USE CASES REQUIREMENTS IN CONTEXT 2ND EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Daryl Kulak | --- | --- | --- | 9780321154989 | --- | --- R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc.

Managing Software Requirements, Second Edition , specifically addresses the ongoing challenge of managing change and describes a process for assuring that project scope is successfully defined and agreed upon by all stakeholders. Domain-Driven Design DDD software modeling delivers powerful results in practice, not just in theory, which is …. It is a very good book made …. Being a successful software architect is more than just possessing technical knowledge. Upon completion of an object-oriented design, you are faced with a troubling question: "Is it good, …. Skip to main content. Start your free trial. Book description "Many projects fail because developers fail to build the right thing. Topics covered include: The five steps in problem analysis Business modeling and system engineering Techniques for eliciting requirements from customers and stakeholders Establishing and managing project scope Applying and refining use cases Product management Transitioning from requirements to design and implementation Transitioning from use cases to test cases Agile requirements methods XB Show and hide more. Use case diagrams are typically developed in the early stage of development and people often apply use case modeling for the following purposes:. A standard form of use case diagram is defined in the Unified Modeling Language as shown in the Use Case Diagram example below:. Use cases share different kinds of relationships. Defining the relationship between two use cases is the decision of the software analysts of the use case diagram. A relationship between two use cases is basically modeling the dependency between the two use cases. The reuse of an existing use case by using different types of relationships reduces the overall effort required in developing a system. Use case relationships are listed as the following:. A Use Case diagram illustrates a set of use cases for a system, i. The include relationship adds additional functionality not specified in the base use case. The extend relationships are important because they show optional functionality or system behavior. Take a look at the use case diagram example below. It shows an extend connector and an extension point "Search". A generalization relationship means that a child use case inherits the behavior and meaning of the parent use case. The child may add or override the behavior of the parent. The figure below provides a use case example by showing two generalization connectors that connect between the three use cases. The figure below shows a use case diagram example for a vehicle system. As you can see even a system as big as a vehicle sales system contains not more than 10 use cases! That's the beauty of use case modeling. The use case model also shows the use of extend and include. Besides, there are associations that connect between actors and use cases. Often, people find it easiest to start the requirements elicitation process by identifying the actors. The following questions can help you identify the actors of your system Schneider and Winters - :. Identifying the Use Cases, and then the scenario-based elicitation process carries on by asking what externally visible, observable value that each actor desires. The following questions can be asked to identify use cases, once your actors have been identified Schneider and Winters - :. Use case granularity refers to the way in which information is organized within use case specifications, and to some extent, the level of detail at which they are written. Achieving the right level of use case granularity eases communication between stakeholders and developers and improves project planning. Alastair Cockburn in Writing Effective Use Cases gives us an easy way to visualize different levels of goal level by thinking in terms of the sea:. Traceability: requirements vs. Breaking down the complex requirements into set of simple ones illustrated with example above is the key to properly define acceptance tests. In addition, by doing so, we create requirements specification in a form that is easy to follow and maintain. The end result is that the requirements specifications and acceptance tests specifications become one and the traceability between the two is included in correctness of the specifications and provided examples. Proper utilization of templates, in this case HTML files, makes the whole process easier and streamlined. This is true for both test suites general descriptions and individual tests such as simple behavior description with detailed examples that can be used for coding acceptance tests. It is critical to note that both requirements vs. This is critical not only when developing a new product, but also when growing and maintaining an existing one. Change Management. The proper use of tools such as Concordion or Fitnesse let us establish maintainable structure with "live" requirements and test specifications, traceability embedded into fixture code, and actual implementation of the product. Every time we change requirements, it will need to be reflected in the fixture code for automated tests, which will, in turn, result in need to implement the change into the system under design or software product. It works in the opposite direction: any change in the code that affect the outcome and passing the acceptance tests will be highlighted and pointed to in the very next run of tests Fig. Continuous integration tool periodically goes into the version control repository and makes a fresh build of the project. It should pick up on anything going wrong, even in cases when we have several team members checking in their work. You can think of continuous integration as an additional team member that continuously monitor your project code and makes sure the project is compiling with no errors and automated tests run successfully. Acceptance test automation in combination with unit tests and continuous integration provides an excellent foundation for regression testing: fear of change, no more! The described selection and setup of the tools work well for both for starting a new project as well as for maintaining and growing an existing project. For example, we can start with a "walking skeleton" based on software specification containing use case