DOCSLIB.ORG

Wireless Home Automation Networks: a Survey of Architectures and Technologies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wireless Home Automation Networks: a Survey of Architectures and Technologies Wireless Home Automation Networks: A Survey of Architectures and Technologies Carles Gomez and Josep Paradells Presented by Deepen Solanki and Aishwarya Rao Table of Contents 1. Introduction to WHANs 2. Solutions for WHANs a. ZIGBEE b. Z - WAVE c. WAVENIS d. INSTEON e. IP BASED 3. Discussion 4. Conclusion INTRODUCTION - WHANs WHAN Connectivity Monitoring Control Sensors Actuators ● Remote Control of Devices - Appliances ● Remote Care - wearables, fall detection ● Smart Energy Monitoring - HVAC, usage patterns ● Security Systems - burglar alarm, smoke detection INTRODUCTION - WHANs Characteristics ● High node density - (100s) ● Multipath environment - multiple reflective surfaces ● Interference - Bluetooth devices, microwave ovens ● Multihop communications - combating range ● Self-healing network - mobile devices ● Various traffic patterns - P2P, P2MP, MP2P ● Quick results - emergency situations ● Internet connectivity - Remote monitoring ● Highly constrained nodes - memory, processing power SOLUTIONS FOR WHANs ● ZigBee ● Z-Wave ● INSTEON ● Wavenis ● IP Based Solutions ZIGBEE (2004) ● Low Data Rate - 20, 40, 250kbps ● Short Range - 10 to 100m ● Bands - 868MHz / 915MHZ / 2.4GHz ● DSSS ● Device types Coordinator End device Router Beacon ● Channel access ● Profiles Beaconless ● Tree, Mesh ZigBee Home Automation Public Application Profile ZigBee Smart Energy Profile Z-WAVE (1999) ● Reliable transmission of short messages from a control unit to one or more nodes in the network ● 868.42 MHz in Europe, 908.42 MHz in US, 2.4GHz* ● Low data rate - 9.6kb/s, 40kb/s, 200kb/s* ● MAC Layer - CSMA/CA ● Source-routed mesh network ● Range - 90m outdoor, 20m indoor ● Device types Controller End device ● primary / secondary ● blindly execute commands ● initiations, retransmissions ● routing slaves and static tables ● routing tables ● exclusions, node IDs WAVENIS ● Low-power, long-distance wireless communications ● Data rates between 4.8kb/s and 100kb/s ● 433MHz, 868MHz, 915MHz, 2.4GHz Synchronous CSMA/TDMA ● MAC Layer Non - synchronous CSMA/CA ● Only one type of device, virtual tree hierarchy New device → Broadcast request → QoS → Joined! http://www-coronis-com.dyn.elster.com/downloads/Wavenis_Data_Sheet_A4_CS5.pdf INSTEON (2005) ● Dual mesh topology ● Links between devices can be either RF lines, power lines or both ● FSK, 904MHz, 38.4kb/s ● All devices are peers ● Not in range? → time-synchronized multihop ● Simulcast → devices within same range can transmit messages simultaneously IP-BASED SOLUTIONS ● IPSO Alliance ● IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks → 6LoWPAN ● Fragmentation, Header compression, address auto-configuration, neighbor discovery ● Organization ○ Edge router = the bridge ○ Mesh router ○ Nodes http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/swry013/swry013.pdf IP-BASED SOLUTIONS http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/swry013/swry013.pdf DISCUSSION Physical Layer Modulation and Spread-Spectrum Techniques ● FSK- easy to implement, used by Z-Wave and INSTEON ● GFSK- greater spectral efficiency than FSK, used by Wavenis ● PSK- More complex but better SNR, used by ZigBee ● Spread Spectrum techniques provide protection against multipath and narrowband interference- ZigBee and Wavenis DISCUSSION Single Channel vs. Multichannel ● ZigBee coordinator can decide to re-form the whole network in a new channel if severe interference is detected by any node ● Single channel sub gigahertz operation exploits lower susceptibility to interference than 2.4GHz band to simplify hardware design DISCUSSION Link Layer Reliability: ● Z-wave and INSTEON use 8-bit checksum ● ZigBee and 6LoWPAN use 16-bit checksum ● Optional link layer ACKs for reliable link transmission Delay: ● For reliable mode, the roundtrip time including transmission of an ACK is provided ● 900 MHz channels DISCUSSION Network Layer Routing/Multihopping State ● Z-Wave- only the controller stores and maintains a routing table ● ZigBee- recommends the use of large routing tables due