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Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements

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Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements Megan S. Lynch Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process May 21, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS22866 Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements Summary Earmark disclosure rules in both the House and Senate establish certain administrative responsibilities that vary by chamber. Under House rules, a Member requesting that an earmark be included in legislation is responsible for providing specific written information, such as the purpose and recipient of the earmark, to the committee of jurisdiction. Further, House committees are responsible for compiling, presenting, and maintaining such requests in accord with House rules. In the House, disclosure rules apply to any congressional earmark, limited tax benefit, or limited tariff benefit included in either the text of a bill or any report accompanying the measure, including a conference report and joint explanatory statement. The disclosure requirements apply to earmarks in appropriations legislation, authorizing legislation, and tax measures. Furthermore, they apply not only to measures reported by committees but also to measures not reported by committees, “manager’s amendments,” and conference reports. This report will be updated as needed. Congressional Research Service Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 House Earmark Disclosure Rule ...................................................................................................... 1 Legislation Subject to the Rule ........................................................................................................ 2 Requirements for Members Submitting Earmark Requests ............................................................. 2 Requirements for Committees ......................................................................................................... 4 Contacts Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 4 Congressional Research Service Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements Introduction Earmark disclosure rules in both the House and Senate were implemented with the stated intention of bringing more transparency to congressionally directed spending. The administrative responsibilities associated with these rules vary by chamber. This report outlines the major administrative responsibilities of Members and committees of the House of Representatives associated with the chamber’s earmark disclosure rules.1 House Earmark Disclosure Rule House Rule XXI, clause 9, generally requires that certain types of measures be accompanied by a list of congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits or limited tariff benefits that are included in the measure or its report, or a statement that the proposition contains no earmarks. Depending upon the type of measure, the list or statement is to be either included in the measure’s accompanying report or printed in the Congressional Record. Rule XXI, clause 9, explicitly defines congressional earmark, limited tax benefit, and limited tariff benefit as follows: Congressional earmark- a provision or report language included primarily at the request of a Member, Delegate, Resident Commissioner, or Senator providing, authorizing or recommending a specific amount of discretionary budget authority, credit authority, or other spending authority for a contract, loan, loan guarantee, grant, loan authority, or other expenditure with or to an entity, or targeted to a specific State, locality or congressional district, other than through a statutory or administrative formula driven or competitive award process. Limited tax benefit- (1) any revenue-losing provision that (A) provides a federal tax deduction, credit, exclusion, or preference to 10 or fewer beneficiaries under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and (B) contains eligibility criteria that are not uniform in application with respect to potential beneficiaries of such provision; or (2) any federal tax provision which provides one beneficiary temporary or permanent transition relief from a change to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Limited tariff benefit- a provision modifying the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States in a manner that benefits 10 or fewer entities. If either the list of earmarks2 or the letter stating that no earmark exists in the measure is absent, a point of order may lie against the measure’s floor consideration. The point of order applies only in the absence of such a list or letter and does not speak to the completeness or the accuracy of either document.3 A point of order may lie against the consideration of any general appropriations 1 This report discusses requirements and restrictions imposed by House rules. It does not cover requirements or restrictions articulated in committee or party rules, such as the “earmark moratorium” articulated in the Rules of the House Republican Conference for the 114th Congress. 2 For the purposes of this report, from this point forward the term earmark includes any congressional earmark, limited tax benefit, or limited tariff benefit. 3 U.S. Congress, House, Constitution, Jefferson’s Manual, and Rules of the House of Representatives of the United States, 110th Congress, H. Doc 109-157 (Washington: GPO, 2007), §1068e. Congressional Research Service 1 Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements conference report containing earmarks that are included in conference reports but not committed to conference by either House and not in a House or Senate committee report on the legislation. Such a point of order would be disposed of by a question of consideration, which is debatable for 20 minutes.4 Legislation Subject to the Rule House earmark disclosure rules apply to any congressional earmark included in either the text of the bill or the committee report accompanying the bill, as well as the conference report and joint explanatory statement. The disclosure requirements apply to items in authorizing legislation, appropriations legislation, and tax measures. Furthermore, they apply not only to measures reported by committees but also to unreported measures, “manager’s amendments,”5 Senate bills, and conference reports. These earmark disclosure requirements, however, do not apply to all legislation at all times. For example, when a measure is considered under the “suspension of the rules” procedure, House rules are laid aside, and therefore earmark disclosure rules do not apply. Also not subject to the rule are floor amendments (except a “manager’s amendment”), amendments between the houses, or amendments considered as adopted under a self-executing special rule, including a committee amendment in the nature of a substitute made in order as original text.6 Requirements for Members Submitting Earmark Requests Under House Rule XXIII, clause 17(a), Members7 requesting a congressional earmark are required to provide a written statement to the chairman and ranking minority Member of the committee of jurisdiction that includes 1. the Member’s name; 2. the name and address of the intended earmark recipient (if there is no specific recipient, the location of the intended activity should be included); 3. in the case of a limited tax or tariff benefit, identification of the individual or entities reasonably anticipated to benefit, to the extent known to the Member; 4. the purpose of the earmark; and 4 House Rule XXI, 9(c), adopted under H.Res. 5 (111th Congress), January 6, 2009. This provision had previously been adopted as a standing order of the House under H.Res. 491 (110th Congress). 5 As defined in the rule and clarified in a letter from the House Parliamentarian to the chairman of the House Committee on Rules (Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 153, October 3, 2007, pp. H11184-H11185), a “manager’s amendment” is “an amendment offered at the outset of consideration for amendment by a member of a committee of initial referral under the terms of a special rule.” 6 Ibid. 7 In this report, Member includes Members, delegates, or the resident commissioner. Congressional Research Service 2 Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements 5. a certification that the Member or Member’s spouse has no financial interest in such an earmark.8 When submitting earmark requests, it is important to note that individual committees and subcommittees often have their own additional administrative requirements beyond those required by House rules (e.g., prioritizing requests or submitting request forms online). The House Appropriations Committee, for example, has stated that it will require Members requesting earmarks to post information regarding their earmark requests on their personal websites. This information must be posted at the time of the request and must include the purpose of the earmark and why it is a valuable use of taxpayer funds.9 Additionally, the House Appropriations Committee has announced that it will no longer approve requests for earmarks that are directed to for-profit entities.10 Committees may also establish relevant policy requirements (e.g., requiring matching funds for earmark requests) or restrictions regarding earmark requests (e.g., not considering earmark
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