briefs that do not provide lots of details and information needed for full blown set of acceptance tests [4]. As the requirements iteratively grow from briefs into fully dressed use cases containing all the steps, and alternative paths, the set of acceptance tests will grow and provide better coverage [19, 20]. The approach will enable all the members of the development team to instantly become aware of new requirements details and how those details affect the system being developed. Acceptance tests have the key role in software development process. Implementing automated acceptance tests using tools such as Concordion or Fitnesse brings the development process to completely different level and provides several benefits for developers, clients, business logic writers, and quality assurance personnel. Clean and straightforward approach is needed to keep the requirements free of "clutter" and nicely coupled with the implementation using fixture code. The use of automated acceptance test tools ultimately ties acceptance tests into the requirements specification, which results in better maintainability, keeps requirements specification in sync with the system under development, and provides inherited traceability between the requirements and acceptance tests. The article described approach to automated acceptance tests with respect to Java development using Concordion and Netbeans. One of the great benefits of the described approach and tools selection is that both requirements documentation and acceptance tests are part of the project file structure. Therefore they are kept in version control repository together with the software code. Software requirements and acceptance tests can be written and maintained using integrated development environment as well as the tools for version control. Use of continuous integration tools allows that clients, business logic staff, and quality assurance staff easily access and if needed participate in the requirements changing process. Positive "side effect" is end to end regression testing that provides additional security when changes are being made. It is important to note here that writing of requirements is not delegated and put into hands of developers. The key is that this process requires developers' full attention and participation, which in turn results in updated requirements specification, implementation code, and acceptance tests that are fully and continuously in sync. Maintainability and traceability come "naturally" and do not represent a major headache anymore. Responsibility Driven Design with Mock Objects. Click here to view the complete list of archived articles. Browse a selected list of upcoming Software Development Conferences. You can read AddThis Privacy Policy here. You can read Google Privacy Policy here. Automated Acceptance Tests and Requirements Traceability Tomo Popovic The article illustrates an approach to automated acceptance testing in developing software with Java. Figure 1. Traceability is typically given in form of matrices One of the biggest challenges in the process of software requirements management is to handle traceability. Figure 2. Traceability matrix example: Requirements vs. Tests The table in the figure is an artificial example. Background: Test Automation As developers, we can try to argue need for automating acceptance tests, sometimes even support the argument stating that our process includes extensive use of unit tests. Automating Acceptance Tests and Tools Selection for Java Development Where it comes to automated acceptance testing for Java development there are two tools that stood out: Concordion and Fitnesse [2,10]. Figure 3. Acceptance tests automation tools provide "live" traceability The tools selection and setup used to implement the concept applied to Java development is illustrated in Fig. The following set of tools was successfully used for the approach: Development platform Java , which provides for Java compiler and run-time environment. Version control Subversion , which provides repository and keeps track of all work and all changes in project files. It is an ultimate "undo" command for any software development team. It also allows multiple developers to access and modify source code and keeps track of all the changes, revisions, and versions. Integrated development environment capable of running test Netbeans , which provides code editor, project files management, check-in and check-out into version control, runs compiler, debugger, and tests. Continuous integration Hudson , which performs automated project build. Hudson "simulates" a team member that periodically checks out the latest version of the project code, performs automated build and runs tests. The build results are presented in nice customizable web-based interface. Continuous integration is a must for a development team as it quickly raises a red flag identifying when something goes wrong. Unit test framework JUnit included with Netbeans , which provides tools to create unit tests. Automated acceptance test platform Concordion , provides framework for writing and executing automated acceptance tests. Example: Project Structure and Implementation of Tests To illustrate the organization of files better let us look into an example project using development IDE, which is in this case Netbeans Fig. Figure 4. Concordion with Netbeans: project structure and files organization Let us have more detailed look into some of the files: the Login class is given as an example of Java code that belongs to our system under design Fig 5. Figure 5. Example code that is being tested Figure 6. Example test suite: referencing multiple acceptance tests Figure 7. Password validation example specification and fixture code The password validation example is taken from excellent references discussing the issue of maintainability of acceptance tests [5,18], but here shown with respect to Java and Concordion. Figure 8. Login and password validation example test output "Live" Requirements and Traceability: The Foundation for Change Management We have seen how the presented approach provides inherited traceability: requirements vs. Figure 9. Any change affecting passing acceptance tests will be easily caught Conclusions Acceptance tests have the key role in software development process. The Unified Modeling Language | Use Cases: Requirements in Context (2nd Edition)

