Books Coastal Hazards Related to Storm Surge Edited by Rick Luettich Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in JMSE www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse MDPI Coastal Hazards Related to Storm Surge Special Issue Editor Rick Luettich Books MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade MDPI Special Issue Editor Rick Luettich University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill USA Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal JMSE (ISSN 2077-1312) from 2015–2016 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse/special issues/storm-surge). Books For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number, page range. 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MDPI Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... v Preface to ”Coastal Hazards Related to Storm Surge” ......................... vii Haydee Salmun and Andrea Molod The Use of a Statistical Model of Storm Surge as a Bias Correction for Dynamical Surge Models and Its Applicability along the U.S. East Coast doi:10.3390/jmse3010073 ........................................ 1 Steven A. Hughes and Christopher I. Thornton Tolerable Time-Varying Overflow on Grass-Covered Slopes doi:10.3390/jmse3010128 ........................................ 13 Carl Drews Directional Storm Surge in Enclosed Seas: The Red Sea, the Adriatic, and Venice doi:10.3390/jmse3020356 ........................................ 28 Brian A. Colle, Malcolm J. Bowman, Keith J. Roberts, M. Hamish Bowman, Charles N. Flagg, Jian Kuang, Yonghui Weng, Erin B. Munsell and Fuqing Zhang Exploring Water Level Sensitivity for Metropolitan New York during Sandy (2012) Using Ensemble Storm Surge Simulations Books doi:10.3390/jmse3020428 ........................................ 39 S Jeffress Williams and Nabil Ismail Climate Change, Coastal Vulnerability and the Need for Adaptation Alternatives: Planning and Design Examples from Egypt and the USA doi:10.3390/jmse3030591 ........................................ 51 David Didier, Pascal Bernatchez, Genevive Boucher-Brossard, Adrien Lambert, Christian Fraser, Robert L. Barnett and Stefanie Van-Wierts Coastal Flood Assessment Based on Field Debris Measurements and Wave Runup Empirical Model doi:10.3390/jmse3030560 ........................................ 65 Philip M. Orton, Stefan A. Talke, David A. Jay, Larry Yin, Alan F. Blumberg, Nickitas Georgas, Haihong Zhao, Hugh J. Roberts and Kytt MacManus Channel Shallowing as Mitigation of Coastal Flooding doi:10.3390/jmse3030654 ........................................ 91 Alan E. Stewart The Measurement of Personal Self-Efficacy in Preparing for a Hurricane and Its Role in Modeling the Likelihood of Evacuation doi:10.3390/jmse3030630 ........................................108 Harry V. Wang, Jon Derek Loftis, David Forrest, Wade Smith and Barry Stamey Modeling Storm Surge and Inundation in Washington, DC, during Hurricane Isabel and the 1936 Potomac River Great Flood doi:10.3390/jmse3030607 ........................................130 iii MDPI Serge Suanez, Romain Cancout, France Floch, Emmanuel Blaise, Fabrice Ardhuin, +FBOFranoisFilipot,Jean-MarieCarioletandChristopheDelacourt Observations and Predictions of Wave Runup, Extreme Water Levels, and Medium-Term DuneErosionduringStormConditions doi:10.3390/jmse3030674 ........................................149 RonKarlHoeke,KathleenL.McInnesandJulianG.O’Grady Wind and Wave Setup Contributions to Extreme Sea Levels at a Tropical High Island: A Stochastic Cyclone Simulation Study for Apia, Samoa doi:10.3390/jmse3031117 ........................................172 Kevin McGuigan, Tim Webster and Kate Collins A Flood Risk Assessment of the LaHave River Watershed, Canada Using GIS Techniques and an Unstructured Grid Combined River-Coastal Hydrodynamic Model doi:10.3390/jmse3031093 ........................................188 Su Yean Teh, Michael Turtora, Donald L. DeAngelis, Jiang Jiang, Leonard Pearlstine, Thomas J. Smith III and Hock Lye Koh Application of a Coupled Vegetation Competition and Groundwater Simulation Model to Study Effects of Sea Level Rise and Storm Surges on Coastal Vegetation doi:10.3390/jmse3041149 ........................................207 Jordan R. Fischbach, David R. Johnson and Kenneth Kuhn Bias and Efficiency Tradeoffs in the Selection of Storm Suites Used to Estimate Flood Risk doi:10.3390/jmse4010010 ........................................231 Books iv MDPI About the Special Issue Editor Rick Luettich, Professor of Marine Sciences and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Luettich has an undergraduate and masters degree in civil engineering from Georgia Tech and a doctor of science in civil engineering from MIT. He serves as the Director of UNC’s Institute of Marine Science and Center for Natural Hazards Resilience, which he founded in 2008. His research addresses modeling and observational studies of circulation and transport in coastal waters. He has pioneered the development and application of the ADCIRC computer modeling system that is widely used for coastal hazards prediction and event-based forecasting. He is actively engaged in the coastal science and natural hazards resilience communities, serving as the lead PI for the Department of Homeland Securitys Coastal Resilience Center of Excellence and NOAAs Coastal and Ocean Modeling Testbed, as a member of three recent National Academies committees (chairing the 2013–2014 committee on Coastal Risk Reduction) and as the Vice-President of the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority-East. Books v MDPI Books MDPI Preface to ”Coastal Hazards Related to Storm Surge” Whether by necessity, convenience or preference, the worlds coastal regions are important places to live, work and recreate. Our coasts are home to population and economic centers, major port facilities, fishing fleets, oil and gas refineries, military complexes, recreational industries and have many other uses. Growth in many coastal regions is occurring at higher rates than inland; for example in the United States population growth along the southern and southeastern coasts is nearly twice that of the national average. However, coastal areas are also subject to some of the most powerful storms on earth, whose destructive potential is increasing due to relative sea level rise and climate change. While a seemingly large number of weather-caused coastal disasters has occurred since the beginning of the 21st century, for any given coastal community these remain relatively low frequency (yet potentially high consequence) events. Thus it is difficult to develop public support and secure the often formidable resources required for courses of action such as abandoning current, or limiting future development, constructing barriers, imposing stronger building codes, and hardening infrastructure that may be necessary to lower risk in coastal areas. Rather, we typically wait to act until after a disaster has occurred and then often focus on putting things back as quickly and inexpensively as possible, as opposed to reducing risk. As a result, risk, in many coastal areas, has been accumulating over time and looms as a massive burden to be passed on to future generations. Given the compelling reasons to inhabit the coast and the great challenges of doing so, it is imperative that we develop better capabilities for predicting the hazards that coastal regions face. One Books of the greatest of these hazards is the storm surge, waves and flooding associated with severe tropical and extratropical storms. For this reason, we have assembled a collection of papers representing state of the art research that extends our understanding of coastal hazards associated with storm surge. Fourteen papers cover topics ranging from predicting coupled surge and wave dynamics at multiple scales; erosion and scour; statistical considerations for hazard delineation; joint effects of climate change and storm surge; mitigation strategies and human response to storm surge threats. This work represents important advancements in our ability to predict, mitigate and respond to this threat to most of the world’s coastal areas. Recognizing these advancements and translating them into policy and practice are essential if we are to effectively manage coastal risk and create more resilient coastal communities in which to live, work and enjoy. Rick Luettich Special Issue Editor vii MDPI Books MDPI Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article The Use of a Statistical Model of Storm Surge as a Bias Correction for Dynamical Surge Models and Its Applicability along the U.S. East Coast Haydee Salmun 1,2,†,* and Andrea Molod 3,4,† 1 Department of Geography, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA