Marbled Orb-Weaver Araneus Marmoreus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

marbled orb-weaver Araneus marmoreus Kingdom: Animalia FEATURES Phylum: Arthropoda The large, oval abdomen of the marbled orb-weaver Class: Chelicerata spider is yellow above with a brown-to-purple Order: Araneae central band. The sides of the abdomen have dark spots. The belly of this spider has a dark central area Family: Araneidae surrounded by light marks. The eight eyes are ILLINOIS STATUS arranged in two rows. Female marbled orb-weaver spiders’ legs have bright orange color on them. The common, native segments of the male’s legs are yellow at the base and dark at the tip. The female is about one-fourth to three-fourths inch in length while the male is about one-fourth inch long. BEHAVIORS The marbled orb-weaver spider may be found statewide in Illinois. It lives in woods or the edges of woods in trees and shrubs. It hides above its vertical web in a retreat built of leaves held together by silk. The spider holds a signal line that runs to the web. When the line vibrates, the spider knows that something has disturbed the web, possibly a prey item. Adults are active from the middle of summer through the middle of fall. Egg sacs are produced in October. ILLINOIS RANGE © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © Christopher D. Benda Aquatic Habitats bottomland forests Woodland Habitats bottomland forests; coniferous forests; upland deciduous forests Prairie and Edge Habitats edge © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Common Kansas Spiders
A Pocket Guide to Common Kansas Spiders By Hank Guarisco Photos by Hank Guarisco Funded by Westar Energy Green Team, American Arachnological Society and the Chickadee Checkoff Published by the Friends of the Great Plains Nature Center i Table of Contents Introduction • 2 Arachnophobia • 3 Spider Anatomy • 4 House Spiders • 5 Hunting Spiders • 5 Venomous Spiders • 6-7 Spider Webs • 8-9 Other Arachnids • 9-12 Species accounts • 13 Texas Brown Tarantula • 14 Brown Recluse • 15 Northern Black Widow • 16 Southern & Western Black Widows • 17-18 Woodlouse Spider • 19 Truncated Cellar Spider • 20 Elongated Cellar Spider • 21 Common Cellar Spider • 22 Checkered Cobweb Weaver • 23 Quasi-social Cobweb Spider • 24 Carolina Wolf Spider • 25 Striped Wolf Spider • 26 Dotted Wolf Spider • 27 Western Lance Spider • 28 Common Nurseryweb Spider • 29 Tufted Nurseryweb Spider • 30 Giant Fishing Spider • 31 Six-spotted Fishing Spider • 32 Garden Ghost Spider Cover Photo: Cherokee Star-bellied Orbweaver ii Eastern Funnelweb Spider • 33 Eastern and Western Parson Spiders • 34 Garden Ghost Spider • 35 Bark Crab Spider • 36 Prairie Crab Spider • 37 Texas Crab Spider • 38 Black-banded Crab Spider • 39 Ridge-faced Flower Spider • 40 Striped Lynx Spider • 41 Black-banded Common and Convict Zebra Spiders • 42 Crab Spider Dimorphic Jumping Spider • 43 Bold Jumping Spider • 44 Apache Jumping Spider • 45 Prairie Jumping Spider • 46 Emerald Jumping Spider • 47 Bark Jumping Spider • 48 Puritan Pirate Spider • 49 Eastern and Four-lined Pirate Spiders • 50 Orchard Spider • 51 Castleback Orbweaver • 52 Triangulate Orbweaver • 53 Common & Cherokee Star-bellied Orbweavers • 54 Black & Yellow Garden Spider • 55 Banded Garden Spider • 56 Marbled Orbweaver • 57 Eastern Arboreal Orbweaver • 58 Western Arboreal Orbweaver • 59 Furrow Orbweaver • 60 Eastern Labyrinth Orbweaver • 61 Giant Long-jawed Orbweaver • 62 Silver Long-jawed Orbweaver • 63 Bowl and Doily Spider • 64 Filmy Dome Spider • 66 References • 67 Pocket Guides • 68-69 1 Introduction This is a guide to the most common spiders found in Kansas.