Agile development, test driven development, extreme programming, along with variety of tools changed the philosophy and are still changing the way how software development is done. It is definitively becoming clear if it is not already that both developing and owning a software product is affected by constant need for change. It is a fact that there is a need to be able to continuously maintain and grow a software product as it was a plant such as fruit tree [4]. Dealing with existing software products, some of which have been around for more than a dozen years author learned a lesson of being hit with unexpected and unplanned changes as well as the fact that a software product needs continuous maintenance and growth. One of the biggest challenges in the process of software requirements management is to handle traceability. Typically, traceability is given in matrix form Fig. The main purpose is to establish bi-directional trace between requirements and components implementation as well as between requirements and acceptance tests. Manual maintaining of the traceability matrices can be real nightmare and time consuming. Modern requirements management tools provide features for this purpose, but it can still be cumbersome and expensive. An example traceability matrix is given in Fig. It is a requirements vs. For each requirement there should be one or more acceptance tests defined. For example, use case requirement labeled UC 1. The table in the figure is an artificial example. However, tables like these are created and maintained manually or semi-manually , which can be a quest. There are requirements management tools that help handling of traceability, but it is still far from easy. I will show you how the tables like this may not be needed if the right tools and automated tests are employed. We will see later that traceability becomes incorporated in the "live" requirements containing acceptance tests criteria, as well as inside the test implementation code. The main premise for this article is that writing and utilizing automated acceptance tests is traceability. It has already been established that writing automated tests is programming and that is something I fully agree with [5]. However, dealing with acceptance tests is more than just programming since these tests should be specified by customers or business logic writers, not necessarily programmers. The challenge is to combine efforts of business logic writers and developers in painless and seamless way. The good thing, if we succeed in that, we are rewarded with "live" traceability and requirements specification that does not get old. The requirements, acceptance tests, and implementation code stay in sync, which is necessary if we plan on keeping the product adequate and use it for some time. This also has positive effects on maintainability of our code, acceptance tests, and requirements specifications. We will look at requirements vs. The discussion covers tools and approach to automated acceptance tests in Java development environment. The idea is to provide unbreakable traceability between requirements and component implementation as well as between requirements and acceptance tests, while trying to overcome the challenge of maintainability and costs associated with keeping the documentation updated. As developers, we can try to argue need for automating acceptance tests, sometimes even support the argument stating that our process includes extensive use of unit tests. The first set of tests is to make sure that we write the code right, while the other set of tests are there to make sure we are writing the right code [6]. There is nothing wrong with redundancy here as we want to make sure that we cover our code with tests as much possible. The major benefit coming out test automation is that it provides insurances while running our tests as regression tests after changes are made. Unit tests are typically written by programmers and the main motivation is to verify the correctness of the code. Unit tests are definitively needed and developers are advised to write them. More coverage of the code with unit tests the better. Writing unit tests requires self discipline and pragmatic approach of software developers. Integration tests are important because they cover testing of the software product with inclusion of the code that is not available for change. We want to make sure that our code when integrated into complete solution still behaves and works as expected [4]. Acceptance tests are little bit different story. As the name suggests their primary purpose is verifying and accepting the behavior of the final product, namely developed software. They provide end to end test of the system as a whole. They are easy to understand to business logic writers and product owners. The ultimate goal is that the software under development conforms to the criteria defined by a given set of acceptance tests, which are directly derived from the requirements specification. Successful run of acceptance tests is an indication both to developers and to product owners or business logic writers that the software product satisfies the requirements specification. Automated Acceptance Tests go even further: making acceptance tests automated is critical as they need to be run every time a change is made. Doing it manually would have infinite cost and prevent us from successfully maintaining and growing the product. Automated approach for unit and acceptance tests provides regression testing aspect and gives power to verify stability of our software, which results in freedom to make changes and refactor [8,9]. Writing acceptance tests is not a discipline that belongs to developers only. Product owners, business logic writers, software architects are typically the people writing the specification requirements and it helps if the process assume writing the requirements in native say plain English language. Developers and quality assurance staff are responsible for making the tests "live". By automating the process of running acceptance tests we continuously perform "health check" of our software product, which gives us the freedom and security when we need to make changes or improvements. It is therefore important that tools used for automating acceptance tests provide easy access and editing of software requirements and test specifications. Where it comes to automated acceptance testing for Java development there are two tools that stood out: Concordion and Fitnesse [2,10]. They