to high density expected in a residential scenario, which increases memory requirements on nodes ● Wavenis- each device only stores its own route to the root, root stores the routes to reach each node ● INSTEON- use simulcast instead of routing, avoids the need to store state for multihop communications DISCUSSION Routing Metrics ● ZigBee and 6LoWPAN use link quality indicator (LQI) offered by IEEE 802.15.4 ● Wavenis uses a link quality estimator based on RSSI- may not be accurate due to interference and multipath Route Change Latency ● INSTEON uses simulcast instead of routing so doesn't suffer from a connectivity gap ● Other solutions experience the latency for detecting the link failure and finding an alternative path ● 1s for Z-wave, 50-100ms for ZigBee DISCUSSION End to End Reliability ● ZigBee filters duplicate packets ● In 6LoWPAN, use UDP augmented with sequence numbers, ACKs, and retries Application Layer ● ZigBee, Z-Wave, and INSTEON - well defined commands and attributes for various WHAN applications DISCUSSION Security ● ZigBee, Z-Wave 400 series, Wavenis and 6LoWPAN- 128-bit key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm ● INSTEON offers various encryption methods but recommends the use of simple rolling-code encryption Internet Connectivity ● 6LoWPAN is intrinsically interoperable with the Internet- avoids issues in terms of security, management, and consistency in QoS policies DISCUSSION Implementation Size ● ZigBee, Z-Wave, and INSTEON implement protocol architectures up to application-layer functionality ● Zigbee requires largest footprint, INSTEON requires least memory ● Wavenis consumes a small amount of RAM but requires a medium flash memory size ● 6LoWPAN implementations require less ROM/flash than ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Wavenis Standardization and Market Adoption ● 6LoWPAN unlike the others is open, and its implementation does not require a license ● ZigBee products in the market has been delayed in comparison with those based on other solutions ● Smart Energy Version 2 - providing end-to-end connectivity between energy providers and consumers CONCLUSION ● ZigBee and 6LoWPAN were designed for general purposes ● Other solutions were developed for specific application ● Trend in converging toward IP- future WHAN applications will benefit from enhanced quality, security, and interoperability. Questions?.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Internet of Things Network Study
    Internet of Things Network Study By Masters in Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems Research Advisor Dan Cregg Team members Ta-Yu Chiu Neha Sadhvi Yidi Fan Ricky Yang Contents 1.Thesis Statement 3 2. Introduction 3 3. Objectives 3 4. Equipment and Devices 3 5. Network Protocols in Study 4 6. Testing Environment 6 7. Number of devices under Test 6 8. Network Layer Frequency 6 9. Physical Layer Frequency 6 10. Test Setup 7 11. Results 8 12. Constraints 13 13. Conclusion 14 14. References 14 15. Acknowledgements 15 16. Contacts 15 1.Thesis Statement As the use of smart embedded devices grows in our daily life, current networking technologies are expected to be strained beyond their original intent. Consumers face unacceptable performance as nodes are increased and network bandwidth is consumed in physically constraining environments. Various network types and use cases, thus, are explored to determine current failure points in common IoT home smart devices. 2. Introduction At the time of this report, there has been an unprecedented uptake in the use of ‘smart’ devices in the home. The introduction of voice recognition platforms such as Google Home and Amazon Alexa has fueled the use of small, inexpensive, connected sensing and control devices. Controls for Heating and Air Conditioning have been popular, as well as various sensors for doors, windows, etc.. Perhaps the most pervasive has been the acceptance of these types of systems for lighting control. Due to the sheer number of nodes available in a home, lighting nodes to be controlled is very large. This research will focus on various types of network technologies with the goal of physically simulating small to large sets of devices to determine acceptable response time.
