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Framing Croatia's Politics of Memory and Identity
Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER WORKSHOP: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Author: Taylor A. McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Title: “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Date: 3 April 2018 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Taylor McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Web: taylormcconnell.com | Twitter: @TMcConnell_SSPS | E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper explores the development of Croatian memory politics and the construction of a new Croatian identity in the aftermath of the 1990s war for independence. Using the public “face” of memory – monuments, museums and commemorations – I contend that Croatia’s narrative of self and self- sacrifice (hence “KRVatska” – a portmanteau of “blood/krv” and “Croatia/Hrvatska”) is divided between praising “defenders”/“branitelji”, selectively remembering its victims/“žrtve”, and silencing the Serb minority. While this divide is partially dependent on geography and the various ways the Croatian War for Independence came to an end in Dalmatia and Slavonia, the “defender” narrative remains preeminent. As well, I discuss the division of Croatian civil society, particularly between veterans’ associations and regional minority bodies, which continues to disrupt amicable relations among the Yugoslav successor states and places Croatia in a generally undesired but unshakable space between “Europe” and the Balkans. 1 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... -
Additional Pleading of the Republic of Croatia
international court of Justice case concerning the application of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide (croatia v. serBia) ADDITIONAL PLEADING OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA volume 1 30 august 2012 international court of Justice case concerning the application of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide (croatia v. serBia) ADDITIONAL PLEADING OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA volume 1 30 august 2012 ii iii CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 section i: overview and structure 1 section ii: issues of proof and evidence 3 proof of genocide - general 5 ictY agreed statements of fact 6 the ictY Judgment in Gotovina 7 additional evidence 7 hearsay evidence 8 counter-claim annexes 9 the chc report and the veritas report 9 reliance on ngo reports 11 the Brioni transcript and other transcripts submitted by the respondent 13 Witness statements submitted by the respondent 14 missing ‘rsK’ documents 16 croatia’s full cooperation with the ictY-otp 16 the decision not to indict for genocide and the respondent’s attempt to draw an artificial distinction Between the claim and the counter-claim 17 CHAPTER 2: CROATIA AND THE ‘RSK’/SERBIA 1991-1995 19 introduction 19 section i: preliminary issues 20 section ii: factual Background up to operation Flash 22 serb nationalism and hate speech 22 serbian non-compliance with the vance plan 24 iv continuing human rights violations faced by croats in the rebel serb occupied territories 25 failure of the serbs to demilitarize 27 operation maslenica (January 1993) -
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies A Scholars’ Initiative Edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, D.C. D Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Second revision, May 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative / edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7 1. Yugoslavia--History--1992-2003. 2. Former Yugoslav republics--History. 3. Yugoslavia--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 4. Former Yugoslav republics--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 5. Ethnic conflict-- Yugoslavia--History--20th century. 6. Ethnic conflict--Former Yugoslav republics--History--20th century. 7. Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. 8. Kosovo War, 1998-1999. 9. Kosovo (Republic)--History--1980-2008. I. Ingrao, Charles W. II. Emmert, Thomas Allan, 1945- DR1316.C66 2009 949.703--dc22 2008050130 Contents Introduction Charles Ingrao 1 1. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia Andrew Wachtel and Christopher Bennett 12 2. Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990 Momčilo Pavlović 48 3. Independence and the Fate of Minorities, 1991–1992 Gale Stokes 82 4. Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 Marie-Janine Calic 114 5. The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989–1997 Matjaž Klemenčič 152 6. Safe Areas Charles Ingrao 200 7. The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 Mile Bjelajac and Ozren Žunec 230 8. Kosovo under the Milošević Regime Dusan Janjić, with Anna Lalaj and Besnik Pula 272 9. -
Than 60 Years of Experience