are open source and one quality that is common for both Concordion and Fitnesse is how easy and quickly can they be put to work. Concept-wise they are similar and both are great products. More emphasis in this article will be on Concordion as it nicely fits into the approach and easily integrates with integrated development environments such as Netbeans and Eclipse [11,12]. I find it extremely easy to use and include clients in the process. The fact that requirements and corresponding acceptance tests are part of project file set makes it possible to keep the source code, requirements specifications, acceptance tests and fixture code in same project folder and under same version control. The tools setup seems to be working well for small and medium size projects and the approach can be extrapolated to larger projects. Please note that my focus here is on the method without any intention to start a debate on which tool is better. It is not a tool itself as much as how comfortable the development team is both with the use of the tool and being ready to include other participants and stakeholders into the process. The tools selection and setup used to implement the concept applied to Java development is illustrated in Fig. The following set of tools was successfully used for the approach:. As depicted, requirements specifications, fixture code acceptance tests , and the product implementation that should include unit tests are all stored into the version control repository, which is in this illustration Subversion [13]. All of the files are available through version control server access and team members can access those using different tools. Continuous integration Hudson periodically checks out the latest code, and performs project build [14]. Any failure to build project or pass all tests will be indicated artistically represented with traffic light here. Developers and test writers can access files using development IDE Netbeans, Eclipse and work on the requirements, tests, and product. Business logic writers and product owners client, customer can access requirements specification either through development IDE, or just by using text or HTML editors. The tools displayed are just one combination and we are blessed with variety and high quality tools coming from open source world. Of course, one can definitively select different tools for each of the purposes or even combine open source and commercial tools where found needed. In addition to shown, there may be a need for GUI, www, or other interfacing test tools to provide for broader solution tests and make sure our acceptance tests are end-to-end as much as possible []. To illustrate the organization of files better let us look into an example project using development IDE, which is in this case Netbeans Fig. There is no installation of the Concordion: all that is needed is to download the latest version and include the library files with your Java project [2]. The use of Concordion assumes that the requirements are written in native speaking language i. The actual requirements might be originally written in word processor or text editor, but ultimately for use with Concordion they need to be converted to HTML. The use of HTML language may be little bit cumbersome especially to product owners or business logic personnel, but the learning curve is extremely short and steep and only basic HTML skills are needed. Furthermore, it is useful to organize the requirements and corresponding HTML files into folders so that there is a root or home folder for the specifications and then each of the specific behavior and relevant details are organized into subfolders Fig. It is important to note that, in this example, the requirements HTML files are stored into "spec" package and each set of the files relevant to a specific behavior has its own subfolder. There are two subfolders in the example: "config" and "login", but we can easily envision having dozens or hundreds of these. Some of the requirements subfolders can even be further broken down if needed, but it is not recommended to create several levels I try to keep it up to three at most. In this particular case the files are part of the Netbeans project, but they could be written and organized the same way by product owners or business logic writers. Organizing the requirements HTML files into folder structure like this is utilized by Concordion in a way that it creates breadcrumbs navigation at the top of the output HTML documents. Let us have more detailed look into some of the files: the Login class is given as an example of Java code that belongs to our system under design Fig 5. The corresponding requirements are given in a form of HTML file. Term "fixture code" is used for acceptance test code we write to connect requirements and test input data with our system under design that is being tested. In order for Concordion to work, the fixture code should be stored inside a class file with same name as corresponding HTML file with "Test" suffix. For example, "LoginTest. In this particular example Login specifies a more complicated behavior broken down into a set of simple behaviors. It can be seen that the Login specification contains references to other HTML specifications and indirectly runs tests tied to them. You can think of it as a suite of tests 1. Each HTML requirements specification document should have the "concordion" namespace defined at the top of the file xmlns:concordion value and "concordion:" tags used to insert Concordion instrumentation hidden inside HTML code. This instrumentation directs Concordion execution. Some example Concordion commands are: run , set , execute , assertEqual , etc [2]. Concordion tags establish clear connection with corresponding fixture code, which extends test class from Concordion library and is in fact also a JUnit test case. To illustrate how HTML files with requirements are tied into the code of our system under design please look at the password validation example in Fig. The requirements are entered in plain English and illustrated with example data that can be used for acceptance testing. The fixture code corresponding to password validation requirements given in the file "PasswordValidationTest. The fixture code contains isValid method that instantiates an object of Login class belongs to our system under design and returns true or false if password passes the validation. The password validation example is taken from excellent references discussing the issue of maintainability of acceptance tests [5,18], but here shown with respect to Java and Concordion. The approach in this article actually conforms to the ideas regarding maintainability of the acceptance tests and in a way extends to requirements specifications. When programming tests and writing test fixture code we use Concordion as library and simply follow the template. Netbeans or Eclipse sees Concordion fixture code as JUnit tests. The whole concept enables easy running same as JUnit and easy integration with automated build tools. I strongly encourage you to check tutorials on the Concordion website for more details and examples [2]. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site. Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information. We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions. Add To My Wish List. Book Sorry, this book is no longer in print. Not for Sale. About Features A pragmatic approach to the challenge of building more effective software requirements. Table of Contents Foreword. A Look at the Data. The Frequency of Requirements Errors. The High Cost of Requirements Errors. Introduction to Requirements Management. What Is a Software Requirement? What Is Requirements Management? Application of Requirements Management Techniques. Types of Software Applications. Systems Applications. The Road Map. The Problem Domain. Stakeholder Needs. Moving Toward the Solution Domain. Features of the System. Software Requirements. Requirements and the Software Lifecycle. Traditional Software Process Models. The Waterfall Model. The Spiral Model. The Iterative Approach. Lifecycle Phases. Requirements in the Iterative Model. The Software Team. Software Development as a Team Activity. Team Members Have Different Skills. The Organization of Software Teams. The Case Study. Background for the Case Study. Team Skill 1 Analyzing the Problem. The Five Steps in Problem Analysis. Step 1: Gain Agreement on the Problem Definition. The Problem Statement. Step 4: Define the Solution System Boundary. Looking Ahead. Business Modeling. The Purpose of Business Modeling. Choosing the Right Technique. The Unified Modeling Language. From the Business Model to the Systems Model. When to Use Business Modeling. Systems Engineering of Software-Intensive Systems. What Is Systems Engineering? Pragmatic Principles of Systems Engineering. The Composition and Decomposition of Complex Systems. Requirements Allocation in Systems Engineering. On Derived Requirements. A Quiet Revolution. Avoiding the Stovepipe System Problem. When Subsystems Are Subcontracts. Addressing the Conundrum. Preliminary User Needs. Problem Analysis. Team Skill 1 Summary. The Challenge of Requirements Elicitation. Barriers to Elicitation. The "Yes, But" Syndrome. The "Undiscovered Ruins" Syndrome. The "User and the Developer" Syndrome. The Features of a Product or System. Stakeholder and User Needs. Managing Complexity by Picking the Level of Abstraction. Attributes of Product Features. Context-Free Questions. Solutions-Context Questions. The Moment of Truth: The Interview. Compiling the Needs Data. A Note on Questionnaires. Requirements Workshops. Accelerating the Decision Process. Preparing for the Workshop. Selling the Concept. Ensuring the Participation of the Right Stakeholders. Attending to Logistics. Providing Warm-Up Materials. Choosing the Facilitator. Setting the Agenda. Running the Workshop. Problems and Tricks of the Trade. Brainstorming and Idea Reduction. Production and Follow-Up. Live Brainstorming. Idea Reduction. Pruning Ideas. Grouping Ideas. Defining Features. Prioritizing Ideas. Web-Based Brainstorming. The Attendees. The Workshop. The Session. The Analysis of Results. Types of Storyboards. What Storyboards Do. Tools for Storyboarding. Tips for Storyboarding. Team Skill 2 Summary. Team Skill 3 Defining the System. A Use Case Primer. The Benefits of Use Cases. Use Case Basics. On Actors. Use Case Anatomy. Step 1: Identify and Describe the Actors. Step 4: Outline the Individual Use Cases. Step 5: Refine the Use Cases. Use Cases and User Interfaces. Use Cases and Storyboarding. A Use Case Storyboard Example. Associate the Actors and Use Cases. Outline the Use Cases. Organizing Requirements Information. Organizing Requirements for Product Families. On "Future" Requirements. The Vision Document. Components of the Vision Document. The Delta Vision Document. The Vision Document for Version 1. The Vision Document for Version 2. Product Management. The Role of the Product Champion. Primary Activities for a Product Manager. Driving the Vision. Maintaining the Product Road Map. Defining the Whole Product Plan. Testing the Product Concept. Completing the User Experience. Defining Commercial Terms. Positioning and Messaging. Supporting Activities. Branding and Product Labeling. End User Training Materials. Product Demo. Sales and Marketing Collateral. Team Skill 3 Summary. Team Skill 4 Managing Scope. Establishing Project Scope. The Problem of Project Scope. The Hard Question. The Requirements Baseline. Setting Priorities. Assessing Effort. Adding the Risk Element. Reducing Scope. A Reasonable First Estimate. Managing Your Customer. Communicating the Result. Negotiating with the Customer. Managing the Baseline. Official Changes. Unofficial Changes. Team Skill 4 Summary. Team Skill 5 Refining the System Definition. Looking Deeper into Software Requirements. The Relationship between Features and Software Requirements. The Requirements Dilemma: What versus How. Excluding Project Information. Excluding Design Information. More on Requirements versus Design. Iterating Requirements and Design. A Further Characterization of Requirements. Functional Software Requirements. Nonfunctional Software Requirements. Design Constraints. Refining the Use Cases. How Use Cases Evolve. The Scope of a Use Case. Reviewing the Actors. Reviewing the Name. Refining the Description. Defining and Refining the Flow of Events. Identifying the Pre- and Post-conditions. Identifying Special Requirements. Summary of Our Refined Use Case. Extending Use Cases. Developing the Supplementary Specification. The Role of the Supplementary Specification. Expressing Functional Requirements in the Supplementary Specification. Exploring Nonfunctional Requirements. Understanding Design Constraints. Sources of Design Constraints. Handling Design Constraints. Are Design