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless Home Automation Networks: a Survey of Architectures and Technologies
    GOMEZ MONTENEGRO LAYOUT 5/18/10 11:46 AM Page 92 CONSUMER COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Wireless Home Automation Networks: A Survey of Architectures and Technologies Carles Gomez and Josep Paradells, Technical University of Catalonia ABSTRACT USE CASES AND MAIN FEATURES OF Wireless home automation networks com- WHANS prise wireless embedded sensors and actuators that enable monitoring and control applications WHANs enable a variety of use cases, as illus- for home user comfort and efficient home man- trated in Fig. 1. A non-exhaustive list of exam- agement. This article surveys the main current ples is provided below and emerging solutions that are suitable for Light control: A new light can be controlled WHANs, including ZigBee, Z-Wave, INSTEON, from any switch, which reduces the need for new Wavenis, and IP-based technology. wired connections. Lights can also be activated in response to a command from a remote con- INTRODUCTION trol. Furthermore, they can be turned on auto- matically when presence and luminance sensors In recent years, wireless sensor and actuator net- detect that people are in a poorly illuminated works have gained high momentum, receiving room. significant attention from academia, industry, Remote control: Infrared technology has been and standards development organizations. One used for wireless communication between a of the primary application domains of this tech- remote control and devices such as TVs, HiFi nology is home automation. Wireless home equipment, and heating, ventilating, and air con- automation networks (WHANs) enable monitor- ditioning (HVAC) systems. However, infrared ing and control applications for home user com- requires line-of-sight (LOS) and short-distance fort and efficient home management.
    [Show full text]
  • Required Submission Information for Each Award
    I. Market Overview The network system protocols market closely follows the trends in home and building automation markets. Home and building controls can effectively be performed through wireless and powerline platforms. In addition, several manufacturers produce systems based on proprietary protocols. Any changes in the home or building automations markets have a direct impact on the market demand for these platforms. The residential segment forms a major portion of the application for these platforms, driven by a growing awareness about the benefits rendered through home automation. In 2005, revenues for the North American home automation market were estimated at $1,268.9 million and the market is expected to witness steady growth in the future. As a result of this, the protocols market is also experiencing healthy growth. Another crucial trend in this industry is the developing shift from proprietary platforms to open ones, which offers interoperability and more flexibility to end- users. The industry is also witnessed an increasing interest in wireless solutions, which in turn has driven the markets for radio frequency (RF) platforms. Although wireless solutions have been able to make some headway in the home automation market, some critics remain unconvinced of their effectiveness in terms of reliability. On the other hand, powerline communication offers more reliability and an extended reach. Hence, there is a need for simple and affordable protocol that can offer the benefits of both RF and powerline platforms. Moreover, the use of this open platform is likely to enable end-users to choose from a range of products, which is not feasible when using native or proprietary platforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to 6Lowpan And
    NetworkingNetworking LayerLayer ProtocolsProtocols forfor InternetInternet ofof Things:Things: . 6LoWPAN6LoWPAN andand RPLRPL Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain 14-1 OverviewOverview 6LowPAN Adaptation Layer Address Formation Compression RPL RPL Concepts RPL Control Messages RPL Data Forwarding Note: This is part 3 of a series of class lectures on IoT. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain 14-2 RecentRecent ProtocolsProtocols forfor IoTIoT MQTT, SMQTT, CoRE, DDS, Security Management AMQP , XMPP, CoAP, IEC, IEEE 1888, … IEEE 1888.3, IEEE 1905, TCG, IEEE 1451, Encapsulation: 6LowPAN, Oath 2.0, IEEE 1377, 6TiSCH, 6Lo, Thread… SMACK, IEEE P1828, Routing: RPL, CORPL, CARP SASL, IEEE P1856 EDSA, WiFi, Bluetooth Low Energy, Z-Wave, ZigBee Smart, ace, DECT/ULE, 3G/LTE, NFC, DTLS, Weightless, HomePlug GP, Dice, … 802.11ah, 802.15.4e, G.9959, WirelessHART, DASH7, ANT+, LTE-A, LoRaWAN, ISA100.11a, DigiMesh, WiMAX, … Ref: Tara Salman, Raj Jain, "A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things," Advanced Computing and Communications, Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2017, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/iot_accs.htm Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain 14-3 IEEEIEEE 802.15.4802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Allows mesh networking. Full function nodes can forward packets to other nodes.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Lowpan Platform Introduction
