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DOI: 10.2478/jwld-2013-0009 © Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee for Land Reclamation JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT and Environmental Engineering in Agriculture, 2013 J. Water Land Dev. 2013, No. 18 (I–VI): 73–83 © Institute of Technology and Life Science, 2013 PL ISSN 1429–7426 Available (PDF): www.itep.edu.pl/wydawnictwo; http://versita.com/jwld/ Received 15.03.2013 Reviewed 16.04.2013 Calcium and magnesium uptake with the yield Accepted 07.05.2013 A – study design of meadow vegetation in relation to their content B – data collection C – statistical analysis D – data interpretation in atmospheric precipitation, ground water E – manuscript preparation F – literature search and soil solution Barbara SAPEK ABCDEF Institute of Technology and Life Science, al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland; tel. +48 22 735-75-66, e-mail: [email protected] For citation: Sapek B. 2013. Calcium and magnesium uptake with the yield of meadow vegetation in relation to their con- tent in atmospheric precipitation, ground water and soil solution. Journal of Water and Land Development. No. 18 p. 73–83 Abstract The question was how and under which conditions the concentration and load of calcium and magnesium in atmospheric precipitation, ground water and soil solution may affect their uptake by vegetation in a managed meadow. The answer was based on results of Ca and Mg determinations in atmospheric fallout near Falenty, and in soil waters from two long-term meadow experiments on mineral soils situated in Masovian Province. Ob- tained results showed a complex effect of Ca and Mg deposition and associated effects of these components in ground water and soil solution on their uptake by plants due to fertilisation effect, harvesting and other factors of human impact. No distinctly positive effect was found of the increased deposition of Ca with atmospheric fallout on its uptake by plants on a long term basis. Such an effect was demonstrated for Mg load but only in very acidic soil. Under favourable physical and water conditions and at weakly acidic soil pH this effect was negative. The enrichment of ground water in Ca was accompanied by the increase of its uptake by plants and, at the same time, by the decrease of Mg uptake from very acidic soil. Under such soil pH, decreased Ca uptake was associated with its higher concentration in soil solution. Neutralization of soil acidity facilitated the increased Mg concen- tration in soil solution and its decreased uptake by plants. Obtained results inspire to undertake similar studies in natural grassland ecosystems and in the so-called lands of ecological use. Key words: atmospheric precipitation, calcium, ground water, magnesium, soil solution, uptake with meadow plant yield INTRODUCTION a source sustaining the development or regeneration of natural ecosystems as shown e.g. by SCHLESINGER Plants ability to take up nutrients through their et al. [1982], ARIANOUTSOU [1989], and CHADWICK above-ground parts used in foliar fertilisation is a way et al. [1999]. The content of calcium and magnesium of feeding plants more and more often used in grass- in precipitation, mainly neutralising the excess of ac- lands [JANKOWSKA-HUFLEJT 2009; SKURZYŃSKI id-forming ions, may largely affect the fertility of nat- 2009]. Therefore, nutrient load deposited directly on ural ecosystems and nutrient uptake by plants. Acid plants and soil by atmospheric precipitation may, un- rains may in turn accelerate nutrient washout from der specific conditions, significantly affect their con- above-ground plant parts, mainly leaves, which are tent in and uptake with the yield. At a lack or deficit a source of regeneration of ecosystem fertility [POT- of nutrients in soil, atmospheric precipitation may be TER et al. 1991]. An assessment of the role of atmos- © Polish Academy Sciences (PAN) in Warsaw, 2013; © Institute of Technology and Life Science (ITP) in Falenty, 2013 Unauthenticated | 89.73.89.243 Download Date | 11/25/13 9:44 AM 74 B. SAPEK pheric nutrient deposition in maintaining fertility beginning of experiment (1981/1982) with a single or found in the literature pertains mainly to forest eco- double dose of calcium carbonate calculated accord- systems [JONARD et al. 2009; POTTER et al. 1991] ing to the criterion of hydrolytic acidity 1Hh and 2Hh including natural evergreen shrubs SCHLESINGER et (Ca1, Ca2). Study objects were fertilised with nitrogen –1 al. [1982], ARIANOUTSOU [1989]. Due to permanent at a dose of 120 and 240 kg N·ha (N1, N2) in three soil cover by sward, permanent grasslands are equally parts under each cut in a form of ammonium saltpetre efficient absorbers of atmospheric nutrient deposits (AN) and since 1992, in parallel, on a half of 50 m2 which secures the maintenance and development of plots – with calcium saltpetre (CN). natural grassland ecosystems. KACORZYK et al. [2012] Since 