Constraints True Requirements? Identifying Other Requirements. Linking the Supplementary Specification to the Use Cases. Template for the Supplementary Specification. On Ambiguity and Specificity. Finding the "Sweet Spot". Mary Had a Little Lamb. Techniques for Disambiguation. Technical Methods for Specifying Requirements. Finite State Machines. Decision Tables and Decision Trees. Activity Diagrams. Entity-Relationship Models. Team Skill 5 Summary. Team Skill 6 Building the Right System. From Use Cases to Implementation. Mapping Requirements Directly to Design and Code. The Orthogonality Problem. Object Orientation. The Use Case as a Requirement. Managing the Transition. Modeling Software Systems. The Architecture of Software Systems. Realizing Use Cases in the Design Model. Structural and Behavioral Aspects of Collaborations. From Design to Implementation. From Use Cases to Test Cases. Is a Use Case a Test Case? Common Testing Terms. Relationships of Test Artifacts. The Role of the Test Cases. Use-Case Scenarios. Step 1: Identify the Use-Case Scenarios. Step 2: Identify the Test Cases. Step 3: Identify the Test Conditions. Managing Test Coverage. Tracing Requirements. The Role of Traceability in Systems Development. The Traceability Relationship. A Generalized Traceability Model. Tracing Requirements in the System Definition Domain. Tracing Requirements to Implementation. Tracing from Requirements to Testing. Using Traceability Tools. Proceeding without Traceability Tools. Managing Change. Why Do Requirements Change? External Factors. Internal Factors. Leffingwell & Widrig, Managing Software Requirements: A Use Case Approach, 2nd Edition | Pearson

Identifying the Use Cases, and then the scenario-based elicitation process carries on by asking what externally visible, observable value that each actor desires. The following questions can be asked to identify use cases, once your actors have been identified Schneider and Winters - :. Use case granularity refers to the way in which information is organized within use case specifications, and to some extent, the level of detail at which they are written. Achieving the right level of use case granularity eases communication between stakeholders and developers and improves project planning. Alastair Cockburn in Writing Effective Use Cases gives us an easy way to visualize different levels of goal level by thinking in terms of the sea:. I hope you can answer "what is use case diagram" now and can apply use case in your project. It's time to draw a Use Case Diagram of your own. It's easy-to-use and intuitive. We use cookies to offer you a better experience. By visiting our website, you agree to the use of cookies as described in our Cookie Policy. What is Use Case Diagram? A use case diagram is usually simple. It does not show the detail of the use cases: It only summarizes some of the relationships between use cases, actors, and systems. It does not show the order in which steps are performed to achieve the goals of each use case. You can describe those details in other UML diagram types and documents, and have them be linked from use cases. Use cases represent only the functional requirements of a system. Other requirements such as business rules, quality of service requirements, and implementation constraints must be represented separately, again, with other UML diagrams. Free Download. Named by noun. Actor plays a role in the business Similar to the concept of user, but a user can play different roles For example: A prof. Actor has a responsibility toward the system inputs , and Actor has expectations from the system outputs. Do something Each Actor must be linked to a use case, while some use cases may not be linked to actors. Communication Link The participation of an actor in a use case is shown by connecting an actor to a use case by a solid link. Actors may be connected to use cases by associations, indicating that the actor and the use case communicate with one another using messages. Boundary of system The system boundary is potentially the entire system as defined in the requirements document. For large and complex systems, each module may be the system boundary. For example, for an ERP system for an organization, each of the modules such as personnel, payroll, accounting, etc. The entire system can span all of these modules depicting the overall system boundary. Use Case Relationship Visual Representation Extends Indicates that an "Invalid Password" use case may include subject to specified in the extension the behavior specified by base use case "Login Account". Depict with a directed arrow having a dotted line. The tip of arrowhead points to the base use case and the child use case is connected at the base of the arrow. A use case includes the functionality described in another use case as a part of its business process flow. A uses relationship from base use case to child use case indicates that an instance of the base use case will include the behavior as specified in the child use case. An include relationship is depicted with a directed arrow having a dotted line. The tip of arrowhead points to the child use case and the parent use case connected at the base of the arrow. Generalization A generalization relationship is a parent-child relationship between use cases. The child use case is an enhancement of the parent use case. Generalization is shown as a directed arrow with a triangle arrowhead. The child use case is connected at the base of the arrow. The tip of the arrow is connected to the parent use case. Turn every software project into a successful one. Skip to main content. Start your free trial. Book description "Many projects fail because developers fail to build the right thing. Topics covered include: The five steps in problem analysis Business modeling and system engineering Techniques for eliciting requirements from customers and stakeholders Establishing and managing project scope Applying and refining use cases Product management Transitioning from requirements to design and implementation Transitioning from use cases to test cases Agile requirements methods XB Show and hide more. Table of contents Product information. What Is Requirements Management? Analyzing the Problem 5. Understanding User and Stakeholder Needs 8. Defining the System Managing Scope Refining the System Definition Building the Right System You've Shipped a Product! On to the Next Release!

What is Use Case Diagram?

