that which comms. commons has been said before commsng. commissioning div. divided comp. compression dp. deep compactn. compaction d.p.c. damp-proof course compo. composition dr. door or drain cone. concrete dwg. drawing concld. concealed conn. connection constn. cont. continuous ea. each contd. continued earthwk. earthwork cop. copper edgg. edging copg. coping e.g. eaves gutter cos. course emulsn. emulsion covd. covered enam. enamel coverg. covering eng. engineering c.p. chromium plated Eng. English cplg. coupling e.o. extra over c. & p .. cut and pin ex. exceeding or extra crnr. corner exc. excavate c.s.a. cross sectional area excavn. excavation csd. coursed exp. exposed c.s.g. clear sheet glass ext. external c'sk. countersunk ct. coat or cement cu cubic cultvd. cultivated facewk. facework cupd. cupboard fast. fastener curv. curved fcg. facing cuttg. cutting f/cly. fireclay c. w. cold water fdn. foundation f.e. fair end f. f. fair face dble. double fillg. filling ddt. deduct fin. finish or finished delvd. delivered firrg. firring dep. deposit fittg. fitting Appendix I - Abbreviations 265 fl. flush h.c. or hdcore. hardcore Flem. Flemish hdd. headed flex. flexible hdg. heading fig. flooring herrgbone. herringbone flgd. flanged hg. hung fir. floor hi. high fltd. floated h.j. heading joint F.O. fix only hkd. hooked follg. following holl. hollow fr. frame hor. horizontal frmg. framing h.p. high pressure ft. feet hsd. housed furn. furniture h.r. half round fwd. forward ht. height fwk. formwork hth. hearth fxd. fixed hwd. hardwood fxg. fixing inc. including indvdl. individual galvd. galvanised insulatn. insulation g.b.d.p. gas barrel distance pieces inter. intermediate gen. general int. internal g.i. galvanised iron invt. invert g. 1. ground level irreg irregular glzd. glazed isoltd. isolated glzg. glazing g.m. gauged mortar jb. jamb gradg. grading jst. joist grassld. grassland jt. joint grd.(s) ground(s) jtd. jointed grtd. grouted jtg. jointing grtg. grouting junctn. junction grve. groove g.s. general surfaces kg kilogram(s) gtg. grating km kilometre(s) gth. girth k.p.s. knot, prime and stop g.w.i. galvanised wrought iron gyp. gypsum Ia. large L.A. local authority lapd. lapped H.A. highway authority layg. laying h.b. half-brick ld. lead h.b.s. herringbone strutting len. length hd. hard or head lev. level hd/rl. handrail lg. long 266 Building Quantities Explained lin. linear o'hg. overhang ling. lining o/let. outlet l.m. lime mortar o'll. overall (alternative to o/a.) l.o. linseed oil opg. opening l.p. large pipe optd. operated O.Q. ordinary glazing quality m metre(s) ord. ordinary m2 square metre(s) o.s. one side m3 cubic metre(s) oslg. oversailing mach. machine G) three oils mat. material max. maximum mech. mechanical pan. panel med. medium patt. pattern/patterned memb. membrane pavg. paving membr. member p.c. prime cost mesd. measured p.d.p. plastic distance pieces met. metal ped. pedestal or pedestrian m/gd. make good perf. perforation m.h. manhole perm. permanent mi. mitre picrl. picture rail min. minimum pia. plaster mldd. moulded pl. blk. plinth block mm millimetre(s) pltd. plated mo. moulded or mortar plugd. plugged mors. mortice p.m. purpose made m.s. mild steel p.o. planted on m/s measured separately pol. polish/polished mull. mullion polyth. polythene multi-col. multi- coloured polyst. polystyrene posn. position ppt. parapet n.e. not exceeding pr. pair nee. necessary prep. prepare nr number preservn. preservation nld. nailed proj. projecting/projection nom. nominal provsn. provision nsg. nosing provsnl. provisional nt. neat p.s. pressed steel P. St. Portland stone p. & s. plugged and screwed o/a. overall pt. point, paint or part o.e. one end or other end ptg. pointing o/fl. overflow ptn. partition Appendix I - Abbreviations 267 q.t. quarry tile sel. selected qual. quality serv. service S. F. stepped flashing s.j. soldered joint rad. radius sk. sunk/sink rakg. raking sktg. skirting R.C. raking cutting shelvg. shelving r. cone. reinforced concrete s.l. short length rd. round or road slopg. sloping rdd. rounded sm. small rdwy. roadway smth. smooth reb. rebated sn. sawn rec. receive s.n. swanneck rect. rectangular soc. socket red. reduced soff. soffit or soffite ref. reference s.p. small pipe reg. regular spec. special rf. roof spld. splayed reinfd. reinforced sprd. spread reinft. reinforcement sq. square rendg. rendering s. & s. spigot and socket retn. return st. stone or straight rg. ring stackg. stacking r. & g. rubbed and gauged stand. standard rl. rail stl. steel r.l. red lead stret. stretcher r.l.j. red lead joint stripd. stripped ro. rough strng. straining r.o.j. rake out joints strt. straight r.s. rolled steel struct. structure r. & s. render and set sty. storey r.s.j. rolled steel joist suppt. support rt. root surf. surface r. w. rainwater surrd. surround r.w.p. rainwater pipe susp. suspended S. & V. P. soil and vent pipe s. v. stop valve or sluice valve san. sanitary swd .. softwood s.c. stop cock scrd. screwed or screed scrdn. screw down tankg. tanking sd. sand tarmac. tarmacadam s.e. stopped end tbr. timber sec. or sectn. section temp. temporary 268 Building Quantities Explained t.c. terra cotta vert. vertical ten. tenon vit. vitreous t. & g. tongued and grooved tgd. tongued th. thick thermp. thermoplastic wd. wood thro. throated or through wdw. window thsd. thousand wethd. weathered tiltg. tilting w.g. white glazed tk. tank w. with tog. together w. i. wrought iron tr. trench wk. work triang. triangular wkg. sp. working space t. & r. tread and riser w.p. wax polish or waterproof trav. traversed W. P. waste pipe trd. tread wrot. wrought trimg. trimming w/s working space (alternative to wkg. sp.) trowld. trowelled wt. weight

u/c undercoat x-reb. cross rebated u/grd. underground xtg. existing uncsd. uncoursed x-tgd. cross tongued underclk. undercloak upstd. upstand u/s. underside Y. st. York stone

Note: the abbreviations SMM and SMMl have been used extensively throughout this book and refer to the Standard Method of Measure­ ment of Building Works: Seventh Edition. Appendix II Mensuration Formulae

Figure Area

Square (side) 2

Rectangle length x breadth

Triangle ~ x base x height or V[s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)] where s = ~ X sum of the three sides and a, b and c are the lengths of the three sides.

Hexagon 2.6 x (side) 2

Octagon 4.83 x (side) 2

Trapezoid height x ~(base + top)

Circle (22/7) x radius2 or (22/7) x ~ diameter2 (1rr> (1To2t4> circumference = 2 x (22/7) x radius or (21Tr) (22/7) x diameter ('ITO)

Sector of Circle ~ length of arc x radius

Segment of Circle area of sector - area of triangle

269 270 Building Quantities Explained

Figure Volume Surface Area Prism area of base x height circumference of base x height

Cube (side)3 6 x (side) 2

Cylinder (22/7) x radius2 x length 2 x (22/7) x radius (7T,-2h) x (length + radius) [27Tr(h + r)]

Sphere (4/3) x (22/7) x radius3 4 x (22/7) x radius2 (4/37Tr) (47T,-2)

Segment of (22/7) X (height/6) X curved sur­ Sphere (3 radius2 + height2) face= 2 x ((7Th/6) X (3,-2 + h2)] (22/7) x radius x height ( h) (27Trh)

Pyramid ~ area of base x height ~ circumference of base x slant height

Cone ~ x (22/7) x radius2 x height (22/7) x radius x (~7T,-2h) slant height (/) (7Tr/)

Frustum of ~height [A+ B + V(AB)J ~ mean circumfe­ Pyramid where A is area of large end rence x slant height and B is area of small end. Frustum of (22/7) X ~ height (R2 + r2 + Rr) (22/7) x slant height Cone where R is radius of large end (R + r) and r is radius of small end. [1ri(R + r)] H1rh(R 2 + r2 + Rr)] where I is slant height

For Simpson's rule and prismoidal formula see chapter 3. Appendix III Metric Conversion Table