Inženjerski projektni zavod d.d. Prilaz baruna Filipovića 21, 10000 Zagreb More than Phone: 00385 1 3717 300 60 years of experience Fax.: 00385 1 3717 309 E-mail: [email protected] in infrastructure engineering design! www.ipz.hr 02 // Company Profile 03 Inzenjerski projektni zavod is a company specialized in infrastructure engineering design and has been active in this field for over 60 years now. The Government of the Republic of Croatia has established IPZ in 1948 as a national company for development of all kinds of designs for roads, road structures and water engineering facilities. Actively participating in the reconstruction of the country that has suffered huge destruction in the war and in the modernization of the traffic infrastructure in Croatia and in other countries of the former Yugoslavia, IPZ has over the period of sixty-two years developed more than 7,200 studies, conceptual designs, investment programmes, preliminary, main and capital investment designs, expert opinions and other pieces of technical documentation. 04 // Company Profile 05 IPZ has designed more than 50% or all roads and 1993. motorways in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the first motorway in the former Yugoslavia, several hundreds of bridges, many tunnels, several dozens of engineering structures, ranging from industrial plants to transformer stations, thousands Vrbovec of kilometres of water supply and sewer systems, hundreds of Sv. Helena water tanks, etc. Gornja Ploča Gračac An important date in the development of IPZ is the year 1993, when IPZ was privatized and transformed into a joint stock company owned by the former and present employees. -
Monitoring Performance of Large Croatian Bridges
Monitoring performance of large Croatian bridges Jelena Bleiziffer and Jure Radic Institute IGH, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia ABSTRACT: The paper discusses monitoring performance of seven reinforced concrete arch bridges in Croatia. The bridges are vital links in road network system. Systematic approach in planning of bridge maintenance activities is essential for efficient bridge management. Structural health monitoring techniques may be implemented to improve maintenance management. Monitoring systems for long-term control of stresses, strains and corrosion progress have been installed on three major Croatian reinforced concrete arch bridges. Further research is required to develop monitoring strategy addressing the entire bridge stock. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Croatian road network As in most European countries, road network is by far the most important element of land transport in Croatia. According to Croatian legislation, public roads are classified as (Official Gazette RoC, 2008): (1) motorways (1.200 km); (2) state roads (6.800 km); (3) county roads (10.800 km); (3) local roads (10.300 km). Generally, motorway network contributes most to the efficiency of transport, which in turn is of utmost importance for economic and social development of a country. Over the last decades Croatia made large investments in construction of motorways (Fig.1), which would integrate the most distant parts of the country and provide for quick, easy and comfortable transportation of people, goods and services. With the total planned length of 1.500 km, the Croatian motorway network may not seem long, but it is worth mentioning that Croatia already has more kilometres of motorways per 100.000 citizens than, for instance, UK, Ireland, Greece or Italy. -
EIB – Europska Ivesticijska Banka (European Investment Bank)
EIB – Europska ivesticijska banka (European Investment Bank) A. ZAKON O POTVRĐIVANJU UGOVORA O FINANCIRANJU IZMEĐU EUROPSKE INVESTICIJSKE BANKE I REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I HŽ – HRVATSKIH ŽELJEZNICA d.o.o. ZA OBNOVU ŽELJEZNIČKE PRUGE NA V. c. KORIDORU 1) Narodne novine – Međunarodni ugovor: br. 2/2002 .........................................................3 B. ZAKON O POTVRĐIVANJU UGOVORA O FINANCIRANJU IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I EUROPSKE INVESTICIJSKE BANKE ZA PROJEKT – OBNOVA KOMUNALNE INFRASTRUKTURE NA PODRUČJIMA OD POSEBNE DRŽAVNE SKRBI 1) Narodne novine – Međunarodni ugovor: br. 16/2003 .....................................................42 C. ZAKON O POTVRĐIVANJU UGOVORA O FINANCIRANJU IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I EUROPSKE INVESTICIJSKE BANKE – OKVIRNI VIŠESEKTORSKI ZAJAM ZA KOMUNALNU INFRASTRUKTURU ZA PROJEKT »INTEGRALNI RAZVOJ LOKALNE ZAJEDNICE« 1) Narodne novine – Međunarodni ugovor: br. 7/2005 .......................................................85 D. ZAKON O POTVRĐIVANJU UGOVORA O JAMSTVU IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I EUROPSKE INVESTICIJSKE BANKE ZA PROJEKT OBNOVE DRŽAVNIH CESTA 1) Narodne novine – Međunarodni ugovor: br. 4/2002 .....................................................141 E. ZAKON O POTVRĐIVANJU UGOVORA O JAMSTVU IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I EUROPSKE INVESTICIJSKE BANKE ZA GLOBALNI ZAJAM HRVATSKOJ BANCI ZA OBNOVU I RAZVITAK 1) Narodne novine – Međunarodni ugovor: br. 4/2002 .....................................................190 F. ZAKON O POTVRĐIVANJU UGOVORA O JAMSTVU IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I EUROPSKE INVESTICIJSKE -
5Th International Progeo Symposium on Conservation of the Geological Heritage 1St-5Th October 2008 Rab Island, Croatia