[Show full text]
Araneus Bonali Sp. N., a Novel Lichen-Patterned Species Found on Oak Trunks (Araneae, Araneidae)
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 779: 119–145Araneus (2018) bonali sp. n., a novel lichen-patterned species found on oak trunks... 119 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.779.26944 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Araneus bonali sp. n., a novel lichen-patterned species found on oak trunks (Araneae, Araneidae) Eduardo Morano1, Raul Bonal2,3 1 DITEG Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain 2 Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain 3 CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain Corresponding author: Raul Bonal ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Arnedo | Received 24 May 2018 | Accepted 25 June 2018 | Published 7 August 2018 http://zoobank.org/A9C69D63-59D8-4A4B-A362-966C463337B8 Citation: Morano E, Bonal R (2018) Araneus bonali sp. n., a novel lichen-patterned species found on oak trunks (Araneae, Araneidae). ZooKeys 779: 119–145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.26944 Abstract The new species Araneus bonali Morano, sp. n. (Araneae, Araneidae) collected in central and western Spain is described and illustrated. Its novel status is confirmed after a thorough revision of the literature and museum material from the Mediterranean Basin. The taxonomy of Araneus is complicated, but both morphological and molecular data supported the genus membership of Araneus bonali Morano, sp. n. Additionally, the species uniqueness was confirmed by sequencing the barcode gene cytochrome oxidase I from the new species and comparing it with the barcodes available for species of Araneus. A molecular phylogeny, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes, retrieved a clade with a moderate support that grouped Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 with another eleven species, but neither included Araneus bonali sp.
[Show full text]
Inter Subfamily Comparison of Gut Microbial Diversity in Twelve Wild
Inter subfamily comparison of gut microbial diversity in twelve wild spider species of family Araneidae Kaomud Tyagi1, Inderjeet Tyagi1, Priya Prasad2, Kailash Chandra1, and Vikas Kumar1 1Zoological Survey of India 2Affiliation not available August 12, 2020 Abstract Spiders are among the most diverse groups of arthropods remarkably known for extra oral digestion. The largest effort based on targeted 16S amplicon next generation sequencing was carried out to decipher the inter subfamily comparison of gut bacterial diversity in spiders and their functional relationship. Twelve spider species belonging to three subfamilies, Araneinae (8), Argiopinae (2) and Gasteracanthinae (2) of family Araneidae have been studied. Analysis revealed the presence of 22 phyla, 145 families, and 364 genera of microbes in the gut microbiome, with Proteobacteria as the highest abundant Phylum. Moreover, the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Deinococcus Thermus were also detected. The bacterial phyla Bacteriodetes and Chlamydiae dominated in Cyclosa mulmeinensis and Neoscona bengalensis respectively. At genera level, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus were the most dominant genera in their gut. In addition to this, the genus Prevotella was observed only in one species, Cyclosa mulmeinensis, and endosymbiont genus Wolbachia generally responsible for reproductive alterations was observed in one spider species Eriovixia laglaizei. Our study revealed that the gut bacterial diversity of the spiders collected from wild are quite different from the diet driven spider gut bacterial diversity as published earlier. A functional analysis revealed the involvement of gut microbiota in carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids, fatty acids and energy metabolism. Introduction Spiders (order Araneae) are arthropods that usually act as natural predators on insect pests in agricultural ecosystem (Michalko et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2017) bio-control agent for various diseases (Ndava et al., 2018), and indicator species for environment monitoring (Ossamy et al, 2016).
[Show full text]
A Guide to Arthropods Bandelier National Monument
A Guide to Arthropods Bandelier National Monument Top left: Melanoplus akinus Top right: Vanessa cardui Bottom left: Elodes sp. Bottom right: Wolf Spider (Family Lycosidae) by David Lightfoot Compiled by Theresa Murphy Nov 2012 In collaboration with Collin Haffey, Craig Allen, David Lightfoot, Sandra Brantley and Kay Beeley WHAT ARE ARTHROPODS? And why are they important? What’s the difference between Arthropods and Insects? Most of this guide is comprised of insects. These are animals that have three body segments- head, thorax, and abdomen, three pairs of legs, and usually have wings, although there are several wingless forms of insects. Insects are of the Class Insecta and they make up the largest class of the phylum called Arthropoda (arthropods). However, the phylum Arthopoda includes other groups as well including Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles, etc.), Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes, etc.) and Arachnida (scorpions, king crabs, spiders, mites, ticks, etc.). Arthropods including insects and all other animals in this phylum are characterized as animals with a tough outer exoskeleton or body-shell and flexible jointed limbs that allow the animal to move. Although this guide is comprised mostly of insects, some members of the Myriapoda and Arachnida can also be found here. Remember they are all arthropods but only some of them are true ‘insects’. Entomologist - A scientist who focuses on the study of insects! What’s bugging entomologists? Although we tend to call all insects ‘bugs’ according to entomology a ‘true bug’ must be of the Order Hemiptera. So what exactly makes an insect a bug? Insects in the order Hemiptera have sucking, beak-like mouthparts, which are tucked under their “chin” when Metallic Green Bee (Agapostemon sp.) not in use.