Length 1 in. = 25.44 mm [approximately 25 mm, then (mm/ 100) x 4 = in.] 1 ft = 304.8 mm (approximately 300 mm) 1 yd = 0.914 m (approximately 910 mm) 1 mile = 1.609 km (approximately 1 ~ km) 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd (approximately 1.1 yd) (1 0 m = 11 yd approximately) 1 km = 0.621 mile(~ mile approximately)

Area 1 ft2 = 0.093 m2 1 yd2 = 0.836 m2 1 acre = 0.405 ha [1 ha (hectare) = 10 000 m2] 1 mile2 = 2.590 km 2 1 m2 = 10.764 ft2 = 1.196 yd2 (approximately 1.2 yd2) 1 ha = 2.471 acres (approximately 2 ~ acres) 1 km 2 = 0.386 mile2

Volume 1 ttl = 0.028 m 3 1 yd3 = 0.765 m3 1 m3 = 35.315 ft3 = 1.308 yd3 (approximately 1.3 yd 3) 1 ft3 = 28.32 litres (1 000 litres = 1 m3) 1 gal = 4.546 litres 1 litre = 0.220 gal (approximately 4 ~ litres to the gallon)

Mass 1 lb = 0.454 kg (kilogram) 1 cwt = 50.80 kg (approximately 50 kg) 1 ton = 1 .016 t (1 tonne = 1000 kg = 0. 984 ton) 1 kg = 2.205 lb (approximately 2 ~ lb)

Density 1 lb/ft3 = 16.019 kg!m3 1 kg!m 3 = 0.062 lb/ft3

Velocity 1 ft/s = 0.305 m/s 1 mile/h = 1.609 km/h 271 272 Building Quantities Explained

Energy 1 therm = 105.506 MJ 1 Btu = 1.055 kj

Thermal Btu/ft2h°F = 5.678 W/m2°C conductivity

Temperature x°F = ~ (x - 32tC X°C = ~x + 32°F 0°C = 32°F (freezing) soc = 41 oF (cold) 10°C = 50°F (rather cold) 15°C = 59°F (fairly warm) 20°C = 68°F (warm) 25°C = 77°F (hot) 30°C = 86°F (very hot)

Pressure 1 lbf/in. 2 = 0.0069 N/mm2 = 6894.8 N/m2 (1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2) 1 lbf/ft2 = 47.88 N/m2 1 tonf/in. 2 = 15.44 MN/m2 1 tonf/ft2 = 107.3 kN/m2 For speedy but approximate conversions

kN/m2 1 lbf/ft2 = -- hence 40 lbf/ft2 = 2 kN/m2 20 '

and tonf/ft2 = kN/m2 X 10, hence 2 tonf/ft2 = 20 kN/m2

Floor loadings office floors- general usage: 50 lbf/ft2 = 2.50 kN/m2 office floors- data-processing equipment: 70 lbf/ft2 = 3.50 kN/m2 factory floors: 100 lbf/ft2 = 5.00 kN/m2

Safe bearing 1 tonf/ ft2 = 107.25 kN/m2 capacity 2 tonf/ft2 = 214.50 kN/m2 of soil 4 tonf/ft2 = 429.00 kN/m2

Stresses 100 lbf/in. 2 = 0.70 MN/m2 in 1000 lbf/in2 = 7.00 MN/m2 concrete 3000 lbf/in. 2 = 21.00 MN/m2 6000 lbf/in. 2 = 41.00 MN/m2

Costs £11m 2 = £0.092/ft2 1 shilling (5p)/ft2 = £0.538/m2 Appendix III- Metric Conversion Table 273

£11ft2 = £10.7641m2 (approximately £111m 2) £51ft2 = £541m 2 £101ft2 = £1081m 2 £201ft2 = £216/m2 £30/ft2 = £323/m2 APPENDIX IV MANHOLE SCHEDULE

Main Branch Channel Channels Depth Wall Depth ofMH MH Size Thick- Invert Ground Cover of to One One Other nr Internally ness Cover Level Level Level Excav'n Invert Size Type Side Side Notes

457 X 457 1 685 X 460 1/2B grade 25.320 25.850 25.900 0.680 0.580 100 s 1/100 11100 Concrete bases c 150 thick. Precast r .c. ~ table 6 cover slabs 150 thick. 2 798 X 685 1B ditto 24.440 25.510 25.600 1.220 1.160 100 c 2/100 - All covers in cast iron to BS 497 Pt.1. 610 X 100- 457 channels 3 900 X 685 1B grade 23.500 25.120 25.200 1.770 1.700 150 ST 1/100 2/100 S =straight B C =curved table 5 T =taper Step irons to mhs over 750 deep at 300 ccs. Bibliography

Royal Institution of Surveyors and Building Employers Confederation. Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works: Seventh Edition (SMM7) (1988) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and Building Employers Confederation. Code of Practice for Measurement of Building Works (1988) Building Project Information Committtee. Common Arrangement of Work Sections for Building Works (1987) Building Project Information Committee. Project Specification: A Code of Procedure for Building Works (1987) Building Project Information Committee. Production Drawings: A Code of Procedure for Building Works (1987) Co-ordinating Committee for Project Information. Co-ordinated Project Information for Building Works, a guide with examples (1987) Services Agency, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and Building Employers Confederation. SMM7 Library of Standard Descriptions (1988) Fletcher, Moore, Monk and Dunstone. Shorter Bills of Quantities: The Concise Standard Phraseology and Library of Descriptions. Builder Group (1986) I. H. Seeley. Advanced Building Measurement. Macmillan (1989) I. H. Seeley. Building Technology. Macmillan (1986) I. H. Seeley. Quantity Practice. Macmillan (1984) I. H. Seeley. Building Economics. Macmillan (1983) Society of Chief Quantity Surveyors in Local Government. Life Cycle Cost Planning (1984) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Guide to Life Cycle Costing for Construction (1986) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Life Cycle Costing: A Worked Example (1987) W. James. Why the ? (1960) pp. 602-6 R. C. Smith. Estimating and Tendering for Building Work. Longman (1986) S. Geddes. Estimating for Building and Works. Butterworths (1986) Chartered Institute of Building. Code of Estimating Practice (1984) Institution of Civil Engineers and Federation of Civil Engineering

275 276 Building Quantities Explained

Contractors. Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement: Second Edition. Telford (1985) I. H. Seeley. Civil Engineering Quantities. Macmillan (1987) joint Contracts Tribunal. Standard Form of Building Contract with Quantities (1980) The Aqua Group. Pre-contract Practice for and Quantity Surveyors. Collins (1986) Society of Chief Quantity Surveyors in Local Government. The Presentation and Format of Standard Preliminaries for use with }CT Form of Building Contract with Quantities 1980 Edition (1981) Greater London Council. Preambles to Bills of Quantities. Architectural Press (1980) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Definition of Prime Cost of Daywork carried out under a Building Contract (1981) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Schedule of Basic Plant Charges for use in connection with Dayworks under a Building Contract (1975) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Quantity Surveyors Division. The Future Role of the Chartered Quantity Surveyor (1983) Index

Abbreviations 19, 263-8 Bar reinforcement 50-1, 63, 95, 105 Abstract 225-9, 235-7 Basement general rules 226-9 excavation 49, 59, 61 sub-divisions 225-6 working space 61 transfer of dimensions 225 Bearers 99, 123 typical sheets 235-7 to shelving 183 Accuracy in measurement 14, 27 to tank 193 Activity bills 261 Bed, concrete 62, 92, 95, 100 Additions 233-4, 242-5 Bedding frame 149,155,173 Adjustment of openings Bellmouth-area 38 chimney stacks 123-5 Bibliography 275-6 doors 166, 170, 174-6 Bill of quantities windows 147,151-4,155,157-8, activity 261 163 addenda 233 Adjustment of soil disposal 40-2, 47, annotated 261-2 50, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 75, 77-8 descriptions 24-5 Air bricks 83 elemental 12-13, 259-60 Annotated bills 261-2 entering quantities 259-60 Approximate quantities 14 formats 12-13, 259-62 Aprons 124 general rules 230-2 Arches method of preparation 14-15 brick-on-edge 157 operational 13, 260-1 brick-on-end 151 preambles 28, 247-8 1 preliminaries 232-3 Architraves 138, 166, 169 preparation 11-1 2 plinth blocks 169 purposes 2-3 Asphalt reduction 234, 242-5 angle fillet 63 referencing of items 229-30 damp-proof course 62, 64 ruling 3, 229 flat roofs 112, 126-9 sectionalised trade 260 rounded edge 128 specialist 250 skirting 128 summary 246-7 tanking 62, 64 typical sheets 238-41 Attendance 29, 187, 233 units of measurement 230 Billing 229-34, 238-41 Billing-direct 223-4 Background 30 Bitumen-felt roofs 112 Bands of brickwork 69 Blockwork 66-7, 74 brick-on-end 73 Boarded floor 94, 97-9, 102-3 ornamental flush 7 4 Boreholes 45 projecting plain 87, 88 Boundary wall 75-81

277 278 Index

Brickwork Cold water storage tank 186, 193 bands 69, 73, 74, 87, 88 insulation 194 cavity 57, 72, 73, 74 Collars 116 classifications 66-7 Common Arrangement of Work curved wall 75-81 Sections 7 deductions for string courses 69 Compaction of excavation and filling eaves filling 68 48, 56, 61, 77, 90, 100, 215, external walls 56, 67, 71-4, 78-81 217, 218 facework 52, 63, 69, 72-4, 79-81 Component drawings 178, 181 fair face 66 Composite items 30, 1 77 fender walls 89 Computers, use of 257-9 footings 51-2 Concrete hollow walls 51, 55-8, 71-4 beams 95, 1OS honeycombed sleeper wall 97 bed 62, 91, 95, 100 in chimney breasts 81, 85-7 benching 210 in chimney stacks 81-2, 88 blockwork 74 in piers 79, 81 classifications 49 internal walls 67-8 covering to pipes 202-3, 207, 208 lining wall 64 edging 213, 218 projections 68, 73, 79, 81, 85, 87 filling to base of hollow wall 57 quoins 69 floors 95, 100, 104-6 raking out joints for key 68 formwork 63, 91 rough cutting 68 foundations 49-51, 56, 61, 78, 85 Builder's work in connection with lintels 89, 152, 170, 174 plumbing installations 187 paving slabs 218 protection to drain pipes 202-3, 207, 208 Carcass 23 reinforcement so-1' 63, 95, 104, Casements 146 105 build in metal 159 roads 212 bullseye 155-8 shelving 183 fittings 149 surface treatment 48, 63, 91, 104 metal 159 suspended slabs 95, 1 04-6, 211 painting 147, 150, 155, 159 tube manholes 204 wood 149-54 Conditions of contract 4, 232 Cavity walls see Hollow walls Connection to sewer 204, 211 Ceiling finishings 135 Connection to water main 184, 189 Ceiling joists 116 Contract documents 4 Centering 163 Contract sum 3 Cesspits 203 Contractor's general costs 232 Channels 213, 217 Co-ordinated project information 6--1 0 Chimney breasts 82 Cornices 138 Chimney stacks 82-3, 88 Cost planning 2 adjustment to roofs 123-5 Coverage rules 16 Circle, area of 21 Coves 138, 142 Civil engineering quantities 4, 25 Cultivation of soil 213, 219 Classification tables 15-16 Cupboards 178-9 cavity of hollow wall 152, Curved brickwork 78-81 175 Cut and shuffle 25G-5 Code of Procedure for Measurement of Cuttings, measurement of volume Building Works 9, 139, 202 4G-2 Coding of items 230, 258 Cylinder, volume of 21 Index 279

Dado rails 138 panelled 165, 171 Damp-proof courses 24, 52, 57, 80, schedule 164 87, 88, 89, 97 Double bill 234, 244-5 cavity trays 52, 152, 174 Double hung sash window 146 curved horizontal 79 Down pipes 111, 121 curved stepped 158 fittings 121 curved vertical 158 painting 121 horizontal 52, 57, 80, 87, 88, 89, Drain 97 accessories 203, 208 membrane 100 bends 208 stepped over boot lintel 174 building in end 203, 210 stepped tanking to basement 62, branch 201, 207-8 64 clay 202, 207, 208 Daywork 248-50 concrete protection 202-3, 207, Daywork schedule 249 208 Decorative papers 1 39, 143 connection to sewer 204, 211 Deductions 20 excavation 201-2, 205, 207, 208 Deemed to be included items 27 gullies 203, 208 Definition rules 15, 30 manholes 203-4 Descriptions 24-6 order of taking off 201 Dimensioned diagrams 146, 155, pitch fibre 202, 205, 208 164, 171 sewer connection 204 Dimensions testing 204 accuracy in 14, 27 Drawings 8, 15 alterations to 21 Drip 11 2, 1 31 deductions of 20 Drives 212 entering 17-21 figured 22 Earthwork grouping of 19-20 measurement 38-42 numbering and titles of sheets 22 support 49, 56, 61, 77-8, 85 order of 18 Eaves filling 68 spacing of 17 Edging 213, 218 squaring 223, 224-5 Elemental bills 12-13,259-60 timesing 1 7-18 Embankments waste 17-18 measurement of volume 40-2 Dimensions paper 16-17 Employer's requirements 232-3 Discharge pipe 184, 197-9 Estimating 4 Disposal of excavated material 47-8, Excavation 55, 59, 75 basement 49, 59-61 Disposal of surface water 58, 65, 80 below groundwater level 47 Dividing strips 101, 145 cuttings 4Q-2 Door 164-6 disposal of excavated material adjustment of openings 166, 170, 47-8, 55, 59, 75 174-6 foundation trenches 46-8, 77, 85 architrave 166, 169 in rock 46 flush 167 pipe trench 189 frame sets 165-6, 173 reduce levels 42, 46 glazed 171 sloping site 39-40 ironmongery 167, 171, 173 stepped foundations 50-1 lining sets 165-6, 167 surface treatments 48 order of measurement 164 topsoil 46, 55, 59, 75, 215, 218 painting 165, 167 Extra over items 26 280 Index

Fabric reinforcement 50-1, 63, 95, Formwork 104 beams 105, 106 Facework edges of beds 63, 91 curved brick wall 78-81 edges of roads 21 2 faced brickwork 52, 58, 63 soffits of slabs 104, 1 OS ornamental bands 69 Foundations Fair cutting 68 concrete 56, 61, 77 Fair face to brickwork 66 excavation 46-8, 55-6, 77, 85 Fascia boards 111, 119, 129 measurement 54-8, 77-8 painting 119-20, 129 order of taking off 53 Fencing 213-14 reinforcement 50-1 chain link 220-1 Fresh air inlet 201, 203 close boarded 221 Frieze 137, 143 Fertilise soil 219 border 143 Filling to excavations 47-8, 58, 65, 8~ 85, 9~ 10~ 215, 218 Gates 214, 221-2 Finishings 23 painting 222 schedule 1 36-7, 140 General attendance 29 Fireplaces 83, 91 General items 45 Firrings 127, 131 General provisional sum 29 Fittings 1 78-9 General rules of measurement 14-16 Flashings 124, 129 General summary 246-7 stepped 125 Girth of 32-5 with damp-proof course (combined) irregular 34-5 133 rectangular 32-4 Fletcher and Moore 1 3 Glass 146-7 Floors float 159 block 1 01, 145 irregular panes 155, 159 boarding 94, 99, 103 pane classification 146-7, 1 50 concrete 95, 100, 104-6 sheet 150 construction 93-6, 97-106 to door 171 dividing strips 101 to windows 150 finishings 95-6, 138 Glazing beads 165, 171 flooring in openings 94, 99 Grassed areas 213 hollow 93-4 Grounds 169 joist strutting 94, 102 Groundwater 45, 248 joists 94, 97 Groundwork 45-9 margins 103 Group system of measurement 3 members 97, 99, 102 Gullies 201, 203, 208 order of measurement 91 Gusset ends 124 plastics 145 Gutter 111 , 1 20 plates 93, 97 board 123, 124, 132 screeds 96, 100 cast iron eaves 120 solid 94-5 fittings 1 21 strutting 94, 102 lead lining 124 suspended concrete 95, 104-6 painting 120 thermoplastic tiles 137, 145 trimmers 102 Handrail 177, 181 trimming joists 102 brackets 1 81 Flues 82-3 painting 181 linings 82-3, 89 Hangers 117 terminals 83, 88 Hardcore 248 Footings 51-2 Head, rainwater 122 Index 281