5th International ProGEO Symposium on Conservation of the Geological Heritage 1st-5th October 2008 Rab Island, Croatia The Organizing Committee, on behalf of the ProGEO-Croatia and the ProGEO European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, welcomes all professionals and students whose work/research is dedicated or related to Nature conservation, geotourism, life-learning programs, education, management, sustainable development, planning and decision-making to participate in the 5th International Symposium on Conservation of the Geological Heritage. The Symposium will take place in the city of Rab, on the Rab Island in northeastern Adriatic Sea, Croatia, October 1st-5th, 2008. THE MAIN AIMS OF THE CONFERENCE: * To celebrate the International Year of Planet Earth by Symposium outreach activities * To discuss threats and site loss, and constraints imposed by town and country (spatial) planning * To promote activities of ProGEO working groups on European geosites * To encourage national geoparks projects in the framework of sustainable development * To discuss legal frameworks of national geoparks and their practical management * To enhance geotourism and its potentials for regional developments * To improve quality of communication between geoconservationists and the public The island of Rab hosts a national Geopark and celebrates 120 years of tourism in 2008. The population of ca. 9000 inhabitants are proud of their cultural and natural heritage, and the island serves as a good example of sustainable development. Second -
War in the Balkans, 1991-2002
WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 R. Craig Nation August 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or be e-mail at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-134-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Map of the Balkan Region. viii 1. The Balkan Region in World Politics . 1 2. The Balkans in the Short 20th Century . 43 3. The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991-92. -
From Ottawa to Sarajevo
FROM OTTAWA TO SARAJEVO FROM OTTAWA TO SARAJEVO CANADIAN PEACEKEEPERS IN THE BALKANS Dawn M. Hewitt Centre for International Relations, Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada 1998 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Hewitt, Dawn M. From Ottawa to Sarajevo : Canadian peacekeepers in the Balkans (Martello papers ; 18) ISBN 0-88911-788-8 1. United Nations – Armed Forces. 2. United Nations – Canada. 3. Canada – Armed Forces – Bosnia and Hercegovina. 4. Canada – Armed Forces – Croatia. 5. Canada – Armed Forces – Yugoslavia. I. Queen’s University (Kingston, Ont.). Centre for International Relations. II. Title. III. Series. JX1981.P7H49 1997 355.3’57’0971 C97-932224-3 © Copyright 1998 Dedication To my parents, Msgt (ret) Norman E. Hewitt and Mrs Ruth Kane Hewitt The way of arms and arts as the way of the warrior is a constant precept that needs no detailing. Keep arts at your left side, arms by your right, the two must complement each other, without one the other can not be. Hojo Code The Martello Papers This is the eighteenth in a series of security studies published over the past several years by the Queen’s University Centre for International Relations (QCIR), under the general title of the Martello Papers. “From Ottawa to Sarajevo” is a detailed, empirical examination of Canadian participation in UN peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia between 1992 and 1995, written by a US Air Force officer, Major Dawn Hewitt, who served as Visiting Defence Fellow at the Centre during the 1996-97 academic year. Peacekeeping, by all accounts, has become increasingly complex since the end- ing of the Cold War, and as Major Hewitt’s monograph reveals, nowhere have those complexities and frustrations been more apparent than in the former Yugo- slavia. -
Implementation of Digital Measurement System in Monitoring of Structures
Implementation Of Digital Measurement System In Monitoring Of Structures Zelimir Šimunic, PH. D. Born in 1946 He is Ph. D. from University of Director Zagreb, where he is Professor of Civil Engineering. He is also director of Croatian Croatian Inst. for Bridge & Structural Eng. Institute for Bridge and Structural Zagreb, Croatia Engineering. He is responsible for testing of bridge structures and especially for technical approval of structural bearings and expansion joints. Born in 1949 He is Ph. D. from University of Ivan Gašparac, PH. D. Zagreb, where he is Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering. His research interests Assistant Professor include measurement systems and testings Faculty of electrical eng. and computing of electrical machines. Zagreb, Croatia Born in 1968, received his Mechanical Engineering degree in 1994 from University Bozidar Pavlovic, B.SC. of Zagreb. He is currently Graduate Student Graduate Student of Civil Engineering at University of Zagreb. His research interests include testing of Croatian Inst. for Bridge & Structural Eng. structures. Zagreb, Croatia Summary Digital technologies in measurement enable better quality in monitoring of large structures than mostly analogue system that have been used at the Maslenica bridge in Croatia. This monitoring system with analogue signal transfer from sensor to the acquisition unit is presented. Because of the observed weaknesses of analogue system, new digital system for monitoring of large structures was developed. This paper compares the relevant characteristics of both systems and gives short review of further development. Keywords: structure monitoring, industrial communication network, digital measuring system 1. Introduction In order to achieve more reliable and economical construction and maintenance of structure through its life cycle, monitoring is becoming more and more important. -
The Sarajevo Ceasefire – Realism Or Strategic Error by the Croatian Leadership?
