The Little Lion – Edward III’s England, 1327-1347

Coats of arms of the kings of England and France, and the arms of King Edward III quartered with those of France. From The Schøyen Collection, London & Oslo, MS 033, fol. 110r

Faculty of History

Part II Special Subject

2021-22

Dr Christopher Briggs and Dr Andrew Spencer

[email protected] [email protected] Course description

England in 1327 was at a low ebb: defeated in war by the Scots, still recovering from a period of devastating famine and agrarian crisis, and consumed by political infighting that had brought down its king. Twenty years later, the English were regarded by Petrarch as a ‘fiercely warmongering people’, whose ‘unexpected success’ had ‘subjected the entire kingdom of France to steel and fire.’ The Little Lion examines this transformation by charting the political, diplomatic, economic and social structures that characterized England in this period, and showing how developments in each of these areas helped to create the circumstances for English success in the opening phases of what became the Hundred Years’ War. The aim of the paper is not simply to chart those military successes, but rather to take a crucial and eventful twenty-year period and use it to explore the complex interactions between politics and economy that characterized the era.

We will provide a narrative of political events from the downfall of Edward II in 1327 to the successful siege of Calais in 1347 but this narrative will be enriched by complimentary classes on different aspects of the English economy, climate change, parliament, law and order, diplomacy and the church. These will help to provide a fuller picture of England and its neighbours at a time of war, climate change and on the eve of the global pandemic of the Black Death.

The focus is on allowing students to gain a richly detailed grasp of the period by working upwards from the abundant primary sources. The emphasis is on depth: by restricting ourselves to a relatively short period of just two decades, albeit one that was highly formative, it becomes possible to consider key episodes from a number of different angles, and to delve deep into the sources in search of fresh perspectives. We encounter a large variety of primary sources (see indicative list below). These range from vivid chronicle accounts and the voluminous records of central government, to estate accounts, manor court records, letters, sermons, and songs and poems of popular protest. By the end of the course, students will have a strong sense of how different kinds of evidence can be used to build up a picture of political society as a whole, and they will gain an understanding of how kingship, politics, economy, law and war interacted with each other in medieval society. In particular, the course aims to interrogate the categories ‘politics’ and ‘economy’, and to demonstrate that the two cannot easily be considered in isolation from one another. We also consider the distinctive role of prominent political actors ranging from Archbishop John Stratford to Queen Isabella. At the centre of events, and of the paper as a whole, is of course King Edward III himself: we trace his political development from the boy of 15 at the beginning to the man of 35 at the end.

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the course provides insights into an era of warfare that had profound effects not just on England, but on all the states and economies of Western Europe. Although most of these effects will be examined during the course at the local or micro scale using England as a case study, wider connections and contexts are everywhere apparent.

Teaching and expectations: the course will be taught in Michaelmas and Lent Terms via 16 weekly two-hour classes. There will be no formal lectures. Instead, each class will be based

2 on discussion of a list of translated primary sources, which all students are expected to read in advance alongside key specified pieces of secondary literature (mostly online). The sessions will be introduced each week by either Dr Briggs or Dr Spencer, depending on subject matter, but both teachers will be present for all classes. A student presentation then follows, followed by general discussion. Study of a medieval history paper at Part I is not a requirement, and students who have not previously studied the period are very welcome. An introduction to the distinctive form of assessment known as ‘gobbets’ will be provided at the end of Michaelmas Term. Four two-hour classes in Easter Term provide ample opportunity for revision on the prescribed texts, for further gobbets work, and for drawing out key themes of the course as a whole.

Course structure

Below is the likely schedule of classes for 2021-2. Following an introductory session, we go into a series of classes which move in broadly chronological fashion through our period. Then, from week 4 of Lent Term we have five classes which look in greater detail at important themes.

Michaelmas term

1) Introduction to the paper / Crisis, deposition and accession 2) The rule and downfall of Mortimer and Isabella, 1327-30 3) The English Economy: i) dearth, abundance and depression 4) The Second Scottish War: Dupplin Moor to Neville's Cross 5) Plantagenet versus Valois: the drift to war, 1328-1337 6) The war to Tournai, 1337-40 7) Parliament and the politics of taxation 8) Gobbets session

Lent term

1) Crisis and propaganda, 1340-1 2) Learning from mistakes: domestic politics, 1341-6 3) Brittany to Calais: the war, 1342-7 4) The English Economy: ii) wool and the power of the merchants 5) Drought, rain and frost: the shifting climate 6) The church and the crown 7) The papacy and diplomacy 8) Law and order: criminal gangs and the keepers of the peace

Easter term

Four classes on revision and gobbets practice

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Sample Long Essay questions

Write an essay of not less than 6,000 words and not more than 7,000 words on one of the following questions.

1 Why did it prove so difficult for Edward III to gain independent control of his kingdom between 1327 and 1330?

2 To what extent was the agrarian economy of the second quarter of the fourteenth century most affected by short-term shocks rather than long-term structural weaknesses?

3 ‘The political ambitions of the English crown did little to enhance the fortunes of overseas and long-distance trade between c.1327 and c.1347; indeed, the reverse was true.’ Discuss

4 ‘The Anglo-Scottish wars of 1332-1346 were primarily an opportunity for deeds of chivalry with few lasting or wider effects.’ Discuss.

5 How serious were problems of law and order between 1327 and 1347?

6 ‘The first 20 years of his reign demonstrate that Edward III’s foreign relations were characterized by a preference for military action over diplomacy.’ Discuss.

7 ‘Unsustainable, regressive and lacking in political legitimacy.’ Discuss this view of royal taxation in the 1330s and 1340s.

8 How strong was support for the French war in the period 1337-47?

9 How far was the political crisis of 1340-41 essentially a clash of personalities rather than a struggle over fundamental political issues?

10 To what extent did the period 1327-1347 witness an increase in the power of the English state?

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Prescribed Sources: indicative list

The following is not intended to be comprehensive or definitive; rather, it provides an indication of the kind of published primary sources from which the paper’s prescribed source extracts, or ‘set texts’, are drawn. All sources will be studied in translation. All the prescribed sources are detailed in the Course Handbook, and all are available electronically, either via web links in the Handbook, or the paper’s Moodle course. A significant number of the prescribed sources are collected in a single ‘Source book’ presented as a Word document. The total number of pages covered by the ‘set texts’ falls below the maximum of 1,750 set by the Faculty.

Vita Edwardi Secundi , ed. and trans. W.R. Childs (Oxford, 2005) English Historical Documents, 1189-1327 , ed. H. Rothwell (London, 1975) Thomas Wright’s Political Songs of England From the Reign of John to that of Edward II , ed. P.R. Coss (Cambridge, 1996) Calendar of Charter Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office Calendar of Fine Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office Calendar of Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office Calendar of Close Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office Statutes of the Realm , ed. A. Luders and others (11 vols., London, 1810-28), I The parliament rolls of medieval England, 1275-1504, ed. C. Given-Wilson, C. (16 vols., 2005) The Brut or the Chronicles of England , ed. F.W.D. Brie (Woodbridge, 2000) The True Chronicles of Jean le Bel, 1290-1360 , trans. N. Bryant (Woodbridge, 2011) The Chronicle of Lanercost , trans. H. Maxwell, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1913) The Chronicle of Geoffrey Le Baker of Swinbrook , trans. D. Preest (Woodbridge, 2012) The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307 to 1334 eds. and trans. W.R. Childs and J. Taylor (Cambridge, 1991) Adae Murimuth Continuatio Chronicarum , ed. E.M. Thompson (London, 1889) Political Thought in Early Fourteenth-Century England: treatises by Walter of Milemete, William of Pagula, and William of Ockham , ed. and trans C.J. Nederman (Arizona, 2002) Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1174-1328: some selected documents , ed. and trans. E.L.G. Stones (Oxford, 1965) The Wars of Edward III , ed. C. Rogers (Woodbridge, 2000) The Gascon Rolls Project (http://www.gasconrolls.org/en/ ) Nonarum Inquisitiones in Cura Scaccarii, temp. Regis Edward III (London, 1807) [Inquisitions of Ninths in the court of the exchequer] The Lay Subsidy of 1334 , ed. R.E. Glasscock (1975) E. Carus-Wilson and O. Coleman, England’s export trade, 1275-1547 (Oxford, 1963) T.H. Lloyd, The Movement of Wool Prices in Medieval England , Economic History Review Supplement 6 (London, 1973) The Register of John Kirkby, bishop of Carlisle 1332-1352, and the Register of John Ross, Bishop of Carlisle, 1325-32 , ed. R.L. Storey (Canterbury and York Society, 2 vols., 1993, 1995) Registrum Thome de Charlton, episcopi Herefordensis, 1327-1344 (1913), ed. W. Capes [Register of Thomas Charlton bishop of Hereford] The 1341 Royal Inquest in Lincolnshire , ed. B.W. McLane (Lincoln Record Soc. 78, 1988) A New History of the Royal Mint , ed. C.E. Challis (1992) The court rolls of Walsham le Willows 1303-50 , ed. R. Lock (Suffolk Record Soc., vol. 41, 1998) Crime, law and society in the later middle ages , ed. A. Musson and E. Powell (Manchester Medieval Sources, 2009) The Accounts of the manor of Esher in the Winchester Pipe Rolls, 1235-1376 , ed. D. Stone (Surrey Rec. Soc. 2017) Consideraciones temperiei pro 7 annis per Magistrum Willelmum Merle , ed. G. Symons, (London, 1891) [the weather diary of William Merle]

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Indicative Secondary Bibliography

General works, useful for the whole paper

Barber, R., Edward III and the Triumph of England: the battle of Crecy and the Company of the Garter (2013) Bothwell, J.S. ed., The Age of Edward III (2001) Brown, A.L., The Governance of Later Medieval England, 1272-1461 (1989) Dyer, C., Standards of living in the later middle ages: social change in England c.1200-1520 (revised edn.; Cambridge, 1998) [e-book] Fletcher, C., J-P, Genet, & J. Watts, eds., Government and Political Life in England and France, c.1300- c.1500 , eds. (2015) [e-book] Heath, P., Church and Realm 1272-1461 (1988) chs. 3-7 Keen, M.H., England in the Later Middle Ages (1973) McKisack, M., The Fourteenth Century (1959) Ormrod, M. The Reign of Edward III: crown and political society in England (1990, updated ed., 2000)

Ormrod, M. Edward III (2011) Postan, M.M., The Medieval Economy and Society (1972) Prestwich, M., The Three Edwards (1980) Prestwich, M., Plantagenet England, 1225-1360 (2005) [e-book] Sumption, J., Edward III: a heroic failure (2016) Waugh, S.L., England in the Reign of Edward III (1991) [e-book; excellent bibliography]

Topics

Crisis, deposition and accession

Carpenter, C., ‘Bastard Feudalism in Fourteenth-Century Warwickshire,’ Dugdale Society Occasional Papers , 52 (2016) Castor, H., She Wolves: the women who ruled England before Elizabeth (London, 2010) Fryde, N., The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321-1326 (Cambridge, 1979) Phillips. S., Edward II (London and New Haven, 2010) Maddicott, J.R., The Origins of the English Parliament, 974-1327 (Oxford, 2010) Mortimer, I., The Greatest Traitor: the life of Sir Roger Mortimer, ruler of England, 1327-1330 (London, 2003) Saul, N., ‘The Despensers and the Downfall of Edward II’, EHR , 99 (1984) Spencer, A.M., ‘Dealing with Inadequate Kingship: uncertain responses from Magna Carta to deposition, 1199-1327’, Thirteenth Century England , 16 (2017) Valente, C., ‘The Deposition and Adbication of Edward II, EHR , 113 (1998) Valente, C. The Theory and Practice of Revolt in Medieval England (Aldershot, 2003) Waugh, S.L., ‘For King, Country and Patron: the Despensers and local administration, 1321-22’, Journal of British Studies , 22 (1983)

The Rule and Downfall of Mortimer and Isabella

Bothwell, J. ‘The More Things Change: Isabella and Mortimer, Edward III, and the Painful Delay of a Royal Minority’, in The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England , ed. C. Beem (2008)

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Holmes, G.A., ‘The Rebellion of the Earl of Lancaster, 1328-9’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research , 28 (1955) King, A., ‘The Death of Edward II Revisited’, Fourteenth Century England , 9 (2016) Mortimer, I., ‘The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle’, EHR , 120 (2005) Ormrod, M. ‘The King’s Secrets: Richard de Bury and the Monarchy of Edward III’, in War, Government and Aristocracy in the British Isles, c.1150-1500: essays in honour of Michael Prestwich , eds. C. Given-Wilson AJ. Kettle, L. Scales (Woodbridge, 2008) Shenton, C., ‘Edward III and the Coup of 1330’, in The Age of Edward III , ed. J. Bothwell (York, 2001) Spencer, A.M. ‘Decoding a Royal Conspiracy: the death of Edward II’ (Moodle) Warner, K., ‘The Adherents of Edward of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, in March 1330’, EHR , 521 (2011)

