AN ARCHAEOlOG~CAl OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTH CAROL~NA WOODLAND PERIOD: ~1r'S THIE SAME OLD RIDDLE

RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 4

© 2001 by Chicora Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of Chicora · Foundation, Inc. except for brief quotations used in reviews. Full credit must be given to the authors, publisher, and project sponsor. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF THE

SOUTH CAROLINA WOODLAND PERIOD:

IT'S THE SAME OLD RIDDLE

Michael Trinkley

Chicora Research Contribution 4

Chicora FoWldation, Inc. P.O. Box 8664 Columbia, South Carolina

November 1984 ~ ' I I ·,.·

When the Southeastern Archaeological Conference was last held in Columbia, during October 1970, Charles Fairbanks presented a paper entitled, "What do we know now that we did not know in 1938.?" · He charitably remarked that "South Carolina for long was more interested in ancestors than in artifacts and not too much is readily available," and went on to note that "local chronologies are available for every southern state, with the possible exception of South Carolina" although "publication is surely just a matter of a comparatively brief span" (Fairbanks 1971:41-42). Fairbanks ended his talk with a redefinition of archaeological aims and one point of specific importance to my discussions. He remarked that "the complex relationship of coastal to inland or piedmont phases, which often share many specific traits such as pottery styles, but often seem to differ in ecological orientation, remains to be defined" (Fairbanks 1971:44). Unfortunately, many researchers, myself included, frequently view either the coastal plain or piedmont with a mecca-like devotion, ignoring the interplay between the two regions. As a result, w.e have made imperfect progress not only toward publishing local chronologies, but also toward understanding the archaeology of the state as a whole. Those hoping for me to solve these riddles in this paper will be disappointed. I will try, however, to show that some progress has been made and, hopefully, will be able to convince Dr. Fairbanks that not all South Carolinians are "more interested in ancestors than in artifacts."

The Woodland period, for the purpose of my discussion, begins with the introduction of pottery (see Sears 1948:124; Byers 1959:231; Willey 1966:267), sometime around 2000 B.C., either in the Savannah River drainage or possibly along the coast (based on the 2515+95 B.C. date from Rabbit Mount [GX0-345] and the 222o+350 B.C. date from Spanish Mount [UGa-584]; see Stoltman 1966, 1974; Sutherland 1974). This early pottery, called Stallings, is Spanish moss tempered and decorated with punctations, finger pinching, and incising (Sears and Griffin 1950). Associated artifacts include soapstone disks, engraved bone, and worked antler (Claflin 1931; Williams 1968). These sites are found clustered in the Savannah River drainage and in the coastal zone south of Charleston (Anderson 1975). Stallings ware, however, does extend northward to the Tar drainage in North Carolina (Phelps 1983:27-28). Both shell middens (fresh water mussel in the Savannah drainage and oyster along the coast) and non-shell sites occur (Claflin 1931; Bullen and Greene 1970; Peterson 1971; Stoltman 1974; Trinkley 1974; Trinkley and Zierden 1983). Frequently associated with the Stallings ware is Thom's Creek, pottery similar in all respects except the fiber tempering (Griffin 1945; Phelps 1968; Trinkley 1980b). Again, both large shell middens and sites with no shell are found throughout the coastal plain and into North Carolina (Phelps 1983). R,ecently investigated sites include ~ighthouae Point Shell Ring, StrattQn Place Shell Ring, and Venning Creek Midden (Trinkley l980c).

Paper presented at the 1983 Southeastern Archaeo~ogical Conference, Columbia, South Carolina, in the symposium entitled "Aboriginal Archaeology of South Carolina" Although Stallings sites are found in the Savannah River drainage in the piedmont (Claflin 1931; Smith 1974; Hanson 1982), . ~hese phases are primarily coastal plain in orientation. The large shell rings found on the South Carolina coast suggest relatively permanent, stable village life as early as 1500 B.C~ with a subsistence base oriented toward large and small mammals, fish, shellfish, and hickory nut resources (Trinkle7 1979)~ These sites continued until about 1000 B.C. (based on a 935+175 B~C. terminal date for the Lighthouse Point Shell Ring [UGa~2904.l and a 98o+'l60 B.C. date from Venning Creek· [UGa-3116], a late Thom's Creek site) when there is evidence for fragmentation (Trinkley 1979, 1980c).

Following Stallings and Thom~s Creek are the Refuge and Deptford phases, both strongly associated with the Georgia sequence and the Savannah drainage (Williams 1968; DePratter 1976; Trinkley 1982a; Lepionka 1983). On the coast these sites are generally small, especially when compared to the earlier Thom's Creek sites, and they often contain little shell. The Deptford phase begins to evidence a strong inner coastal plain association with hardwood swamp ecosystems (see Ward 1978; Anderson 1979; Trinkley 1980a), an association which continues into the late Middle Woodland and which provides some tenuous suggestion of seasonal rounds. Typical of the Refuge phase are simple and dentate stamped ceramics. The Deptford pottery includes both carved paddle stamping (representing the Gulf tradition) and wrapped paddle cord marking (representing a Middle Atlantic tradition)(see Trinkley 1982b). Throughout much of the South Carolina coastal plain, particularly north of Charleston, this early cord marked pottery occurs without check stamping and has been called Deep Creek (Phelps 1981, 1983). This pottery, characteristic of the "Northern Tradition" (Caldwell 1958) probably spread into the North Carolina coastal plain between 1000 and 1944 B.C. (Phelps 1983:29) and into the South Carolina coastal plain at least by 500 B.C.

As Goodyear et al. (1979:116) note, "Early Woodland data from South Carolina [piedmont sites] are yet rather meager." In Georgia the Early Woodland is recognized, through the work of Caldwell (1958), by the Dunlap and Mossy Oak series, with considerable emphasis on fabric impressing and simple stamping (these dates range from about 800-400 B.C.). Coe (1964) notes that the North Carolina Ba.din series contains both cord marked and fabric impressed pottery. Although the Badin series is placed by Coe (1964:55) at the "beginning of the Christian era," it is likely that Badin pottery was introduced into the North Carolina piedmont as early as 500 B.C. A few of the more northern counties in South Carolina evidence pottery which may be a local variation of the Swannanoa series (Rodeffer et al. 1979:50) and these sites usually cluster along the riverine zone, adjacent to major drainages. Most of the inter-riverine zone of the South Carolina piedmont is devoid of Early Woodland settlement. Consequently, our knowledge of Early Woodland site settlement and subsistence in the piedmont largely comes from Georgia, although recent work in the Richard B. Russell Reservoir may expand our knowledge.

By the Middle Woodland period the coastal settlement and subsistence had completely shifted away from the earlier permanence of the Thom's Creek phase. Although sites with coarse sand tempered Deep Creek pottery are still found, the sherd temeered Hanover, or fine sand tempered Mount Pleasant pottery tend to characterize the Middle Woodland period of the northern coast (Trinkley 1982b.). To ·. the south the Wilm~ngton, St" Catherines, and early Savannah wares dominate (see Williams 1968; DePratter 1979). ·Along the southern coast the· shell middens at Pinckney Island and at Victoria Bluff have been intensively studied {Trinkley

2 198lc). To the north shell middens in the Francis Marion National Forest, where three have been tested (Trinkley 1981a, b; work by Trinkley, Zierden and Logan) complete the sample. In addition Brooks has been collecting data from several Georgetown County middens for his sea level studies (Mark Brooks, personal communication). Sites are found throughout the coastal plain; some are shell middens, others are nQt. Artifacts are very spa~se. Gone are the abundant shell tools, worked bone items, and clay balls. Clay pipe fragments are rare, lithic remains are uncommon, and even pottery is not abundant. All of these sites suggest seasonal rounds with exploitation of the coast during the fall and winter, primarily for shellfish, with minimal emphasis on mammals or fish. Although the Middle Woodland shell midden sites generally contain the same approximate caloric content per cubic foot as the Early Woodland middens, the source of the calories is quite different. About 4% of the calories at Pinckney Island are provided by mammals, birds 0r fish, while 46% of the calories from the Early Woodland Lighthouse Point Shell Ring came from fauna! species (Trinkley 1983a). Plant foods are rare and there is no evidence of any domesticates or encouraged plants during the Middle Woodland (Trinkley 198lc, 1983b; Ward 1983:73). Interior sites are found on low sand ridges adjacent to high-energy hardwood swamps. While pottery styles changed from the Early to Middle Woodland, site locations in the inner coastal plain, and presumably subsistence, did not (see Ward 1978; Anderson 1979; Trink.ley.1980a; Anderson et al. 1982).