UDK: 355.02(497.6=163.42)''1992'' 329(497.6 Sarajevo=163.42)''1992'' Izvorni znanstveni članak Received: October 13, 2011. Accepted: December 12, 2011. THE SARAJEVO CEASEFIRE – REALISM OR STRATEGIC ERROR BY THE CROATIAN LEADERSHIP? Davor MARIJAN* The topic of this work is the post-war controversy centred on the view that the Croatian political leadership made an error in January 1992 when, with mediation by the United Nations, it agreed to and signed a ceasefire with representatives of the Yugoslav People’s Army in Sarajevo. Those who hold this view are retired Croatian Army generals, who maintain that the war should have been continued during 1992, which would have achieved a military victory and the liberation of Croatia’s occupied and rebellious territories. Since these speculations are systematically promoted by influential media outlets, the author has attempted to respond to the extent allowed by historical scholarship. Key words: Republic of Croatia, Yugoslav People’s Army, war, strategy, Sarajevo Ceasefire A ceasefire between the Republic of Croatia and the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) was signed between Croatian Defence Minister Gojko Šušak and JNA General Andrija Rašeta in Sarajevo on 2 January 1992, mediated by Cyrus Vance, the personal envoy of the United Nations Secretary General. The cease- fire went into effect at 6:00 p.m. on 3 January 1992.1 This ended the first phase of the war in Croatia, which nobody with any credibility disputes today. Some controversy, however, has been created by the assertion that this was a strategic error, because Croatian forces were allegedly able to end the war by decisive * Davor Marijan,. -
Zaton Beach Looking for Some Action and (Water) Sports? Dive in the Fabulous Swimming Pools in Zaton, Widely Famous Also for Its Beach and Activities Available
Lovin’ ZADAR with Boutique Hostel Forum Then, today & tomorrow About Ancient and modern. Peaceful and adventurous. Classical and rock ‘n’ roll. That’s Zadar, a true Dalmatian ZADAR present just like its name suggests. (Cro. za dar - ‘for present)’. With a couple of millennia of existence, it has quite a fine collection of historical sights and legends paired with the modern vibe of 21st century attractions. Oh, yeah! Zadar has the whole package, and here are the highlights: 1. Hello to Zadar’s streets and squares! Feel the pulse of the historical peninsula by walking along Kalelarga, sipping coffee on People's Square or Five Wells' Square and passing through the Land Gate and by the city walls (UNESCO World Heritage Site). 2. Treat for the senses: Sea Organ and Greeting to the Sun Treat your eyesight and hearing to a unique experience with Zadar’s most famous modern attractions. 3. Doing as the Romans/Croatians do: Roman Forum and St Donatus’ Church Don’t miss the focal point of the city since forever - ancient Roman Forum and Zadar’s landmark, St Donatus’ Church. 4. Straight to the top: Belltower and Captain’s Tower Appreciate Zadar in all its glory and climb the belltower of St Anastasia’s Cathedral and Captain’s Tower for the best views of the city. 5. From history to illusions: Zadar’s museums To learn about ancient life, pick up exciting souvenirs have extra fun, go to the Archaeological Museum, Museum of Ancient Glass and Museum of Illusions. Kalelarga is said to be older than the city itself? Zadar has the the most beautiful sunset in the world, not only because A.