The Second Scottish War of Independence: Dupplin Moor to Neville’s Cross

Beam, The Balliol Dynasty, 1210-1364 (Edinburgh, 2008) Brown, M.H., The Wars of Scotland, 1217-1371 (Edinburgh, 2004) Campbell, J., ‘England, Scotland and the Hundred Years’ War in the Fourteenth Century, in The Wars of Edward III: sources and interpretations , ed. C.J. Rogers (Woodbridge 2000) McInnes, I.A., Scotland’s Second War of Independence, 1332-1357 (Woodbridge, 2017) Nicholson, R.G., Edward III and the Scots: the formative years of a military career, 1327-1335 (Oxford, 1965) Penman, M., David II, 1329-1371 (East Linton, 2004) Webster, B., ‘Scotland Without a King, 1329-1341’, in Medieval Scotland: crown, lordship and community , eds. A. Grant & K.J. Stringer (1993

Law and order

Bellamy, ‘The Coterel gang: an anatomy of a band of fourteenth-century criminals’, Eng. Hist. Rev ., LXXIX (1964) Bubenicek, M., and R. Partington, ‘Justice, law and lawyers’, in Government and Political Life in England and France, c.1300-c.1500 , eds. C. Fletcher, J-P, Genet, and J. Watts (2015) Carpenter, C., ‘War, Government and Governance in England in the Later Middle Ages’, The Fifteenth Century , 7 (2007) [scan] Crook, D. ‘The later eyres’, Eng. Hist. Rev. , xcvii (1982) Harding, A., ‘The origins and early history of the keeper of the peace’, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 10 (1960) Kaeuper, R.W., War, justice and public order: England and France in the later middle ages (1988) [e- book] Kaeuper, R.W., ‘Law and order in fourteenth century England: the evidence of the special commission of oyer et terminer’, Speculum , 54 (1979), 734-84 Maddicott, J.R., ‘Law and lordship: royal justices as retainers in thirteenth and fourteenth century England’, Past & Present Supplement , 4 (1978) McLane, B.W., ‘Changes in the court of King’s Bench, 1291-1340: the preliminary view from Lincolnshire’, in W.M. Ormrod (ed.), England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1986) Musson, A., Public Order and Law Enforcement. The Local Administration of Criminal Justice 1294- 1350 (1996) [ch. 3 scan] Musson, A., ‘Court venues and the politics of justice’, in N. Saul ed., Fourteenth Century England V (2008) Musson, A., and Ormrod, W.M., The Evolution of English Justice: Law, Politics and Society in the Fourteenth Century (1999)

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Ormrod, W.M., ‘Competing capitals? York and London in the fourteenth century’, in S. Rees Jones, R. Marks and A. Minnis eds., Courts and regions in medieval Europe (2000) Palmer, R.C. The Whilton dispute, 1264-1380: a socio-legal study of dispute settlement in medieval England (1984) Putnam, B.H., ‘The transformation of the keepers of the peace into the justices of the peace 1327- 1380’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4th ser. (1929) [online] Rose, J., Maintenance in medieval England (2017) Stones, E.L.G., ‘The Folvilles of Ashby Folville, Leicestershire, and their associates in crime, 1326- 1347’, Trans. Royal Historical Soc. , 5 th ser., vii (1957) Sutherland, D.W. (ed.), The eyre of Northamptonshire, 3-4 Edward III, A.D. 1329- 1330 , (Selden Society, 2 vols., 1983) Taylor, M.M. ed., Some sessions of the peace in Cambridgeshire in the fourteenth century. 1340, 1380-83 (Cambridge Antiquarian Society, octavo series 55, 1942 ) Verduyn, A., ‘The politics of law and order during the early years of Edward III’ English Historical Review , cviii (1993) [jstor] Verduyn, A., ‘The selection and appointment of justices of the peace in 1338’, Historical Research , lxviii (1995) Verduyn, A., ‘The Commons and the Early Justices of the Peace Under Edward III’, in Regionalism and Revision: the crown and its provinces in England, 1200-1650 , eds. P. Fleming, A. Gross & J.R. Lander (1998) [scan]

The English economy in the 1330s: i) dearth, abundance and depression

Bailey, M., ‘Peasant welfare in England, 1290-1348’, Economic History Review , 51 (1998), 223-51. Biddick, K., ‘Medieval English peasants and market involvement’, Jnl Econ Hist , xlv (1985), 823-31. Biddick, K., ‘Missing links: taxable wealth, markets and stratification among medieval English peasants’, Jnl of Interdisciplinary Hist , 18 (1987), 277-298. Bridbury, A., ‘Before the Black Death’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 30 (1977) Briggs, C., ‘Manor court procedures, debt litigation levels and rural credit provision in England, c. 1290-c.1380’, Law and History Rev . 24 (2006) Britnell, R. (ed.), The Winchester pipe rolls and medieval English society (2003) Campbell, B.M.S. (ed.), Before the Black Death. Studies in the ‘crisis’ of the early fourteenth century (1991) Campbell, B.M.S., ‘The agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century’, Past & Present , 188 (2005), 3-70. Campbell, B.M.S., and Bartley, K., England on the eve of the Black Death. An atlas of lay lordship, land and wealth, 1300-49 (2006) Campbell, B., ‘Grain yields on English demesnes after the Black Death’, in M. Bailey and S. Rigby, eds., Town and Countryside in the Age of the Black Death: Essays in Honour of John Hatcher (2012) Chibnall, A.C. (ed.), Early taxation returns: taxation of personal property in 1332 and later (Bucks Rec. Soc. 14, 1966) http://www.bucksrecsoc.org.uk/BRSpub014.html Ecclestone, M., ‘Mortality of rural landless men before the Black Death: the Glastonbury head-tax lists’, Local Population Studs. , 63 (Autumn 1999) Farmer, D.L., ‘Prices and wages’, in H.E. Hallam (ed.), The agrarian history of England and Wales, I: 1052-1350 (Cambridge, 1988) (ch. 7) Glasscock, R.E., ‘England circa 1334’, in H.C. Darby (ed.), A New Historical Geography of England Before 1600 (Cambridge, 1976), 136-185 [scan] Kershaw, I., ‘The Great Famine and agrarian crisis in England 1315-1322’, in R.H. Hilton (ed.), Peasants, Knights and Heretics (Cambridge, 1976), 85-132.

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Kitsikopoulos, H., ‘Standards of living and capital formation in pre-plague England: a peasant budget model’, Economic History Review , 53 (2000), 237-61. Masschaele, J., Peasants, Merchants and Markets: Inland Trade in Medieval England 1150-1350 (1997) Mate, M., ‘The agrarian economy of south-east England before the Black Death: depressed or buoyant?’ in B.M.S. Campbell ed. Before the Black Death. Studies in the ‘crisis’ of the early fourteenth century (1991) Munro, J., ‘Before and after the Black Death: money, prices, and wages in fourteenth-century England’, in T. Dahlerup and P. Ingesman (eds.), New Approaches to the History of Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2009). Poos, L.R., ‘The rural population of Essex in the later middle ages’, Economic History Review , 38 (1985) Postan, M.M., ‘Village livestock in the thirteenth century’, Economic History Rev ., 15(1962), reprinted in Postan, Medieval agriculture and general problems of the medieval economy (1973) Postan, M.M., ‘Some economic evidence of declining population in the later middle ages’, Economic History review , 2 (1949-50), reprinted in Postan, Medieval agriculture and general problems of the medieval economy (1973) Slavin, P., ‘The Great Bovine Pestilence and its economic and environmental consequences in England and Wales, 1318-50’, Economic History Review , 65 (2012)

The English Economy in the 1330s: ii) wool and the power of the merchants

Allen, M., ‘The volume of the English currency, 1158-1470’, Economic History Review , liv (2001) Bridbury, A.R., Medieval English clothmaking (1982) Campbell, B.M.S., English seigniorial agriculture 1250-1450 (2000) Carus-Wilson, E., and Coleman, O., England’s export trade, 1275-1547 (1963) Fryde, E.B., ‘Edward III’s wool monopoly of 1337: a fourteenth-century royal trading venture’, History 37 (1952) Fryde, E.B. Studies in medieval trade and finance (1983) Fryde, E.B. William de la Pole, merchant and king’s banker (1988) Gras, N.S.B. , The Early English customs system (1918) [online at archive.org] Gray, H.L. ‘The production and exportation of English woollens in the fourteenth century’, Eng. Hist. Rev . xxxix (1924) Lloyd, T.H., The English wool trade in the middle ages (1977) Lloyd, T.H. ‘ The Movement of Wool prices in Medieval England , Economic History Review Supplement no. 6 (London, 1973), Lloyd, T.H., ‘Overseas trade and the English money supply in the fourteenth century’, in N.J. Mayhew, ed., Edwardian monetary affairs (1977) Miller, E. and J. Hatcher, Medieval England: towns commerce and crafts (1995) Mayhew, N.J., ‘Numismatic evidence and falling prices in the fourteenth century’, Economic History Review , 27 (1974) Oldland, J., ‘Wool and cloth production in late medieval and early Tudor England’, Economic History Review 67 (2014) Oldland, J., The English woollen industry, c.1200-c.1560 (2019) Power, E., The Wool trade in English Medieval History (1941) Slavin, P., ‘Mites and merchants: the crisis of English wool and textile trade revisited, c.1275-1330’, Economic History Review (2020) https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12969 [a provocative new study, actually covers period to 1350] Stephenson, M., ‘Wool yields in the medieval economy’, Economic History Review , 41 (1988) Thrupp, S. The merchant class of medieval London 1300-1500 (1948) Unwin, G.T. Finance and trade under Edward III (1918) [online at archive.org]

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Climate

Baker, A.R.H., ‘Evidence in the Nonarum Inquisitiones of contracting arable lands in England during the early fourteenth century’, Economic History Review 19 (1966) [e-journal] Bailey, M., ‘ Per impetum maris : natural disaster and economic decline in eastern England, 1275- 1350’, in Campbell, B.M.S. (ed.), Before the Black Death. Studies in the ‘crisis’ of the early fourteenth century (Manchester, 1991) [e-book] Brandon, P., ‘Late medieval weather in Sussex and its agricultural significance’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 54 (1971) [e-journal] Britton, C.E., A Meteorological chronology to AD 1450 (1937) Campbell, B.M.S., ‘Physical shocks, biological hazards, and human impacts: the crisis of the fourteenth century revisited’, in S. Cavaciocchi, ed., La interazione fra economia e ambiente biologico nell’Europa preindustriale secc. XIII-XVIII [Economic and Biological Interactions in Preindustrial Europe from the 13 th to the 18 th centuries ] (2010) Campbell, B., The Great Transition: climate disease and society in the late medieval world (2016) [e- book] Fryde, E.B., ‘Parliament and the French War’, in Historical Studies of the English Parliament. Volume I: Origins to 1399 , eds. E.B. Fryde and E. Miller (1970); also in Fryde, Studies in medieval trade and finance (1983) [scan] Galloway, J., ‘Storm flooding, coastal defence and land use around the Thames estuary and tidal river c.1250-1450’, Journal of Medieval History , 35 (2009) [e-journal] Hallam, H.E., ‘The climate of eastern England’, Agricultural History Review , 32 (1984) [e-journal] Livingstone, M., ‘A Snapshot in Time: The Weather as Seen in the Record of the Nonae (1339-41)’, in M. Kowaleski, J. Langdon and P. Schofield eds., Peasants and Lords in the Medieval English Economy: Essays in Honour of Bruce M. S. Campbell (Brepols, 2015) [scan] Mortimer, R., ‘William Merle’s weather diary and the reliability of historical evidence for medieval climate’, Climate Monitor , 10 (1981) Pribyl, K., Farming, Famine and Plague: The Impact of Climate in Late Medieval England (2017) [e- book] Pribyl, K. et al., ‘Reconstructing medieval April-July mean temperatures in East Anglia, 1256–1431’, Climatic Change 113 (2012) [e-journal] Pribyl, K., ‘Study of the climate of medieval England: a review of historical climatology’s past achievements and future potential’, Weather 69 (2014) [e-journal] Stephenson, M., ‘Wool yields in the medieval economy’, Economic History Review , xli (1988) [e- journal] Stone, D., ‘The impact of drought in early fourteenth-century England’, Economic History Review , 67 (2014) [e-journal] Stone, D., ‘The productivity and management of sheep in late medieval England’, Agricultural History Review , 51 (2003) [e-journal] Titow, J.Z., ‘Evidence of weather in the account rolls of the bishopric of Winchester 1209-1350’, Economic History Review , 12 (1960) [e-journal]