The piedmont Middle Woodland period includes the Cartersville ceramics in Georgia (Caldwell 1958), the Pigeon and Connestee ceramics from western North Carolina. (Holden 1966; Keel 1976), and Yadkin ceramics from south central North Carolina (Coe 1964). Catersville represents a continuation of check and simple stamping and dates to about A.D. 1-500. Pigeon is a similar manifestation, dating from about 300 B.C. to A.D. 100. Connestee pottery, which dates from about A.D. 100 to 600 is brushed, simple stamped, or plain surfaced. Yadkin pottery dates from about A.D. 500 to 1000 and replaces the earlier Badin series. This Yadkin pottery represents the continuation of a tradition quite distinct from that of the Catersville/Pigeon/Connestee series, and Yadkin is primarily cord marked and fabric impressed.

All of these ceramics are found in South Carolina, although in small quantities. The Cartersville wares are found in the Savannah River drainage, Pigeon and primarily Connestee sherds are found at riverine sites in the upper piedmont (Beuschel 1976; Rodeffer et al. 1979:51-52), and Yadkin ceramics are found occasionally in the vicinity of the Broad and Catawba river valleys (see Ward 1982). Unfortunately, no Middle Woodland sites in the South Carolina piedmont have been excavated and published. It is not yet clear whether the Middle Woodland continued the Early Woodland orientation toward riverine sites, or whether inter-riverine occupation became more common (cf. Rodeffer et al. 1979~52; Goodyear 1978;15; Goodyear et al. 1979:229-230, 251). Coe (1983:176) seems to suggest that, at least in NQrth Carolina, Middle Woodland sites are evenly distributed in the Appalachian area.

There are a few major changes during the Middle Woodland, including the spread of Hopewe11ian influences, observed at Georgia sites (Jefferies 1976; Keel 1976), but geue~ally absent an South and North Carolina sites, and the possibility that cultigens begin to play a noticeable role (Anderson and Trinkley 1982; cf. Ward 1983:73). In general, however, the cultural conservativism of the coastal plain groups is mirrored in the piedmont.

3 The Late Woodland period on the extreme southern South Carolina coast is characterized by the continuation of ~iddle Woodland St. Catherines pottery perhaps as late as A.D. 1300 (Trinkley 1981c:41). In addition, the Savannah Fine Cord Marked pottery frequently occurs at shell midden sites. Along the more northern coast there is a continuation of the Mount Pleasant series until at least A.D. 1000 (Trinkley 1982b; cf, Phelps 1983:32). The McClellanville series~ characterized by fine paste and a simple stamped surface treatment, may also continue until A.D. 1000 (Trinkley 198la, b). Anderson et al. (1982) describe the Santee series, which also is primarily simple stamped and which dates from A.D. 800 to 13001 The McClellanYille and Santee series are related, although they do not appear to represent identical types. In the inner coastal plain Stuart (1975) describes the Camden series from Kershaw County. Subsequent work has identified this pottery at a Calhoun County site and there is circumstantial evidence that this series bridges the Middle and Late Woodland. This pottery is characterized by simple and check stamping. By A.D. 1100-1200 the southern coast contains a few sites of the Savannah phase, although both Savannah and Irene sites are generally uncommon (Braley 1982). Along the northern coast there is an admiJcture of Savannah and a local series called Jeremy (Trinkley 1980c, 198ld), followed by the Pee Dee phase. These later phases, however, will be discussed in detail by Anderson (this symposium).

In the Georgia piedmont the Swift Creek, Napier, and Woodstock ceramics precede the classic Etowah, Wilbanks, and Lamar sequence (for an overview see Ferguson 1971; Hally 1972). Swift Creek and Napier, however, are rare in South Carolina. Likewise, the North Carolina Uwharrie phase (Coe 1952, 1964), containing net impressed, cord marked, and brushed pottery tempered with crushed quartz, is not observed to any degree in the South Carolina piedmont, nor is the ~ore mountainous Pisgah pottery (Dickens 1976; see however, Ryan 1971; Kelly 1972). The Uwharrie pottery, in North Carolina, gradually disappears as local tribal entities were formed, the ceramics of which have been termed Dan River, Caraway, Hillsboro, and Catawba (Coe 1952, 1964; Wilson 1982). Too little work has been conducted in South Carolina to document tribal ceramics, with the exception of the Qualla, or Cherokee pottery (Egloff 1967).