    6LoWPAN Platform Introduction Zengxu Yang May 3, 2018 6LoWPAN Platform Introduction May 3, 2018 1 / 16 Internet of Things I The Internet, which is based on the TCP/IP protocol stack and connects computers and mobile devices worldwide, has been very successful and deeply changed our lives. I Internet of Things, abbreviated as IoT, connects billions of objects that currently are not connected, like your microwave, cars, refrigirators, medical devices. I Ubiquitos computing and connected things makes everything smarter. Productivity can be improved, wastes and certain disasters can be avoided or reduced. Social life will be changed, just like the current Internet. I Internet of Things is based on the current Internet technology but it needs adaptation to solve some unique challenges. 6LoWPAN Platform Introduction May 3, 2018 2 / 16 Layers of IoT Just like the Internet can be divided into different layers, roughly, IoT networks can be divided into three layers: Application layer (some further divide it into application layer and middleware layer) It is responsible for deliverying application specific services to users. Network layer It connects to other smart devices and servers, transferring and communicating between them. Perception layer It is the physical layer that gathering sensor information about the environment. 6LoWPAN Platform Introduction May 3, 2018 3 / 16 IPv6 I The most successful and widely used IP protocol is called IPv4 with a 32 bit address space. IPv4 has its limitations. One of the biggest limitations is short of available addresses. I IPv6 is the next generation IP protocol with a 128 bit address space. It is large enough for the foreseeable future and especially important for the billions of devices on the IoT.
    [Show full text]
  • Zigbee, Bluetooth LE, Enocean, Wavenis, Insteon and UWB *Ms
    Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Recent Trends In Computing and Communication Engineering -- RTCCE 2013 Copyright © Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-981-07-6184-4 doi:10.3850/ 978-981-07-6184-4_60 A Comparative Study of Wireless Technologies: Zigbee, Bluetooth LE, Enocean, Wavenis, Insteon and UWB *Ms. Harneet kaur, #Ms. Sukesha Sharma Abstract-The major design challenge of home automation is to powered and battery less with low power radio frequency choose best standard for controlling devices in existing home (RF). Radio frequency having a biggest advantage over environments without any changes in infrastructure. In recent infrared (IR) that new devices can easily be added or removed years Zigbee was the promising technology for home from the network. Individual devices forming a network and automation. But, nowadays there are some other standards all are working together in harmony. After forming a network which give their best for controlling home devices. This paper presents an overview of different wireless communication there are certain events that takes place like manual events, standards by comparing their main features in terms of various timed events and triggered events. All devices are connected metrics such as range, frequency band, maximum node count, to common network and controlled by a central regulation security, and cost. and control unit. There are three types of controls systems such as: -Individually control system: Only one appliance or function Keywords: Wireless technologies, Bluetooth LE, Zigbee, is controlled in these systems. For example a remote control Enocean, Insteon, Wavenis, UWB. unit. -Distributed control systems: Controller elements are not in Introduction central location in these systems, they are distributed In today’s life because of huge amount of standards available throughout the network and controlled by one or more in the market choosing the best one is the biggest challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Lowpan: the Wireless Embedded Internet by Zach Shelby, Carsten Bormann Length: 254 Pages Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
