DOCSLIB.ORG

Technoeconomic Evaluation of Biotechnology Advances For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technoeconomic Evaluation of Biotechnology Advances For Technoeconomic Analysis of Bio-Jet Fuel Production - Dr. Daniel Klein-Marcuschamer Director, Technoeconomic Analysis, JBEI, LBNL Manager, Technoeconomic Analysis, AIBN, UQ Christopher Turner Process Engineer, AIBN, UQ THANKS • JBEI – Harvey Blanch, Jay Keasling, Blake Simmons • SPONSORS: • AIBN (UQ) – DOE EERE – Peter Gray, Lars Nielsen, Bob McCarthy, Robert Speight, Chris Greig – Boeing • James Cook University – Kirsten Heimann, Rocky de Nys – IOR Energy • IMB (UQ) – Ben Hankamer, Evan Stephens – MacKay Sugar Factory • CILR (UQ) – Virgin Blue Airlines – Peter Gresshoff, Paul Scott • QAAFI (UQ) Group – Ralf Dietzgen – Queensland • QSAFI Consortium Members – Mark Allen, Craig Bernadie, Kelly Cox, Aidan Government Dargan, Rocky de Nys, Michael Edwards, John Hodgson, Shaun Jellett, Bryan Lavarack, David – GE White CONFIDENTIAL Petroleum resources are limited Source: The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, C.J. Campbell, 2004 … but demand is increasing… … leading to high and volatile oil prices Jet fuels present a challenge From WEF, Repowering Transport, 2011 CONFIDENTIAL People like flying From CSIRO, Sustainable Aviation Fuel Road Map, 2011 CONFIDENTIAL Life Without Oil : 2009:06 : ExCo Jet Fuel Source: IEA BIOENERGY:IEA Source: How expensive is it? Selling you drop-in biofuels SG Biofuels Incitor Sundrop Kior Primus Cool Planet Brent Crude, Nov Nov 15Crude, Brent Joule Ensyn $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $/barrel Adapted from http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2012/11/12/ CONFIDENTIAL Results depend on assumptions MESP Feedstock/Process In 2009$ Reference ($/gal) Softwood (spruce), steam pretreatment, SSF $2.16 $2.54 (Wingren et al. 2003) Softwood (spruce), steam pretreatment $2.39 $2.81 (Wingren et al. 2003) (Eggeman & Elander Corn stover, dilute acid, SSF $1.34 $1.48 2005) (Eggeman & Elander Corn stover, AFEX, SSF $1.43 $1.58 2005) Corn stover, dilute acid $2.43 $2.43 (Aden & Foust 2009) (Hamelinck et al. Poplar, dilute acid $2.37 $2.71 2005) Corn stover, dilute acid, SSF $3.30 $3.30 (Dutta et al. 2009) Wood, dilute acid, SSF $1.28 $1.66 (So & Brown 1999) Community-updatable tool Wiki-based Models Model Renewable Jet-Fuels Pongamia Seeds Naphtha (C5-C10) Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel Sugarcane Intermediate (triacylglyceride or (C10-C16) farnesene) Diesel (>C16) Algae CONFIDENTIAL Methodology Experimental Literature Industry best data data practices Process Primary Parameters Inputs Material Energy Cost Calculations Balances Balances Estimation Preliminary design, Material Flows, Energy Use, Cash Flows Primary outputs Minimum Selling Derived outputs Price (MSP) CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL Minimum selling price Pongamia Seeds Naphtha (C5-C10) Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel Sugarcane Intermediate (triacylglyceride or (C10-C16) farnesene) Diesel (>C16) Algae n n CFi (MSP V C)i NPV i i 0 i1 (1 r) i1 (1 r) CONFIDENTIAL Bio-Jet Fuel Processes 1. Pongamia oil extraction and refining 2. Sugarcane juice fermentation to hydrocarbons and refining 3. Algae growth, oil extraction, and refining CONFIDENTIAL Pongamia oil process • Pongamia pinnata is a leguminous tree and produces seeds with up to ~40% oil • The oil can be extracted and used for biodiesel, or can be refined to compounds that can replace jet fuel CONFIDENTIAL Pongamia oil process Seed Seeds crushing Oil Extraction Anaerobic Steam/Elec Digestion tricity Oil cleaning / UOP Biofuels degumming Refining CONFIDENTIAL Sugarcane molasses process • Sugarcane is a perennial grass with high sucrose content • Sugar content in cane may be 100-150 kg/MT • Sugar can be fermented to a variety of molecules, including compounds that can replace jet fuel use CONFIDENTIAL Sugarcane molasses process Crushing Sugarcane Steam/Elec Farnesene tricity Clarification/ Evaporation “A” Sugar Molasses Farnesene UOP Refining Fermentation separation Biofuels CONFIDENTIAL Algae oil process • Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms, some are capable of high lipid accumulation • Oil content in microalgae may be 20-50% (or more) • The oil can be extracted and used for biodiesel, or can be refined