The apparent absence of Late Woodland pottery over much of the South carolina piedmont may be a result of incomplete f ie1dwork, although extensive piedmont surveys (House and Ballenger 1976; Cable et al. 1978, n.d.; Goodyear et al. 1979; Trinkley and Caballero 1983) suggest otherwise. An alternative explanation, discussed by Goodyear et al. (1979:231), Goff (1974:8-10), and first proposed by Royce (1888) is that the historic aboriginal population areas and distributions may have time depth not presently recognized. Much of the piedmont may be within a buffer zone or hunting territory claimed by both the Cherokee to the northwest and the Catawba to the northeast, but largely unihabited by either group. For example, the Cherokee Treatly of November 24, 1755 with Governor Glenn of South Carolina ceded a tract of land in excess of four mi.Ilion acres between the Catawba and Savannah rivers, much of which was also claimed by the Catawba, but was ~robably occupied by neither group.

During the 13 years since Dr. Fairbanks' paper we have accumulated a considerable quantity of information on the coastal Woodland cultures. We have excavated a variety of sites, which has allowed us to establish local sequences, accumulate a series of radiocarbon dates, and reconstruct settlement and subsistence patterns. On the coast we are beginning to understand the broad

4 based trends during the Woodland period, such as the establishment of relatively permanent village life during the Thom's Creek phase, and the fragmentation of sites and the seasonal rounds of th.e ~iddle and Late Woodland. Publications on the coastal Woodland period are abundant (see, for example, the reviews of Trinkley 1980c; Anderson and Logan 1981; ·Anderson et al. 1982).

Moving inland, however, we quickly run into an absence of data not much changed since 1970. Woodland period sites excavated in the inner coastal plain or on the fall line number less than 10 and several of these have not been adequately published. The little ~ork conducted suggests that toe coastal sequences may be applied up to the fall line, although Ward (1982) documents the extension of the piedmont Yadkin series into Marlboro County. Stuart's work also provides us with the Camden series, still bothersome after eight years. We have some data on inner coastal plain subsistence, in spite of the rapidly permeable sands which tend to leach features and the acidic soils which quickly dissolve bone. Although many sites are recorded, a variety of factors have mitigated against the development of very detailed settlement models.

Crossing over the fall line we face a highly eroded, disected piedmont, composed of riverine and inter-riverine zones. About 84% of the piedmont is forested or pastured (compared to only 16% of the coastal plain), greatly hindering site discovery. Further, most of the work conducted in the South Carolina piedmont has been in the inter~riverine zone and has not been directed toward Woodland period sites, as evidenced by the papers of Goodyear and Tippett (this symposium). As a result, very few Woodland period sites are recorded and almost none ha~e been tested or excavated, either in the riverine or inter-riverine zones, in the past 13 years. Unfortunately, many of the Woodland sites excavated from North Carolina, such as Ydvl (Coe 1972), the Donnaba site (Barnette 1978), or the Trestle site have been reported only incompletely. Work from Georgia, especially from the Richard B. Russell project on the upper Savannah River, will provide useful comparative data, but additional work at South Carolina piedmont sites is still essential.

In retrospect, then, we have partially fulfilled Dr. Fairbanks' expectations concerning the development of local sequences and publication. We have faired less well on understanding the complex relationships between the coast and the interior, although we are beginning to better see areal relationships to the north and south. Perhaps, if we approach the riddle from the beginning, With a commitment to scientific reasoning, we will be able to present a clearer picture in 1996.

5 Central s.c. Northern s.c. Southern N.C. Northern N.C. South Central Coastal Georgia Coast Coast Coast Coast Northern Georgia N.C. Piedmont Applachian Summit

catawba [Killbel] 1 Caraway Altamaha Wacbeaaw Wac hes aw Hillsboro Qualla ?

Lamar 1650 1 t l· Irene Pee Dee Pee Dee Oak Island Collington Dan River Wilbanks Pee Dee Pisgah Savannah Jeremy Jeremy Etowah Uwharrie St. Catherines Onslow Casbi~ 1000 Ada11s Creek .Woodstock (McClellanville) Napier Connestee Wilmington Mount Pleasant Mount Pleasant Mount Pleasant Mount Pleasant Yadkin Swift Creek Hanover Hanover Cartersville Pigeon B.C.

Deptford Deep Creek Deep Creek Badin Swannanoa Daptford Deptford Deep Creek Deep Creek Kellogg +? Refuge Refuge Thom's Creek Thom's Creek Thom's Creek Thom's Creek Stallings [St • s iWDOllS) Stallings

Figure 1. Generalized Ceramic Chronology Piedmont

COASTAL PLAIN

Northern Georgis

s .c. Coast

Central S.C. Coast

Coastal Georgia

Figure 2. Physiograpbic and cultural divisions of South Carolina· SOURCES CITED

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