Hedges Lintels planting 213, 220 concrete 89, 152, 170, 174 removal 46 stone 162 Herringbone strutting 94, 102 Location drawings 15 Hip 110, 111 calculation of length 43-4 Manhole 203-4 iron 119 benching 204, 210 rafter 117 brick walls 204, 210 tiles 119 channels 204, 210 Historical background 1-2 concrete base 204, 209 Holderbats 197 covers 204, 211 Holes for pipes 186, 191, 192, 194, excavation 204, 209 196, 197, 198 schedule 203, 274 Hollow ground floor 97-9 Margins Hollow walls brick 154 closing cavity 57-8, 66, 71-4 oak 103 outer skin in facing bricks 58, 72-4 Marking position of holes 200 Mat frame 145 Information technology 257 Measurement rules 15 Inspection chambers 203, 204 Mensuration formulae 269-70 Institute of Quantity Surveyors 1 use of 32-44 Insulation Metric conversion table 271-3 pipes 190 Microcomputers 257-9 roof 118 Multi-coloured paintwork 138-9 tank 194 Internal finishings 134-45 Negotiated tendering 262 schedule 136-7, 140 Newels 177, 178 lronmongery 147, 149, 165, 167, Nominated sub-contractors 187 170, 171 Nominated suppliers 233 Irregular figures, measurement of Number of units 25-6, 165-6 areas 20-1, 36-8 buildings 34-5 Omissions 233, 242-5 Open tendering 262 Operational bills 13, 260-1 JCT Form of Contract 4 Overheads 1 5 joinery fittings 178-9 Oversailing courses 88 joists, ceiling 116 flat roof 127 Painting floor 94, 97, 99, 101 ceilings 138, 141, 143, 182 strutting 94, 102, 127 cornices 138 trimming 102 doors 165, 167 gates 222 Kerbs 213 glazed doors 173 Kitchen fitments 178 handrails 181, 182 metal casements 159 Landings 177 picture rails 144 Lead apron 124 pipes 121, 197 Lead flashings 124, 125, 129 skirtings 144 Lead flat roof 112-13,131-3 staircases 138, 178 Lead slates 194, 198 steelwork 152 Lead soakers 125 strings 181 Library of standard descriptions 10, walls 138, 155, 158, 159 24, 257 windows 147 282 Index

Painting cont'd drawings 184-5 wood casements 150, 153, 159 order of measurement 184 wood frames 150, 169, 173, 174 Pointing in flashings 124, 125 Partitions Polishing wood surfaces 101, 145, blockwork 7 4 181 timber 109 Posts 214, 220 Paths 218 gate 214, 220 paving slabs 218 holesfor 214,220 Picture rails 138, 144 straining 214, 220 painting 144 Preambles 28, 247-8 Pier cap 81 Precast concrete Pipe 185-6,189,190,191,192, channel 217 193, 194, 196, 197 coping 81 bends 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, lintels 89,152,170,174 197, 199 pier cap 81 casing 199 Preliminaries bill 6, 29, 30-1, 232-3 connections 189, 192, 193, 194 Preliminary investigations 45 copper 196, 197, 198, 199 Prime cost items 28-9, 149, 159, fittings 185-6,191,192,196,197, 179,186,194 199 Prismoidal formula 42 holes 186, 191, 192, 194, 196, Production drawings 8 197, 198 Project specification 8 insulation 190 Projections to brickwork 68, 73, 79, lead service 189, 190, 198 81' 85, 87 overflow 194 Provisional sums 29, 189, 249 painting 121, 197 Purlins 110 pipework ancillaries 185, 190, 191, 192, 196, 198 Quantity surveying functions 10-11 testing 200 processes 3-4 trench excavation 1 89 techniques 11-13 waste 196-7 Quantity surveyor Plant items 31 client's 10 Planting 213, 219, 220 contractor's 11 Plaster Quarry tile sill 154 concrete soffit 152, 175 Query sheets 27-8 cornices 138 coves 138, 142 Rafters 11 0, 11 6 curved reveal 158 calculation of length 43 making good around obstructions Rake out joints 135 of brickwork as key 68 rounded angles 135, 142, 153, Random rubble 24, 92 158, 175 Reduce level excavation 42, 46 skim coat 141, 182 Reduction and addenda bills 233-4 to ceilings 135, 141, 182 Referencing of bill items 229-30 to reveals 152, 175 Reinforcement to walls 135, 138, 142, 143 bar 50-1,63,95,105 Plasterboard 135, 136, 141, 182 fabric 50-1, 63, 95, 104 Plates 93, 97, 115, 127, 131, 132 Reinstatement of highway 185, 189, Plinth block 169 204, 211 Plumbing installation 184-200 Rendering 89, 91 builder's work in connection with reveals 152, 175 187 Ridge connection to water main 185 board 117 Index 283