to compounds that can replace jet fuel CONFIDENTIAL Algae oil process (Nannochloropsis sp.) Algae CO2, N, P, Ponds Light Algae Water Harvesting recycle Biofuels Oil UOP Oil extraction Cleaning Refining Nutrient recycleNutrient Anaerobic Steam/Elec digestion tricity CONFIDENTIAL Summary of the Results CONFIDENTIAL Likely current economics Pongamia Sugarcane Algae Total Capital Investment ($M) $506 $259 $3,451 Annual Operating Cost ($M) $303 $253 $984 Facility-dependent Costs1,2 31.93% 18.84% 84.17% Raw Materials1 57.86% 70.89% 10.11% Utilities1 5.56% 8.13% 4.43% Labor Cost1 4.53% 2.14% 1.25% Consumables1 0.12% 0.01% 0.04% Minimum Selling Price $373.68 $301.35 $1,343.18 ($/barrel eqv.) 1 As percentage of annual operating cost 2 Facility-dependent costs include depreciation, maintenance, insurance and overhead CONFIDENTIAL Capex breakdown CONFIDENTIAL Costs of Harvesting Source: Shelef, SA, Green M. Microalgae Harvesting and Processing. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (1990) Sensitivity analysis CONFIDENTIAL Sensitivity analysis CONFIDENTIAL Sensitivity analysis DAF CONFIDENTIAL Likely current and future economics CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL Technology progress $67,108,864 $16,777,216 $4,194,304 $1,048,576 ~500,000-fold less $262,144 $65,536 $16,384 $4,096 $1,024 $256 Logarithmic Scale Logarithmic MSP (Arbitrary (Arbitrary Units) MSP $64 $16 $4 $1 CONFIDENTIAL Community-updatable tool http://qsafi.aibn.uq.edu.au Model Questions? Daniel Klein-Marcuschamer Email: [email protected] CONFIDENTIAL Pongamia model validation Raw Materials Capex $590/MT $54.4M for oil extraction ~20% more Range for soybean oil expensive than extraction is $56-78M* soybean Overall process MSP of $440/MT for meal and $1150/MT for oil Similar to market prices for soybean meal and oil * Source: Soares et al., FEASIBILITY STUDY & PRELIMINARY BUSINESS PLAN FOR A MICHIGAN SOYBEAN CRUSH PLANT, 2006 Sugarcane model validation Raw Materials $190/MT molasses Capex Validated by Not publicly available Mackay Sugar Ltd. Overall process MSP of the farnesene intermediate $4.30-$7.10/gal Farnesene for non-fuel target markets start at ~$6.40/gal* * Source: http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2011/05/03/amyris-the-owners-manual/ Algae model validation Overall process Raw Materials MSP $1340/bbl ($32/gal oil) Unimportant IHI Japan reported current fuel price at $48/gal* Capex** $34,000/ha $197,000/ha $22,000/ha $5,600/ha ($12,000/ha with refining) Sources: * http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T121108003031.htm ** Benemann, J.R. & Oswald, W.J. Final Report to the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (1996). Need for R&D Source: Benemann, J.R. & Oswald, W.J. Final Report to the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (1996). Source: Shelef, SA, Green M. Microalgae Harvesting and Processing. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (1990) QSAFI: Building a Biorefinery europe.org - www.biocore Concept Pre- Feasibility Business Analysis feasibility Study / Implement Operations Case QSAFI Study FEED CONFIDENTIAL Economic Estimates • CAPEX based on data from various NREL and ORNL reports, vendor quotes, and Aspen calculators • Refining equipment numbers were validated by IOR • Minimum selling prices (MSP) included a discount rate (i.e. a WACC) of 10% for 25 years, a debt-equity split of 60/40, with an interest rate of 8% (admittedly optimistic, under the assumption of government support. These can be changed) CONFIDENTIAL Economic Estimates • Analysis includes annual operating costs (AOC), breakdown of CAPEX by section, and minimum selling prices (MSP) • MSP analysis was carried out by varying the prices of naphtha, aviation fuel, and diesel simultaneously. – This analysis gives the equivalent price of oil that would make the biorefinery competitive with an oil refinery CONFIDENTIAL TEA: Value proposition • For Government agencies (DOE, USDA, etc.) – Assess the potential impact of a grant or program, advise policy, provide independent evaluation on technology • For researchers at early stages – Evaluate different research directions, prioritize efforts, apply for grants • For start-ups and researchers with technologies close to commercialization – Attract capital, make informed decisions, apply for grants • For venture capital and industry – Due diligence, valuate intellectual property, analyze competitive advantage of proprietary technologies .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Factiva RTF Display Format
    HD Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Receives Patent for a Novel Synergistic Rodent Repellent Liquid Formulation CR Distributed by Contify.com WC 299 words PD 14 February 2012 SN Indian Patent News SC ATPATN LA English CY Copyright © 2012. Contify.com. LP New Delhi, Feb. 14 -- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research received patent for a novel synergistic rodent repellent liquid formulation on Nov. 14, 2008. The patent number issued by the Indian Patent Office is 225145. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research had filed patent application number 338/DEL/2002 for a novel synergistic rodent repellent liquid formulation on March 27, 2002. The inventor of the patent is Krishnoji Rao Muktha Bai. TD The International classification number is A01N65/00. According to the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, "The present invention relates to a novel synergistic rodent repellent liquid formulation. The formulation is based on plant materials and non-lethal chemical compounds. The main utility of the formulation is to protect the food materials stored in gunny or jute sacs when treated/sprayed to prevent or reduce the rodent (rats & mice) attack. A novel synergistic rodent repellent liquid formulation comprises: Pongamia oil ranging from 20-50 weight %, Citronella oil 1-3 weight %, Methyl anthranilate 12-14 weight %. Turpentine or deodourised kerosene 38-65 weight %." About the Applicant Page 1 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) established in 1942, is an autonomous body and Research and Development (R&D) organization, with 39 laboratories and 50 field stations or extension centers spread across the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Harnessing Potential of Selected Underutilized Bio Energy Crop Pongamia Pinnata
    Harnessing potential of selected underutilized bio energy crop Pongamia pinnata Archana Godbole, Sameer Punde , Jayant Sarnaik, & Rahul Mungikar Applied Environmental Research Foundation www.aerfindia.org GIPB Case Study Pongamia pinnata Godbole India … Draft Final Harnessing potential of selected underutilized bio energy crop Pongamia pinnata A report for Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB ) And International Bio- energy Platform and cross sectoral Collaboration of the FAO Interdepartmental Working Group on Bio Energy By Archana Godbole, Sameer Punde , Jayant Sarnaik, & Rahul Mungikar Applied Environmental Research Foundation www.aerfindia.org 1 GIPB Case Study Pongamia pinnata Godbole India … Draft Final Section I Introduction 1.Background………………………………………………………….. 4 2.Objectives …………………………………………………………… 7 3.Why Pongamia pinnata? …………………………………………. 8 Section II State of the art genetic resources, pre breeding & breeding work … 1.Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 9 2.Distribution & botanical knowledge ………………………………..10 3.Genetic Relationship ………………………………………………….12 4.Uses ………………………………………………………………………12 5.Resource Assessment of Pongamia pinnata ……………………..14 6.Ethnobotany of Pongamia pinnata ………………………………….18 7.Genetic variability in Pongamia pinnata …………………………...21 8.Variability Assessment for Biofuel production…………………...23 9.Seed & seedling traits ………………………………………………….25 10.Germination & seed storage behavior……………………………...25 11.Pongamia Cultivation …………………………………………..28 11.1Propagation methods……………………………………………...29
    [Show full text]
  • 3373 Study of the Performance and Emission Characteristics for a Dual
    International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (IJAME) ISSN: 2229-8649 (Print); ISSN: 2180-1606 (Online); Volume 13, Issue 2 pp. 3373 - 3388, September 2016 ©Universiti Malaysia Pahang Publishing DOI: https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.13.2.2016.7.0279 Study of the performance and emission characteristics for a dual fuel powered single cylinder diesel engine Pankaj Dubey* and Rajesh Gupta 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MANIT Bhopal, 462003, M.P. India *Email: [email protected] Phone: +919424747687 ABSTRACT In the present study, the performance of a new combination of biofuels jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil for a diesel engine with a view to eliminate dependency on fossil fuel was observed. Jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil are a high and low viscosity fuel combination with comparable heating values to that of diesel; this makes them conducive for in a diesel engine. The extensive experimental work was carried out on a Kirloskar make-single cylinder, constant speed, four strokes, 661cc diesel engine to examine the combustion performance and emission characteristics using the jatropha methyl-ester with turpentine oil and pure diesel. The engine was fuelled with the jatropha methyl-ester with turpentine oil (50% - 50% on a volume basis) blend run on different loading conditions from no load, 35%, 65%, and full load. The blend of a dual biofuel was prepared with the help of a magnetic stirrer at 40°C in the presence of a surfactant span 80. The dual fuel blend was found to be superior to the diesel fuel in all aspects such as performance and emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Generation Biofuels Economics and Policies
    Energy Policy ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol Second generation biofuels: Economics and policies Miguel A. Carriquiry a,1, Xiaodong Du b,n, Govinda R. Timilsina c,2 a Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, United States b Department of Agricultural & Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States c Development Research Group, The World Bank, United States article info abstract Article history: This study reviews economics of production of second generation biofuels from various feedstocks, Received 18 August 2010 including crop and wood/forestry residues, lignocellulosic energy crops, jatropha, and algae. The study Accepted 17 April 2011 indicates that while second generation biofuels could significantly contribute to the future energy supply mix, cost is a major barrier to its commercial production in the near to medium term. Depending Keywords: upon type of biofuels, feedstock prices and conversion costs, the cost of cellulosic ethanol is found to be Bioenergy two to three times higher than the current price of gasoline on an energy equivalent basis. The median Energy crops cost (across the studies reviewed) of biodiesel produced from microalgae, a prospective feedstock, is Renewable energy seven times higher than the current price of diesel, although much higher cost estimates have been reported. As compared with the case of first generation biofuels, in which feedstock can account for over two-thirds of the total costs, the share of feedstock in the total costs is relatively lower (30–50%) in the case of second generation biofuels. While significant cost reductions are needed for both types of second generation biofuels, the critical barriers are at different steps of the production process.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Anti-Nutritional Compounds in Pongamia Seedcake
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Texas A&amp;M Repository EFFECTS OF ANTI-NUTRITIONAL COMPOUNDS IN PONGAMIA SEEDCAKE ON INTAKE, DIGESTION, AND RUMINAL FERMENTATION IN BEEF CATTLE A Thesis by VINICIUS PAPIN BRIANI Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Tryon A. Wickersham Co-Chair of Committee, Jason E. Sawyer Larry A. Redmon Head of Department, H. Russell Cross August 2017 Major Subject: Animal Science Copyright 2017 Vinicius Papin Briani ABSTRACT Effects of increasing levels of the anti-nutritional compounds karanjin and pongamol on intake, nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation were evaluated with a growing diet (trial I) and a forage diet (trial II). Steers had ad libitum access to growing diet and Bermuda grass hay during trial 1 and trial 2, respectively. At the same time diets were fed, steers received their allocated doses of karanjin and pongamol via ruminal cannula to determine acceptable inclusion level of pongamia seedcakes containing varying levels of karanjin and pongamol, which are contained in the residual oil of commercially available pongamia seedcakes. Twelve steers in both studies were assigned to completely randomized block design consisting of a control (no karanjin and no pongamol) and one of 3 levels of karanjin and pongamol. Dosing increasing levels karanjin and pongamol linearly (P < 0.01) decreased intake in Trial 1. No significant effects (P ≥ 0.12) were observed for total DMD, OMD, NDFD, ADFD and CPD.
    [Show full text]
  • January IO, 201 7 the Honorable Ronald D. Kouchi, President and Members of the Senate Twenty-Ninth State Legislature State Capit
    DAVID Y. IGE SCOTT E. ENRIGHT Governor Chairperson, Board of Agriculture SHAN S. TSUTSUI PHYLLIS SHIMABUKURO-GEISER Lt. Governor NDo:tygfion State of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1428 South King Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96814-2512 Phone: (808) 973-9600 FAX: (808) 973-9613 January IO, 201 7 The Honorable Ronald D. Kouchi, The Honorable Joseph M. Souki, President and Members of the Senate Speaker and Members of the House of Twenty-Ninth State Legislature Representat ives State Capitol, Room 409 Twenty-Ninth State Legislature Honolulu, HI 96813 State Capitol, Room 431 Honolulu, HI 96813 Dear President Kouchi, Speaker Souki, and Members of the Legislature: For your information and consideration, I am transmitting a copy of the Report on the State’s Progress Toward Meeting the Milestones and Objectives of the Energy Feedstock Program as required by Act 159, SLH 2007. In accordance with Section 93- 16, Hawaii Revised Statutes, I am also informing you that the report may be viewed electronically at http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/. Sincerely, Scott E. Enright, Chairperson Board of Agriculture Enclosure REPORT TO THE TWENTY-NINTH LEGISLATURE 2017 REGULAR SESSION STATE OF HAWAII REPORT ON THE STATE'S PROGRESS TOWARD MEETING THE MILESTONES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ENERGY FEEDSTOCK PROGRAM ACT 159, SESSION LAWS OF HAWAII 2007 Prepared by: THE STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DECEMBER 2016 ENERGY FEEDSTOCK PROGRAM Annual Report to the Legislature for Calendar Year 2016 Legislative Background Section 141-9, Hawaii Revised Statutes, enacted pursuant to Act 159, Session Laws of Hawaii 2007, provides in full as follows: [§141-9] Energy feedstock program.
    [Show full text]
  • Fuel Properties of Pongamia (Milletia Pinnata) Seeds and Pods Grown in Hawaii Jinxia Fu,* Sabrina Summers, Trevor J
    http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf Article Fuel Properties of Pongamia (Milletia pinnata) Seeds and Pods Grown in Hawaii Jinxia Fu,* Sabrina Summers, Trevor J. Morgan, Scott Q. Turn, and William Kusch Cite This: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00635 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Pongamia, a leguminous, oilseed-bearing tree, is a potential resource for renewable fuels in general and sustainable aviation fuel in particular. The present work characterizes physicochemical properties of reproductive materials (seeds and pods) from pongamia trees grown in different environments at five locations on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. Proximate and ultimate analyses, heating value, and elemental composition of the seeds, pods, and de-oiled seed cake were determined. The oil content of the seeds and the properties of the oil were determined using American Society for Testing and Materials and American Oil Chemist’s Society methods. The seed oil content ranged from 19 to 33 wt % across the trees and locations. Oleic (C18:1) was the fatty acid present in the greatest abundance (47 to 60 wt %), and unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 77 to 83 wt % of the oil. Pongamia oil was found to have similar characteristics as other plant seed oils (canola and jatropha) and would be expected to be well suited for hydroprocessed production of sustainable aviation fuel. Nitrogen- containing species is retained in the solid phase during oil extraction, and the de-oiled seed cake exhibited enrichment in the N content, ∼5 to 6%, in comparison with the parent seed. The pods would need further treatment before being used as fuel for combustion or gasification owing to the high potassium and chlorine contents.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimized Biodiesel Production and Emulsification of Pongamia Seed Oil Using Taguchi Method