Though controversial in some circles, these lighter approaches should not be ignored and we've addressed these in the requirements context in another new chapter, Chapter 30, Agile Requirements Methods. Of course, no book can be all things to all people and in order to make this edition as readable as possible, we eliminated a number of topics and chapters from the prior version, and shortened others. In so doing, we sincerely hope that you will find this text more approachable, easier to use and apply, and that it will better help you and your teams to Manage Your Software Requirements. She works as a software engineer in a research laboratory, and her customers often give her project assignments that she describes as "Bring me a rock. Ultimately, it may turn out that the customer was thinking all along of a small blue marble. Or maybe he wasn't sure what he wanted, but a small blue marble would have sufficed. At each subsequent meeting with the customer, the developer may exclaim, "You want it to do what? These developers just don't get it! To complicate matters, in most real projects, more than two individuals are involved. In addition to the customer and the developer-who may, of course, have very different names and titles-there are likely to be marketing people, testing and quality assurance people, product managers, general managers, and a variety of "stakeholders" whose day-to-day operations will be affected by the development of the new system. All of these people can become frustrated by the problems of specifying an acceptable "rock," particularly because there often isn't enough time in today's competitive, fast-moving business world to scrap an expensive, two-year "rock project" and do it all over again. We've got to get it right the first time yet also provide for the iterative process in which the customer ultimately discovers what kind of rock he wants. It's difficult enough to do this when we're dealing with tangible, physical artifacts like rocks. Most business organizations and government agencies today are "information intensive," so even if they're nominally in the business of building and selling rocks, there's a good chance that the rock contains an embedded computer system. Even if it doesn't, there's a good chance that the business needs elaborate systems to keep track of its e-commerce rock sales, its rock customers, its rock competitors and suppliers, and all of the other information that it needs to remain competitive in the rock business. Moreover, for thousands of companies today, those companies whose business is dedicated exclusively to the development and sales of software products , their entire business focuses on making their products-intangible and abstract as they are-into tangible rocks that their customers can purchase, evaluate, and apply. Software systems, by their nature, are intangible, abstract, complex, and-in theory, at least-"soft" and infinitely changeable. So, if the customer begins articulating vague requirements for a "rock system," he often does this on the assumption that he can clarify, change, and fill in the details as time goes on. It would be wonderful if the developers-and everyone else involved in the creation, testing, deployment, and maintenance of the rock system-could accomplish this in zero time, and at zero cost, but it doesn't work that way. In fact, it often doesn't work at all: More than half of the software systems projects taking place today are substantially over budget and behind schedule, and as much as 25 percent to 33 percent of the projects are canceled before completion, often at a staggering cost. Preventing these failures and providing a rational approach for building the system the customer does want is the objective of this book. However, this is not a book about programming, and it's not written just for the software developer. This is a book about managing requirements for complex software applications. As such, this book is written for every member of the software team analysts, developers, tester and QA personnel, project management, product management, documentation folks, and the like as well as members of the external "customer" team users and other stakeholders, marketing, and management -everyone, really, who has a stake in the definition and delivery of the software system. You'll discover that it is crucial that the members of both teams, including the non-technical members of the external team, master the skills required to successfully define and manage the requirements process for your new system-for the simple reason that they are the ones who create the requirements in the first place and who ultimately determine the success or failure of the system. The stand-alone, hero programmer is an anachronism of the past: May he rest in peace. A Simple Metaphor: Building a House If you were a building contractor, you wouldn't need to be convinced that a series of critical conversations with the homeowner are necessary; otherwise, you might end up building a two-bedroom house when your customer wanted a three-bedroom house. But it's equally important that these "requirements" be discussed and negotiated with the government authorities concerned with building codes and zoning regulations, and you may need to check with the next-door neighbors before you decide to cut down any trees on the property where the house will be built. The building inspector and the next-door neighbors are among the other stakeholders who, along with the person who intends to pay for and inhabit the house, will determine whether the finished house meets their needs. It's also clear that these important stakeholders of your system, such as neighbors and zoning officials, are not users homeowners , and it seems equally obvious that their perspectives on what makes a quality home may differ from the homeowner's opinion. Again, we're discussing software applications in this book, not houses or rocks. The requirements of a house might be described, at least in part, with a set of blueprints and a list of specifications; similarly, a software system can be described with models and diagrams. But just as the blueprints for a house are intended as a communication and negotiation mechanism between laypeople and engineers-and lawyers and inspectors and nosy neighbors-so the technical diagrams associated with a software system can also be created in such a way that "ordinary" people can understand them. Many of the crucially important requirements don't need any diagrams at all. The prospective house buyer, for example, can write a requirement in ordinary English that says, "My house must have three bedrooms, and it must have a garage large enough to hold two cars and six bicycles. In other cases, it would be more helpful to have a picture of what kind of fireplace the homeowner had in mind. Many of the team skills you will need to master in order to address this challenge can also be described in terms of practical, commonsense advice. They have organized the book into eight parts. The Introduction provides some of the context, definitions, and background that you'll need to understand what follows. Chapter 1 reviews the systems development "challenge. And though I've described the basic concept of requirements management in a loose, informal fashion in this foreword, the