tiles 111 , 119 Sills Roads 212 stone 153,161,176 tarmacadam 21 7 tile 154 Roof Simpson's rule 41-2 area of covering 44 Site adjustment for chimney stack investigations 45 123-5 preparation 45-6 asphalt 112 Skirtings 138, 144 battens 111, 118 painting 144 boarding 128, 131 timber 144 boundary items 111 Sloping site excavation 39-40 built-up felt 112 Soakaways 201, 203 construction 115-17, 131-2 Soakers 125 coverings 111,118-19 Soffit boarding 111, 120 eaves and rainwater goods 111-12 painting 111-12,120 flat 112-13,126-33 Solid ground floor 94-5, 100-1 lead 132-3 Special attendance 233 members 116-17,123,127,131 Special types of work 29-30 pitched 110-12, 115-22 Specialist bills 250 sheet metal 112-13 Specification 8 slating 111 Spot items 45 ti I i ng 111 , 11 8-1 9 Squaring dimensions 223, 224-5 timbers 110 Staircases 177-8, 181-2 trusses 110 handrails 177-8, 181 underfelting 118 landings 177 Rough cutting 68 newels 177 Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors strings 177, 181 1, 255, 257 Standard descriptions 255-7 Rubble walling 84, 92 Standard Method of Measurement of coping 92 Building Works 4-6 Standard Phraseology 13, 256-7 Sanitary appliances 186, 194-5 Statutory undertakers 185, 189 Schedules Steel reinforcement so-1, 63, 95, daywork 249 104, 105 doors 164 Steelwork 106 internal finishings 136-7 angles 151 manholes 203, 274 Stepped, flashing 125 use of 27 Stepped foundation 50 windows 147 Stock items 146, 165, 179 Screeds 96, 100, 145, 154 Stone Sectionalised trade bill 260 arch 162 Seeding 213,219 jamb 161 Segment of circle, area 37-8 lintel 162 Selective tendering 262 mullion 162 Semi-circle, circumference of 21 sill 153,161, 176 Septic tank 201, 203 threshold 176 Sheet metal roofs 11 2-1 3 Stoolings 153 Shelving 179, 183 Stop valve 185-6, 190 bearers 183 Strings 177, 178, 181 concrete 183 Strutting 94, 102 painting edge of 183 herringbone 94, 102 softwood 183 Stud partitions 1 09 Shrubs 213, 219 noggings 109 284 Index

Substructure 53 Unit of billing 3, 230 Supplementary rules 15 Supports 120, 127, 193, 195, 199, 200 Valley 111 Suspended slabs 95, 104-6 calculation of length 43-4 Symbols 19, 25 rafters 116 tiles 119 Tabulated rules 15-16 Vent pipes 184, 197 Taking off 3 Vents 83 basic principles 14-15 Verges 119 order of 22-3 Void allowances 15 similar items 26 Tanking 62, 64 Wall finishings 135, 138 Temporary spoil heaps 46, 55, 59, tiling 135, 136 75 Wall intersections 47, 48 Tendering 262 Wall plate 110,115 Testing Wallpapering 139, 143 cold water supply 200 Waste 17-18 drainage 204, 211 Waste pipes 196-7 foul drainage above ground 200 Water bar 149, 171 Thermal insulation 118, 190, 194 Water service 189, 190 Threshold 1 76 copper 190-4, 196-7 Timesing 17-18 lead 189, 190 Topsoil excavation 46, 55, 59, 75 Water storage tanks 186, 193 Trade by trade system of Waterproof membrane 100 measurement 3 Wax polish, block flooring 101, 145 Trapezoid, area 36-7 Window 146-7 Traps 196 adjustment of openings 147, Trees 151-4, 155, 157-8, 163 guards 220 bullseye 155-8 planting 213, 220 metal 159 removal 45-6 order of measurement 146 Triangle, area 21, 36 schedules 147 Trimming 102, 116, 123 sill 146, 153 Trowelling surface of concrete 63, wood casements 146, 149-54 91' 104 Work in special conditions 29-30 Turf, preservation and re-use 46 Work tops 1 79 Turfing 213 Working space 49, 61 Working up 223 Undercloak 119 Writing short 231