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH Hariram V et al., Vol.7, No.4, 2017 Optimized Biodiesel Production and Emulsification of Pongamia Seed Oil Using Taguchi Method Hariram V *‡, Joshua L Fernandes **, Jaganathan R **, Seralathan S *, Godwin John ** *Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science, Hindustan University, Chennai **Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science, Hindustan University, Chennai ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) ‡ Hariram V, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan University, Chennai, Tel: +91 8939092346, Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 20.04.2017 Accepted:30.07.2017 Abstract - In the present investigation, two stage transesterification process of raw Pongamia oil with concentrated sulphuric acid, methanol and sodium hydroxide produced Pongamia pinnata seed biodiesel. The process parameters including the reaction time, reaction temperature, acidic concentration, base concentration and methanol to oil molar ratio were varied within the specified range to obtain maximum biodiesel yield. Methanol to oil molar ratio 7:1, reaction time 60 minutes, reaction temperature 70oC and catalyst concentration of 0.25% yielded 96% of biodiesel. Design of experiments based on four factor three level (L9) orthogonal array of Taguchi approach reduced the number of iterations from 81 to 9 in identifying the stable emulsified formulation of biodiesel, diesel and water with surfactant. Sample number 8 viz., D75-PBD20-W5-S6 emulsified fuel blend was found to be stable for more than fourteen days. Based on this Taguchi method, number of experiments and duration was significantly reduced in identifying the stable emulsified fuel blend which can be tested further in CI engine.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Art of Biofuels from Pure Plant Oil
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DCU Online Research Access Service State of the art of biofuels from Pure Plant Oil D. Russo a, b, M. Dassisti a, V. Lawlor b and A. G. Olabi b a Department of Mechanical and Management Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy. b Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical Eng., Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT The pollution caused by fuel combustion either for mechanical or electrical energy generation purposes is nowadays one of the most important environmental issues. It has been proven that combustion emissions, particularly those from cars and trucks, are linked with severe damages to the environment and human health. Along with the environmental problems, is necessary to consider that fossil resources are declining and their exploitation is getting more and more expensive. Bioenergy represent a sustainable solution for energy generation. Bioenergy is renewable energy made from plant‐derived organic matter, collectively termed "biomass". Biomass‐based energy sources are potentially carbon dioxide neutral and recycle the same carbon atoms. Life cycle assessments are reported to evaluate the net environmental impacts of biofuels. The term biofuel refers to liquid or gaseous fuels for the internal combustion engines that are predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuel policy might capitalize on the production of biofuels supporting rural economic development and sustainable agriculture. Amongst biofuels pure plant oil (PPO) has been investigated. This paper sets out to review the state of the art for PPO use as fuel in diesel engines, based on a wide literature review.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Wood Forest Products in Asiaasia
    RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/281994/28 Non-Wood Forest Products in AsiaAsia REGIONAL OFFICE FORFOR ASIAASIA AND THETHE PACIFICPACIFIC (RAPA)(RAPA) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFOF THE UNITED NATIONS BANGKOK 1994 RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/28 1994/28 Non-Wood ForestForest Products in AsiaAsia EDITORS Patrick B. Durst Ward UlrichUlrich M. KashioKashio REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIAASIA ANDAND THETHE PACIFICPACIFIC (RAPA) FOOD AND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFOF THETHE UNITED NTIONSNTIONS BANGKOK 19941994 The designationsdesignations andand the presentationpresentation ofof material in thisthis publication dodo not implyimply thethe expressionexpression ofof anyany opinionopinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,country, territory, citycity or areaarea oror ofof its its authorities,authorities, oror concerningconcerning thethe delimitation of its frontiersfrontiers oror boundaries.boundaries. The opinionsopinions expressed in this publicationpublication are those of thethe authors alone and do not implyimply any opinionopinion whatsoever on the part ofof FAO.FAO. COVER PHOTO CREDIT: Mr. K. J. JosephJoseph PHOTO