    The Book 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet by Zach Shelby, Carsten Bormann Length: 254 pages Publisher: John Wiley & Sons The world’s first book on IPv6 over low power wireless networks and the new 6LoWPAN standards. http://6lowpan.net Companion web‐site with blog, full companion course slides and exercises v6.12.2009 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, Shelby & Bormann 1 Outline • Introduction – The Internet of Things – Applications of 6LoWPAN • The Internet Architecture and Protocols • Introduction to 6LoWPAN • Link‐Layer Technologies – IEEE 802.15.4 • The 6LoWPAN Format • Bootstrapping – Link‐Layer Commissioning – Neighbour Discovery v6.12.2009 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, Shelby & Bormann 2 Outline • Security • Mobility & Routing – IP Mobility Solutions – Ad‐hoc Routing Protocols – The IETF RPL Protocol • Application Formats and Protocols • System Examples – ISA100 Industrial Automation – Wireless RFID Infrastructure – Building Energy Savings v6.12.2009 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, Shelby & Bormann 3 Introduction v6.12.2009 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, Shelby & Bormann 4 v6.12.2009 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, Shelby & Bormann 5 Benefits of 6LoWPAN Technology • Low‐power RF + IPv6 = The Wireless Embedded Internet • 6LoWPAN makes this possible • The benefits of 6LoWPAN include: – Open, long‐lived, reliable standards – Easy learning‐curve – Transparent Internet integration – Network maintainability – Global scalability – End‐to‐end data flows v6.12.2009 6LoWPAN: The Wireless
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Iot Protocols and Their Security Issues Through the Lens of A
    A survey of IoT protocols and their security issues through the lens of a generic IoT stack Jonathan Tournier, François Lesueur, Frédéric Le Mouël, Laurent Guyon, Hicham Ben-Hassine To cite this version: Jonathan Tournier, François Lesueur, Frédéric Le Mouël, Laurent Guyon, Hicham Ben-Hassine. A survey of IoT protocols and their security issues through the lens of a generic IoT stack. Internet of Things, Elsevier, 2020, pp.100264. 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100264. hal-02918332 HAL Id: hal-02918332 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02918332 Submitted on 20 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A survey of IoT protocols and their security issues through the lens of a generic IoT stack Jonathan Tourniera,b, François Lesueurb, Frédéric Le Mouëlb, Laurent Guyona, Hicham Ben-Hassinea aAlgosSecure, 57 bd Vivier Merle, Lyon, France bUniversité de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CITI, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France Abstract The Internet of things (IoT) is rapidly growing, and many security issues relate to its wireless technology. These security issues are challenging because IoT protocols are heterogeneous, suit different needs, and are used in different application domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Control Assistant Version 12 Appendixes
    Home Control Assistant Version 12 Appendixes WWW.HCATech.com The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Advanced Quonset Technology, Inc. provides this information “as is” without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, but not limited to the implied warranty of mechantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Advanced Quonset Technology, Inc. may improve or change the product at any time without further notice; this document does not represent a commitment on the part of Advanced Quonset Technology, Inc. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the licensing agreement. Windows is a registered trademark, and Windows NT is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. All other product names and services identified in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies and are used throughout this document in editorial fashion only and for the benefit of such companies. No such uses, or the use of any trade name, is intended to convey an endorsement or other affiliation with Advanced Quonset Technology, Inc. © 2001-2013 Advanced Quonset Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. November 15, 2013 Appendix 1 HCA versions and Interface Support..........................................................................................................1 Appendix 2 CM11 / CM15 ............................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Z-Wave to IP Software