[Show full text]
Araneae (Spider) Photos
Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison.
[Show full text]
Arachnides 88
ARACHNIDES BULLETIN DE TERRARIOPHILIE ET DE RECHERCHES DE L’A.P.C.I. (Association Pour la Connaissance des Invertébrés) 88 2019 Arachnides, 2019, 88 NOUVEAUX TAXA DE SCORPIONS POUR 2018 G. DUPRE Nouveaux genres et nouvelles espèces. BOTHRIURIDAE (5 espèces nouvelles) Brachistosternus gayi Ojanguren-Affilastro, Pizarro-Araya & Ochoa, 2018 (Chili) Brachistosternus philippii Ojanguren-Affilastro, Pizarro-Araya & Ochoa, 2018 (Chili) Brachistosternus misti Ojanguren-Affilastro, Pizarro-Araya & Ochoa, 2018 (Pérou) Brachistosternus contisuyu Ojanguren-Affilastro, Pizarro-Araya & Ochoa, 2018 (Pérou) Brachistosternus anandrovestigia Ojanguren-Affilastro, Pizarro-Araya & Ochoa, 2018 (Pérou) BUTHIDAE (2 genres nouveaux, 41 espèces nouvelles) Anomalobuthus krivotchatskyi Teruel, Kovarik & Fet, 2018 (Ouzbékistan, Kazakhstan) Anomalobuthus lowei Teruel, Kovarik & Fet, 2018 (Kazakhstan) Anomalobuthus pavlovskyi Teruel, Kovarik & Fet, 2018 (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) Ananteris kalina Ythier, 2018b (Guyane) Barbaracurus Kovarik, Lowe & St'ahlavsky, 2018a Barbaracurus winklerorum Kovarik, Lowe & St'ahlavsky, 2018a (Oman) Barbaracurus yemenensis Kovarik, Lowe & St'ahlavsky, 2018a (Yémen) Butheolus harrisoni Lowe, 2018 (Oman) Buthus boussaadi Lourenço, Chichi & Sadine, 2018 (Algérie) Compsobuthus air Lourenço & Rossi, 2018 (Niger) Compsobuthus maidensis Kovarik, 2018b (Somaliland) Gint childsi Kovarik, 2018c (Kénya) Gint amoudensis Kovarik, Lowe, Just, Awale, Elmi & St'ahlavsky, 2018 (Somaliland) Gint gubanensis Kovarik, Lowe, Just, Awale, Elmi & St'ahlavsky,
[Show full text]
Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration
P1: SKH/ary P2: MBL/vks QC: MBL/agr T1: MBL October 27, 1997 17:44 Annual Reviews AR048-27 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1998. 43:619–43 Copyright c 1998 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY OF SPIDER COLORATION G. S. Oxford Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO1 5YW, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] R. G. Gillespie Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 409, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: color, crypsis, genetics, guanine, melanism, mimicry, natural selection, pigments, polymorphism, sexual dimorphism ABSTRACT Genetic color variation provides a tangible link between the external phenotype of an organism and its underlying genetic determination and thus furnishes a tractable system with which to explore fundamental evolutionary phenomena. Here we examine the basis of color variation in spiders and its evolutionary and ecological implications. Reversible color changes, resulting from several mechanisms, are surprisingly widespread in the group and must be distinguished from true genetic variation for color to be used as an evolutionary tool. Genetic polymorphism occurs in a large number of families and is frequently sex limited: Sex linkage has not yet been demonstrated, nor have the forces promoting sex limitation been elucidated. It is argued that the production of color is metabolically costly and is principally maintained by the action of sight-hunting predators. Key avenues for future research are suggested. INTRODUCTION Differences in color and pattern among individuals have long been recognized as providing a tractable system with which to address fundamental evolutionary questions (57).