Plantagenet versus Valois: the drift to war 1328 to 1337

Cuttino, G.P., English Diplomatic Administration, 1259-1339 (Oxford, 1971) Knecht, R., The Valois: kings of France, 1328-1589 (London, 2007) Government and Political Life in England and France, c.1300-c.1500 , eds. C. Fletcher, J-P Genet & J. Watts (Cambridge, 2015) Small, G., Late Medieval France (London, 2009) Sumption, J., The Hundred Years War, volume 1: trial by battle (London, 1999)

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Templeman, G. ‘Edward III and the Beginnings of the Hudred Years’ War’, in The Wars of Edward III Vale, M., The Origins of the Hundred Years’ War: the Angevin legacy, 1250-1340 (Oxford, 1996)

The War to Tournai; Brittany to Calais: the war 1342-1347

Allmand C.T., The Hundred Years’ War: England and France at war, c.1300-c.1450 (Cambridge, 1989) Ayton, A., Knights and Warhorses: military service and the English aristocracy under Edward III (Woodbridge, 1994) Ayton, A., ‘Edward III and the English Aristocracy at the Beginning of the Hundred Years’ War’, in Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France, ed. M. Strickland (Harlaxton, 1998) The Battle of Crécy, 1346, eds. A. Ayton & P. Preston (Woodbridge, 2005) Fowler, K., The King’s Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, first duke of Lancaster, 1310-1361 (London, 1969) Gribbit, N.A., Henry of Lancaster’s Expedition to Aquitaine, 1345-46 (Woodbridge, 2016) Hewiitt, H.J., The Organisation of War Under Edward III, 1338-1362 (Manchester, 1966) Hewitt, H.J., ‘The Organisation of War’, in The Wars of Edward III, ed. C.J. Rogers Le Patourel, J., ‘Edward III and the Kingdom of France’ in The Wars of Edward III ed. C.J. Rogers Rogers, C.J., ‘Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327-1360’, in The Wars of Edward III Rogers, C.J., War Cruel and Sharp: English strategy under Edward III 1327-1360 (Woodbridge, 2000)

Parliament and the Politics of Taxation

Briggs, C., ‘Taxation, warfare, and the early fourteenth-century “crisis” in the North: Cumberland lay subsidies, 1332-1348’, Economic History Review 58 (2005) [e-journal] Bryant, W.N., ‘The financial dealings of Edward III with the county communities’, Eng. Hist. Rev., lxxxiii (1968) [e-journal] Dodd, G., Justice and grace: private petitioning and the English parliament in the late middle ages (2007) [e-book] Franke, D.P., ‘War, crisis and East Anglia, 1334-1340: towards a reassessment’, in L.J. Andrew Villalon and D.J. Kagay (eds), Hundred Years War: Further considerations (2013) [e-book] Harriss, G.L., King, parliament and public finance in medieval England to 1369 (1975) Harriss, G.L., ‘The formation of parliament’, in R.G. Davies and J.H. Denton eds., The English parliament in the middle ages (1981), 29-60 [scan] Hughes, D., A study of social and constitutional tendencies in the early years of Edward III (1915) [online at archive.org] Jurkowski, M. et al., Lay taxes in England and Wales 1188-1688 (1998) [key pages to scan] Maddicott, J.R., ‘The English peasantry and the demands of the Crown, 1294-1341’, supplement to Past & Present (1975), also in T.H. Aston (ed.), Landlords, peasants and politics in medieval England (1987) [scan] Maddicott, J.R., ‘Poems of social protest in early fourteenth-century England’, in W.M. Ormrod (ed.), England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium (Woodbridge, 1986), [scan] Maddicott, J.R., ‘Parliament and the people in medieval England’, Parliamentary History, 35 (2016) [e-journal] Maddicott, J.R., ‘The county community and the making of public opinion in fourteenth-century England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 28 (1978) [e-journal] Ormrod, W.M. ‘The crown and the English economy’ in B.M.S. Campbell ed., Before the Black Death: studies in the ‘crisis’ of the early fourteenth century (1991) [e-book]

11 Willard, J.F., Parliamentary Taxes on Personal Property, 1290 to 1334 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934). [e- book]