2000 phosphorus fertilisation was aban- showed that nutrient load including that of calcium doned in both experiments to assess a possibility of –1 –1 and magnesium (35.5 kg Ca·ha and 3.4 kg Mg·ha limitation of P release to the environment. Experi- on average) delivered with atmospheric fallout to ments carried out according to this scheme were end- mountain grasslands provides hay production of 1.5– ed in 2007. Due to a change in the experimental pro- –1 2.0 t·ha . ject in Laszczki, harvesting was abandoned there Atmospheric fallout is one of the supplies of soil since 2004. Detailed description of the experiments water phase composed of ground water and soil solu- and fertilisation variants are given in SAPEK [2006] tion and being a source of plant feeding. Fertility of and SAPEK and SAPEK [2011]. Results of analyses this phase will depend, among others, on chemical from four variants: Ca0N2AN, Ca0N2CN, Ca2N2AN, composition of precipitation. Soil waters are the Ca2N2CN were used in this study. Soils from these source of soluble nutrients including calcium and experimental variants differed in pHKCl (Tab. 1). magnesium [PRUSINKIEWICZ 2011; SZPERLIŃSKI 2002]. Availability of these components to and their Table 1. Mean pHKCl of the 0–10 cm soil layer from four uptake by plants depends on their content in soil solu- fertilisation variants of meadow experiments in the years 1995–2007 tion [PRUSIŃKIEWICZ 2011; WARCHAŁOWA 1976]. In the earlier paper SAPEK [2011] estimated the dynam- Soil pHKCl Experiment Value ics of calcium and magnesium uptake by plants in Ca0N2AN Ca2N2AN Ca0N2CN Ca2N2CN mean 3.6 4.3 5.0 6.6 long-term meadow experiments and compared it with Janki the washout of Ca and Mg from soil, pH and the form CV% 5.1 11.67 12.0 3.6 mean 3.6 5.8 5.5 6.9 of nitrogen fertiliser considering the effect of soil neu- Laszczki tralisation with calcium fertilisers. This paper is an CV% 9.1 9.6 9.3 5.7 advancement of presented problems. Explanations: Ca0N2AN, Ca2N2AN, Ca0N2CN, Ca2N2CN: Ca0 – not The aim of this study was to answer the question limed variants, Ca2 – limed variants, N2 – fertilisation with 240 kg N·ha–1 in a form of ammonium saltpetre – AN and calcium saltpetre if, how and under which conditions the load of cal- – CN; Ca0N2CN, Ca2N2CN – mean for the years 2000–2007 CV% – cium and magnesium in atmospheric fallout, ground coefficient of variability. water and soil solution may affect their uptake by grassland vegetation. Atmospheric fallout was sampled in Falenty and represented wet precipitation, both rain and snow [SA- MATERIAL AND METHODS PEK 2011]. Sampling methods, analyses and other data on atmospheric precipitation collected from meteoro- The study was based on two long-term meadow logical station situated near experimental fields in Fa- experiments situated in Masovian Province in Janki lenty are given in SAPEK et al. [2003] and in SAPEK (J) and Laszczki (L) established in 1981 and 1982, and NAWALANY [2006]. Mean precipitation for pre- respectively. An after-effect of liming and application sented study periods (Tab. 2) are given in this paper. of ammonium and calcium saltpetre on soil and vege- Samples of ground water were taken from wells in- tation and on nutrient release and ground water qual- stalled in buffer zones of experiments. The descrip- ity was evaluated. tion of sampling sites, sampling protocol and frequen- Experiment was set up on very acid (pHKCl: J – cy is given in SAPEK et al. [2003] and SAPEK [2006]. 4.5, L – 4.3) mineral soils differing in the organic –1 matter content (Corg: J – 19.0, L – 38.0 g·kg ), cal- Table 2. Annual mean atmospheric precipitation near Fa- –1 cium (Catot: J – 1.44, L – 2.58 g·kg ), magnesium lenty in selected periods of meadow experiments (Mg : J – 0.47, L – 0.89 g·kg–1) and the content of tot Years particles <0.02 mm (J – 18.4, L – 22.4 %), and mois- Precipitation mm 1988– 1992– 2000– 1988– 1992– 2000– ture (J – 22.1% vol., L – 26.6% vol.). 2007 2007 2007 2003 2003 2003 Experiment was designed with the random block Mean 518.5 531.0 523.0 505.3 517.6 475.0 method in four repetitions with 6 distinguished fertili- SD 79.4 84.3 94.8 77.0 85.9 96.5 sation variants fertilised with a constant dose of phos- CV% 15.3 15.9 18.1 15.2 16.6 20.3 –1 –1 phorus (34.9 kg P·ha ) and potassium (125 kg K·ha ). Explanations: SD – standard deviation, CV% – as in Table 1. Variants were not limed (Ca0) or limed once in the Source: SAPEK and NAWALANY [2006]. © PAN in Warsaw, 2013; © ITP in Falenty, 2013; J. Water Land Dev. No. 18 (I–VI) Unauthenticated | 89.73.89.243 Download Date | 11/25/13 9:44 AM Calcium and magnesium uptake with the yield of meadow vegetation… 75 Soil solutions were taken from the experiment in Jan- The amount of calcium and magnesium taken up ki where suction apparatuses were installed in the four by dry plant yield in selected study periods was esti- mentioned above fertilisation objects.

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