[Show full text]
Where Have All the Spiders Gone? Observations of a Dramatic
insects Communication Where Have All the Spiders Gone? Observations of a Dramatic Population Density Decline in the Once Very Abundant Garden Spider, Araneus diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae), in the Swiss Midland Martin Nyffeler 1,* and Dries Bonte 2 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Section of Conservation Biology, University of Basel, CH–4056 Basel, Switzerland 2 Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: martin.nyff[email protected] Received: 6 March 2020; Accepted: 10 April 2020; Published: 15 April 2020 Abstract: Aerial web-spinning spiders (including large orb-weavers), as a group, depend almost entirely on flying insects as a food source. The recent widespread loss of flying insects across large parts of western Europe, in terms of both diversity and biomass, can therefore be anticipated to have a drastic negative impact on the survival and abundance of this type of spider. To test the putative importance of such a hitherto neglected trophic cascade, a survey of population densities of the European garden spider Araneus diadematus—a large orb-weaving species—was conducted in the late summer of 2019 at twenty sites in the Swiss midland. The data from this survey were compared with published population densities for this species from the previous century. The study verified the above-mentioned hypothesis that this spider’s present-day overall mean population density has declined alarmingly to densities much lower than can be expected from normal population fluctuations (0.7% of the historical values). Review of other available records suggested that this pattern is widespread and not restricted to this region.
[Show full text]
Planarity and Size of Orb-Webs Built by Araneus Diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae) Under Natural and Experimental Conditions
EkolÛgia (Bratislava) Vol. 19, Supplement 3, 307-318, 2000 PLANARITY AND SIZE OF ORB-WEBS BUILT BY ARANEUS DIADEMATUS (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE) UNDER NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS SAMUEL ZSCHOKKE1,2,3, FRITZ VOLLRATH1,2,4 1 Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom. 2 Zoologisches Institut, Universit‰t Basel, Rheinsprung 9, CHñ4051 Basel, Switzerland. 3 Institut f¸r Natur-, Landschafts- und Umweltschutz, Universit‰t Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Fax: +41 61 267 08 32. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Zoology, Universitetsparken B135, DKñ8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 3 Address for correspondence Abstract ZSCHOKKE S., VOLLRATH F.: Planarity and size of orb-webs built by Araneus diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae) under natural and experimental conditions. In GAJDOä P., PEK¡R S. (eds): Proceedings of the 18th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Star· Lesn·, 1999. EkolÛgia (Bratislava), Vol. 19, Supplement 3/2000, p. 307-318. Orb-weaving spiders build more or less planar webs in a complex, three dimensional environ- ment. How do they achieve this? Do they explore all twigs and branches in their surroundings and store the information in some form of mental map? Or do they at first just build a cheap (i.e. few loops, possibly non-planar) web to test the site and ñ if this first web is successful (i.e. the web site is good) ñ later build subsequent improved and enlarged webs, by re-using some of the an- chor points and moving other anchor points? The second hypothesis is supported by the fact that the garden cross spider Araneus diadematus CLERCK (Araneidae) usually builds several webs at the same site, re-using structural parts of one web for subsequent webs.
[Show full text]
Eggsac Differences in the Spider Family Uloboridae (Arachnida: Araneae)L
Eggsac Differences in the spider Family Uloboridae (Arachnida: Araneae)l BnrNr D. Oprll Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universitv. Blacksburg, Virginia 2406I, U.S.A. Abstract' Scanning electron microscope study of eggsacsprocluced by representatives of the genera Hgptiotes, Miagrammopes, Octonoba,-Philop)neila, Tangaroa, IJloborzts, and Zosis shows them to contain silk of three diameter classes,the clistribution of which does not mirror the familv's phylogeny. The eggsacs of some taxa are constructed of a single layer of fine silk fibers having a diameter o] about 1.0 pm ancl others of two la,n,ers of this silk, judged to be of tubuliform glancl origin. others construct eggsacsit""a 6inr" silk and covered by coarse silk fibers having a diameter of aboirt t.o rrp. Eggsacs of Haptiotes are made of trvo coarse layers covered by tuftecl silk having a fiber 6iameter of about 5'6 pm. Both coarse and tufted silk camoufl"g" tufteJ silk possibly,also serving to collect "ggr"cs, moisture and protect eggs from mechanital ancl insect damage. Coarse and tufted silk may be produced by ampullate glands. The spider family Uloboridae is represented world-wide (Opell, 1g79). Its 18 genera show behavioral diversity in the type of capture webs^producedand in the shape and placement of silken thut u." spun around egg clusters (Berland, "ggr""r Ig32; Comstock, lglB; Eberhard, l96g; Gertsch, l97g; Girault, lgl4; Kaston, 1948; Lubin et al., tgTB; Scheffer, lg05; Trail, rg}2; wiehle, rgz7, 1928; Yoshida, 1981; personal observations).The stellate or elongate, lenticular eggsacs of Philop,onella (Fig, l) often are suspended from t"h" of u horizontal "dg", orb-web and are guarded bv females, whereas those of dctonoba and Zosis are incorporated into the horizontal orb-web and usually are left unattended (Fig.