CREDITS:CREDITS: Pages 8,8, 17,72,80:17, 72, 80: Mr.Mr. MohammadMohammad Iqbal SialSial Page 18: Mr. A.L. Rao Pages 54, 65, 116, 126: Mr.Mr. Urbito OndeoOncleo Pages 95, 148, 160: Mr.Mr. Michael Jensen Page 122: Mr.Mr. K. J. JosephJoseph EDITED BY:BY: Mr. Patrick B. Durst Mr. WardWard UlrichUlrich Mr. M. KashioKashio TYPE SETTINGSETTING AND LAYOUT OF PUBLICATION: Helene Praneet Guna-TilakaGuna-Tilaka FOR COPIESCOPIES WRITE TO:TO: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the PacificPacific 39 Phra AtitAtit RoadRoad Bangkok 1020010200 FOREWORD Non-wood forest productsproducts (NWFPs)(NWFPs) havehave beenbeen vitallyvitally importantimportant toto forest-dwellersforest-dwellers andand rural communitiescommunities forfor centuries.centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Seed Oil Plants of North-East India: a Review
    Review Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of seed oil plants of North-East India: A review Priyanka Saha1, Anupam Das Talukdar1*, Sanjoy Singh Ningthoujam1,2, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury1, Deepa Nath1,3, Lutfun Nahar4, Satyajit Dey Sarker4, Norazah Basar4,5 1Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India; 2Department of Botany, Ghanapriya Women’s College, Imphal, Manipur, India; 3Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Karimganj College, Karimganj-788710. Assam India; 4Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; 5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Apart from being used as food, seed oils have also been used traditionally as medicinal products by several communities. However, the full medicinal potential of many seed oil plants is yet to be properly reviewed, particularly for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. North-East India has rich resources of seed oil plants. The availability of detailed information on these plants is quite limited. This review aims to explore and evaluate these seed oil plants of the North-East India with particular emphasis on their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities as well as chemical compositions. A comprehensive literature search on seed oil plants of this region has been performed. Seed oil yielding plants of this region can be categorized into two categories: plants that are used traditionally as sources of edible or medicinal oils and plants that are used for purposes other than as sources of oils. Many seed oil plants of this region have been reported to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and to produce various types of compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Pongamia Pinnata): a Sustainable Alternative for Biofuel Production and Land Restoration in Indonesia
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 27 November 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0604.v1 Review article Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata): a sustainable alternative for Biofuel Production and Land Restoration in Indonesia Budi Leksono 1, Syed Ajijur Rahman 2, *, Deki A Purbaya 3, Yusuf B Samsudin 2, Soo Min Lee 4, Siti Maimunah 5, Agus M Maulana 2 , Jaya Wohono 6, Himlal Baral 2 1 Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement (BIOTIFOR), The Forestry and Environmental Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FOERDIA); [email protected] 2 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor (Barat) 16115, Indonesia; [email protected] (SAR), [email protected] (YBS), [email protected] (AMM), [email protected] (HB) 3 Center for Climate Change and Forest and Land Fire Control (Balai PPIKHL) Sumatra Region Office, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia; [email protected] 4 National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Agriculture and forestry, University Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya (UMP), Central Kalimantan 73111, Indonesia; [email protected] 6 Clean Power Indonesia, Graha Mitra 8th Floor, Jl Gatot Subroto 24, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +62-251-8622-622 Abstract: Indonesia has a large area of degraded land, i.e. 30 million ha, which could potentially be utilized for biofuel plantations. The leguminous tree pongamia (Pongamia pinnata syn. Milettia pinnata) could be utilized to produce biofuel while restoring degraded land. Here, we explore the potential of pongamia as a source of biofuel and for restoring degraded land in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]