    Z-Wave to IP Software/ Firmware Bridges the Worlds of Z-Wave and IoT By Raoul Wijgergangs, Vice President Z-Wave Business IoT via Z-Wave: Bridging IP& Z-Wave for Low Power Mesh Network IoT Abstract/Executive Summary: The Z/IP Gateway bridges the low-power and ultra-reliable Z-Wave wireless communications protocol with the Internet of Things (IoT) by assigning a unique IP address to each device within a Z-Wave network. This provides the best of both worlds: a super reliable, low-power smart home network combined with standard Internet protocol on the LAN network. Z-Wave is already widely deployed in home security and home automation systems as the protocol of choice for low-power wireless communications. Now, with the Z/IP Gateway, every device in a Z-Wave network can be directly accessible over the Internet using IP communications. The Z/IP Gateway is a soft- ware/firmware technology that is incorporated into new Z-Wave controllers, effectively transforming these home automation hubs into gateways for IP communication with Z-Wave devices. With the Z/IP Gateway technology, product designers can add IoT connectivity to practically any device in the home with minimal power consumption and minimal added cost. ----------------------- IoT – the Internet of Things – is a hot tech trend, envisioning a future where practically everything will be connected, but exactly how they will be connected remains fuzzy. While consumers may simply assume everything will have Wi-Fi, engineers know better. Wi-Fi has inherent problems with power consumption and topology that make it impractical for many battery-powered devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparisons of 6Lowpan Implementations on Wireless Sensor Networks
    2009 Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications Comparisons of 6LoWPAN Implementations on Wireless Sensor Networks Yannis Mazzer, Bernard Tourancheau LIP UMR 5668 of CNRS-ENS-INRIA-Universite´ Lyon1 Lyon, France [email protected] Abstract approach choices for the design of a modular 6LoWPAN stack for sensor network. This paper introduces our work on the communication stack of wireless sensor networks. We present the IPv6 ap- 2. Presentation of 6LoWPAN proach for wireless sensor networks called 6LoWPAN in its IETF charter. We then compare the different implementations 6LoWPAN [1][2] enables all the capabilities of IPv6 of 6LoWPAN subsets for several sensor nodes platforms. on WSN. This standard access to the IP world opens the We present our approach for the 6LoWPAN implementation usage of WSN in the field of, for instance, distributed which aims to preserve the advantages of modularity while computation with the classical Message Passing Interfaces keeping a small memory footprint and a good efficiency. [3], the implementation of sensing device on-line control [4] and tools for the user interfaces [5]. Index Terms The adaption of IPv6 to constrained devices starts by compressing the long IPv6 headers to 6 bytes, taking into Wireless Sensor Network, Communication Stack for Sen- account the link-local informations. The routing is adapted sor, 6LoWPAN, IPv6. to the hop-by-hop ”meshed” point of view of the WSN. The routing main capabilities are placed at the border routers for each node to have limited routing tables. 1. Introduction Sensor network is a growing technology which aims to 3.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of 6Lowpan Routing Protocols
    Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network 2010 v. 30, p. 71-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7125/APAN.30.11 ISSN 2227-3026 A Review of 6LoWPAN Routing Protocols Gee Keng Ee*, Chee Kyun Ng, Nor Kamariah Noordin and Borhanuddin Mohd. Ali Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia. E-Mails: [email protected], {mpnck, nknordin, borhan}@ eng.upm.edu.my Tel.: +603-89466445; Fax: +603-86567127 Abstract: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group has standardized the transmission of internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) packets over IEEE 802.15.4 low power wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) as 6LoWPAN protocol. It provides the wireless sensor network (WSN) node with IP communication capabilities by putting an adaptation layer above the 802.15.4 link layer. Different mechanisms performed by adaptation layer require the 6LoWPAN header encapsulation in the packet. Although routing is among the key issues of 6LoWPAN research, the way to encapsulate a new routing header in the 6LoWPAN packet has yet been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, different ways of routing header encapsulation in 6LoWPAN protocol stack is discussed. The simplified version Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) such as On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) and Dynamic MANET On-demand for 6LoWPAN (DYMO-low) have currently been proposed in 6LoWPAN routing. Hierarchical routing (HiLow) is another routing protocol that is used in 6LoWPAN to increase the network scalability. Some comparisons of these routing protocols have been made in terms of their routing metric such as number of hops count.
    [Show full text]