[Show full text]
Study of Spiders Fauna from Wadali Lake, Amravati of Vidarbha Region
OPEN ACCESS Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 2014, Vol. 2(1):26-28 ISSN: 2322-0015 RESEARCH ARTICLE Study of Spiders fauna from Wadali Lake, Amravati of Vidarbha Region Feroz Ahmad Dar Department of Zoology, Govt.Vidharbha Institute of Science & Humanities, Amravati 444604(MS)India ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The study describes the identification of the spiders assemblage with respect to their diversity and Araneae , distribution among different places. Over all 35 mature male and female spiders were collected, belonging to 13 families, and 21 species. It has been observed that abundance of spiders was high in spiders , garden while least recorded from road side vegetation. Male female ratio was found to be 20:15. The diversity, Wadali Lake and Vidarbha Campus is very dense forest area. These areas were surveyed during July conservation 2012- April 2013 for spiders’ diversity. Over all 35 mature male and female spiders were collected, belonging to 13 families and 21 species. Of these collected spiders the most dominant family was Araneidae with 10 species of spiders. © 2013| Published by IRJSE INTRODUCTION Spiders are commonly named according to web pattern, behavior of spiders and resemblance with other animals. Some of the common names are given in table 1. The order Arnaeae is large group of animal, which is commonly known as spiders. Spiders are web producing Table 1: Spiders Family name & common name. and eight legged .They are widespread and are found in all types of habitat and occupy all but a few niches. Sr. Family Name Common Name Spiders are worldwide distributed except Antarctica, sea No.
[Show full text]
Common Spiders of the Chicago Region 1 the Field Museum – Division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation
An Introduction to the Spiders of Chicago Wilderness, USA Common Spiders of the Chicago Region 1 The Field Museum – Division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation Produced by: Jane and John Balaban, North Branch Restoration Project; Rebecca Schillo, Conservation Ecologist, The Field Museum; Lynette Schimming, BugGuide.net. © ECCo, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA [http://fieldmuseum.org/IDtools] [[email protected]] version 2, 2/2012 Images © Tom Murray, Lynette Schimming, Jane and John Balaban, and others – Under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License (non-native species listed in red) ARANEIDAE ORB WEAVERS Orb Weavers and Long-Jawed Orb Weavers make classic orb webs made famous by the book Charlotte’s Web. You can sometimes tell a spider by its eyes, most have eight. This chart shows the orb weaver eye arrangement (see pg 6 for more info) 1 ARANEIDAE 2 Argiope aurantia 3 Argiope trifasciata 4 Araneus marmoreus Orb Weaver Spider Web Black and Yellow Argiope Banded Argiope Marbled Orbweaver ORB WEAVERS are classic spiders of gardens, grasslands, and woodlands. The Argiope shown here are the large grassland spiders of late summer and fall. Most Orb Weavers mature in late summer and look slightly different as juveniles. Pattern and coloring can vary in some species such as Araneus marmoreus. See the link for photos of its color patterns: 5 Araneus thaddeus 6 Araneus cingulatus 7 Araneus diadematus 8 Araneus trifolium http://bugguide.net/node/view/2016 Lattice Orbweaver Cross Orbweaver Shamrock Orbweaver 9 Metepeira labyrinthea 10 Neoscona arabesca 11 Larinioides cornutus 12 Araniella displicata 13 Verrucosa arenata Labyrinth Orbweaver Arabesque Orbweaver Furrow Orbweaver Sixspotted Orbweaver Arrowhead Spider TETRAGNATHIDAE LONG-JAWED ORB WEAVERS Leucauge is a common colorful spider of our gardens and woodlands, often found hanging under its almost horizontal web.
[Show full text]