Two masters? The church, the crown and the papacy

Barrell, A.D.M. ‘The ordinance of provisors of 1343’, Historical Research, lxiv (1991) [e-journal] Bombi, B., Anglo-Papal relations in the early fourteenth century: a study in medieval diplomacy (Oxford, 2019) [e-book] Cox, R., ‘The Hundred Years War and the Church’, in Curry, A. ed., The Hundred Years War Revisited (2019) Haines, R.M., The Church and politics in fourteenth-century England: the career of Adam Orleton (1978) [e-book] Haines, R.M., ‘Simon de Montacute, brother of William, earl of Salisbury, bishop of Worcester (1333- 7) and of Ely (1337-45)’, Fourteenth Century England I, ed. N. Saul (2000) Jones, W.R., ‘The English church and royal propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Journal of British Studies, xix (1979) [e-journals] Lawrence, C.H. ed., English church and the papacy in the middle ages (2nd revised edition, 1999) Lunt, W.E. ‘The collectors of clerical subsidies granted to the king by the English clergy’, in The English government at work, ed Willard et al. vol. ii. [e-book] McHardy, A.K., ‘Th effects of war on the church: the case of the alien priories in the fourteenth century’, in M. Jones and M.G.A. Vale, eds., England and her neighbours, 1066-1453: essays in honour of Pierre Chaplais (1989) [e-book] McHardy, A.K., ‘Some reflections on Edward III’s use of propaganda’, in J. Bothwell ed., The age of Edward III (2001) McHardy, A.K. ‘Bishops’ registers and political history: a neglected resource’, in P.M. Hoskin, C.N.L. Brooke and R.B. Dobson eds., The foundations of medieval English History (2005) [e-book] Offler, H.A., ‘Thomas Bradwardine’s “victory sermon” in 1346’, in Offler, Church and crown in the fourteenth century (2000) Ormrod, W.M., The English Monarchy and the Promotion of Religion in the Fourteenth Century’, in Religion und Politik im Mittelalter: Deutschland und England im Vergleich (2010) [scan requested] Pantin, W.A., The English church in the fourteenth century (1955), [e-book] esp chaps IV-V Ruddick, A., ‘National sentiment and religious vocabulary in fourteenth-century England’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 60 (2009) [e-journal]

Crisis and Propaganda, 1340-41

Fryde, N.M., ‘Edward III’s removal of his ministers and judges’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, xlviii (1975) [e-journal] Haines, R.M., Archbishop John Stratford: political revolutionary and champion of the liberties of the English Church, ca. 1275/80-1348 (1986) Harriss, G.L., ‘The Commons’ petitions of 1340’, English Historical Rev., lxxxviii (1963) [e-journal] Lapsley, G., ‘Archbishop Stratford and the parliamentary crisis of 1341’, English Historical Review, xxx (1915) [e-journal] Jones, W.R., ‘Keeping the peace: English society, local government and the commissions of 1341-44’, American Journal of Legal History, xviii (1974) [e-journal] Jones, W.R., ‘Rex et ministri: English local government and the crisis of 1341’, Journal of British Studies, xiii (1973) [e-journal] Maddicott, J.R., review of B. McLane ed., The 1341 inquest in Lincolnshire, in English Historical Review, 107 (1992), p. 702 [e-journal] McLane, B. ed., The 1341 inquest in Lincolnshire (Lincs Rec Soc. Lxxviii, 1988) Introduction

12 Revard, C., ‘Political poems in MS Harley 2253 and the English national crisis of 1339-41’, The Chaucer Review, 53 (2018) https://muse.jhu.edu/article/682935/pdf Waugh, S., ‘Success and failure of the medieval constitution in 1341’, in R.W. Kaeuper ed., Law governance and justice: new views on medieval constitutionalism (2013) [e-book] Wilkinson, B., ‘The protest of the earls of Arundel and Surrey in the crisis of 1341’, English Historical Review, xlvi (1931) [e-journal]

Learning From Mistakes: domestic politics 1341-1346

Ayton, A., ‘The English Army at Crécy’, in The Battle of Crécy, eds. A. Ayton and P. Preston (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 159-229 Munby, J., Barber, R., & Brown, R., Edward III’s Round Table at Windsor: the house of the Round Table and the Windsor festival of 1344 (Woodbridge, 2007) Ormrod, M., ‘Edward III and the Recovery of Royal Authority in England, 1340-1360, History, 72 (1987 Partington, R., ‘The Nature of Noble Service to Edward III’, Political Society in Later Medieval England, eds. B. Thompson and J. Watts (Woodbridge, 2015), pp. 74-92

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