authors will define it more carefully in Chapter 2, in order to lay the groundwork for the chapters that follow. Chapter 3 provides an overview of some of the software development models in use today and concludes with a recommendation for an iterative process, one that facilitates additional requirements discovery along the way. Chapter 4 provides a brief introduction to some of the characteristics of modern software teams so they can relate the team skills that will be developed to the team context, wherein the skills must be applied. Each of the next six major parts is intended to help you and your team understand and master one of the six requisite team skills for effective requirements management. NOTE: The book is structured on the six requisite team skills for effective requirements management. That is addressed in Team Skill 1, Analyzing the Problem. Team Skill 6 also discusses techniques you can use to validate that the system meets the requirements and, further, to help ensure that the system doesn't do anything malevolent to its users or otherwise exhibit unpleasant behaviors that are not defined by the requirements. And, since requirements for any nontrivial application cannot be frozen in time, the authors describe ways in which the team can actively manage change without destroying the system under construction. Team Skill 6 concludes with a chapter that suggests ways in which the requirements gathering process can improve the quality of the overall project. Special emphasis is given to the iterative nature of modern program development processes and how this yields substantial opportunities for an ongoing quality assessment. After these descriptions of specific requirements management techniques, the authors briefly review the evolving methods of Extreme Programming and Agile Methods and demonstrate ways of integrating effective requirements management practices into the framework of these software development methods. Finally, in Chapter 31 the authors provide a prescription that you and your team can use to manage requirements in your next project. I hope that, armed with these newly acquired team skills, you too will be able to build the perfect rock or marble. However, it will never be easy; even with the best techniques and processes, and even with automated tool support for all of this, you'll still find that it's hard work. Moreover, it's still risky; even with these team skills, some projects will fail because we're "pushing the envelope" in many organizations, attempting to build ever more complex systems in ever less time. 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Table of Contents Foreword. A Look at the Data. The Frequency of Requirements Errors. The High Cost of Requirements Errors. Introduction to Requirements Management. What Is a Software Requirement? What Is Requirements Management? Application of Requirements Management Techniques. Types of Software Applications. Systems Applications. The Road Map. The Problem Domain. Stakeholder Needs. Moving Toward the Solution Domain. Features of the System. Software Requirements. Requirements and the Software Lifecycle. Traditional Software Process Models. The Waterfall Model. The Spiral Model. The Iterative Approach. Lifecycle Phases. Requirements in the Iterative Model. The Software Team. Software Development as a Team Activity. Team Members Have Different Skills. The Organization of Software Teams. The Case Study. Background for the Case Study. Team Skill 1 Analyzing the Problem. The Five Steps in Problem Analysis. Step 1: Gain Agreement on the Problem Definition. The Problem Statement. Step 4: Define the Solution System Boundary. Looking Ahead. Business Modeling. The Purpose of Business Modeling. Choosing the Right Technique. The Unified Modeling Language. From the Business Model to the Systems Model. When to Use Business Modeling. Systems Engineering of Software-Intensive Systems. What Is Systems Engineering? Pragmatic Principles of Systems Engineering. The Composition and Decomposition of Complex Systems. Requirements Allocation in Systems Engineering. On Derived Requirements. A Quiet Revolution. Avoiding the Stovepipe System Problem. When Subsystems Are Subcontracts. Addressing the Conundrum. Preliminary User Needs. Problem Analysis. Team Skill 1 Summary. The Challenge of Requirements Elicitation. Barriers to Elicitation. The "Yes, But" Syndrome. The "Undiscovered Ruins" Syndrome. The "User and the Developer" Syndrome. The Features of a Product or System. Stakeholder and User Needs. Managing Complexity by Picking the Level of Abstraction. Attributes of Product Features. Context-Free Questions. Solutions-Context Questions. The Moment of Truth: The Interview. Compiling the Needs Data. A Note on Questionnaires. Requirements Workshops. Accelerating the Decision Process. Preparing for the Workshop. Selling the Concept. Ensuring the Participation of the Right Stakeholders. Attending to Logistics. Providing Warm-Up Materials. Choosing the Facilitator. Setting the Agenda. Running the Workshop. Problems and Tricks of the Trade. Brainstorming and Idea Reduction. Production and Follow-Up. Live Brainstorming. Idea Reduction. Pruning Ideas. Grouping Ideas. Defining Features. Prioritizing Ideas. Web-Based Brainstorming. The Attendees. The Workshop. The Session. The Analysis of Results. Types of Storyboards. What Storyboards Do. Tools for Storyboarding. Tips for Storyboarding. Team Skill 2 Summary. Team Skill 3 Defining the System. A Use Case Primer. The Benefits of Use Cases. Use Case Basics. On Actors. Use Case Anatomy. Step 1: Identify and Describe the Actors. Step 4: Outline the Individual Use Cases. Step 5: Refine the Use Cases. Use Cases and User Interfaces. Use Cases and Storyboarding. A Use Case Storyboard Example. Associate the Actors and Use Cases. Outline the Use Cases. Organizing Requirements Information. Organizing Requirements for Product Families. On "Future" Requirements. The Vision Document. Components of the Vision Document. The Delta Vision Document. The Vision Document for Version 1. The Vision Document for Version 2. Product Management. The Role of the Product Champion. Primary Activities for a Product Manager. Driving the Vision. Maintaining the Product Road Map. Defining the Whole Product Plan. Testing the Product Concept. Completing the User Experience. Defining Commercial Terms. Positioning and Messaging. Supporting Activities. Branding and Product Labeling. Skip to main content. Start your free trial. Book description "Many projects fail because developers fail to build the right thing. Topics covered include: The five steps in problem analysis Business modeling and system engineering Techniques for eliciting requirements from customers and stakeholders Establishing and managing project scope Applying and refining use cases Product management Transitioning from requirements to design and implementation Transitioning from use cases to test cases Agile requirements methods XB Show and hide more. Table of contents Product information. What Is Requirements Management? Analyzing the Problem 5. Understanding User and Stakeholder Needs 8. Defining the System Managing Scope Refining the System Definition Building the Right System You've Shipped a Product! On to the Next Release!

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