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Biologia Floral, Melitofilia E Influência De Besouros Curculionidae No Sucesso Reprodutivo Degrobya Amherstiaelindl

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Biologia Floral, Melitofilia E Influência De Besouros Curculionidae No Sucesso Reprodutivo Degrobya Amherstiaelindl Revista Brasil. Bot., V.29, n.2, p.251-258, abr.-jun. 2006 Biologia floral, melitofilia e influência de besouros Curculionidae no sucesso reprodutivo de Grobya amherstiae Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae) LUDMILA MICKELIUNAS1,2, EMERSON R. PANSARIN1 e MARLIES SAZIMA1 (recebido: 10 de fevereiro de 2005; aceito: 27 de abril de 2006) ABSTRACT – (Floral biology, melittophily and influence of curculionid beetles on the reproductive success of Grobya amherstiae Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae)). The phenology, floral morphology, pollination mechanisms and reproductive biology of Grobya amherstiae Lindl. were studied in two populations located in altitudinal forests at Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo State, Brazil. The flowering occurs in summer and lasts about one month (part of February and March). The flowers of an inflorescence open almost simultaneously, in the morning, and each lasts about seven to eight days. The flowers release a honey-like fragrance. At both populations G. amherstiae was pollinated by Paratetrapedia fervida (Anthophoridae) bees, which collect floral oils produced by trichomatic elaiophores at the apex of the lip and the column basis. At one of the populations, besides bees individuals of a Curculionid beetle of the genus Montella were recorded, which perform self- pollination on the majority of the flowers. Grobya amherstiae is self-compatible but pollinator dependent. The females of Montella sp. oviposit in the ovary and their larvae consume the seeds. However, the number of fruits parasitized by the larvae is low when compared with the amount of fruits produced. Since natural fruit set is low, the beetles contribute positively for the reproductive success of G. amherstiae at least in one of the populations. Key words - floral biology, Grobya, Orchidaceae, pollination, reproductive biology RESUMO – (Biologia floral, melitofilia e influência de besouros Curculionidae no sucesso reprodutivo de Grobya amherstiae Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae)). A fenologia, morfologia floral, mecanismos de polinização, biologia reprodutiva e sucesso reprodutivo de Grobya amherstiae Lindl. foram estudados em duas populações localizadas em regiões de mata mesofítica semidecídua de altitude da Serra do Japi (Jundiaí-SP). Grobya amherstiae floresce no verão, entre os meses de fevereiro e março. Todas as flores da inflorescência abrem mais ou menos simultaneamente pela manhã, e cada flor dura cerca de sete a oito dias. As flores emitem suave fragrância adocicada semelhante a do mel. Em ambas as populações G. amherstiae foi polinizada por abelhas Paratetrapedia fervida (Anthophoridae), que coletam óleo produzido em elaióforos tricomáticos do ápice do labelo e da base da coluna. Além de P. fervida, em uma das populações, uma espécie de besouro do gênero Montella (Curculionidae) realizou autopolinizações na maioria das flores. Grobya amherstiae é autocompatível, mas depende de polinizador para transferência de pólen. As fêmeas do besouro ovipõem no ovário e suas larvas se alimentam das sementes. O número de frutos parasitados pelas larvas é baixo em relação à quantidade de frutos produzidos. Como a taxa de frutificação em condições naturais é baixa, os besouros contribuem para o sucesso reprodutivo de G. amherstiae em uma das populações. Palavras-chave - biologia floral, biologia reprodutiva, Grobya, Orchidaceae, polinização Introdução semidecídua e Atlântica da maior parte do leste do Brasil (Morrison 1997). A subtribo Cyrtopodiinae (Orchidaceae: A maior parte das orquídeas é polinizada por engodo Epidendroideae: Cymbidieae) abrange cerca de 12 (Ackerman 1986). Por outro lado, as orquídeas que gêneros, incluindo Grobya Lindl. (Dressler 1993). oferecem recursos aos seus visitantes apresentam ampla Grobya apresenta cinco espécies distribuídas entre as variedade de recursos: néctar, pólen, fragrâncias, regiões Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste do Brasil (Barros & pseudopólen ou óleos florais (van der Pijl & Dodson Lourenço 2004). Grobya amherstiae Lindl. possui a 1966). Em Orchidaceae, a produção de óleos florais distribuição mais ampla dentre as cinco espécies (Barros como recurso foi estudada detalhadamente por Vogel & Lourenço 2004), ocorrendo em regiões de mata (1974) para algumas espécies das subtribos Ornithocephalinae e Oncidiinae. Segundo estudos mais recentes sobre a polinização de espécies de Oncidium desenvolvidos por Schlindwein (1995) e Singer & Cocucci (1999), o óleo é coletado por abelhas do gênero 1. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Tetrapedia (Anthophoridae: Tetrapediini). Abelhas Departamento de Botânica, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil. Anthophoridae (e.g. Centridini, Exomalopsini e 2. Autor para correspondência: [email protected] Tetrapediini) utilizam óleos florais como alimento para 252 L. Mickeliunas et al.: Biologia floral e reprodutiva de Grobya amherstiae suas larvas ou na construção de ninhos (Simpson & anuais entre 15,7 ºC e 19,2 ºC. A região apresenta sazonalidade Neff 1981, Roubik 1992). bem marcada, com período de estiagem no outono e no A grande maioria das orquídeas é autocompatível inverno (abril a agosto) e períodos de chuvas mais intensas (van der Pijl & Dodson 1966). Autopolinização no verão (dezembro a março) (Pinto 1992). espontânea, no entanto, tende a ser evitada pela presença O trabalho de campo foi realizado em duas populações de mecanismos florais (van der Pijl & Dodson 1966, de Grobya amherstiae Lindl. (aqui denominadas A e B) distantes cerca de 15 km uma da outra. A população A consta Catling & Catling 1991a). Polinizações manuais de cerca de 120 indivíduos, enquanto na área B ocorrem cerca realizadas em condições experimentais promovem de 500 plantas. Para acompanhamento da fenologia e biologia aumento na produção de frutos em muitas espécies de floral foram realizadas visitas quinzenais entre fevereiro de Orchidaceae quando comparado com as populações em 2003 e agosto de 2004, sendo verificados: o período de ambiente natural (Janzen et al. 1980, Schemske 1980, produção de novos pseudobulbos, de inflorescências, Ackerman & Oliver 1985, Montalvo & Ackerman 1987, aspectos sobre a biologia das flores e deiscência dos frutos. Zimmerman & Aide 1989, Ackerman & Montalvo 1990, Estudos sobre morfologia floral foram feitos com auxílio Calvo 1990, Pansarin 2003). Em condições naturais, de estereomicroscópio binocular, a partir de flores frescas alguns fatores como herbivoria (Stephenson 1981, coletadas em ambas as populações. Marquis 1984, Elmqvist et al. 1987, Snow & Stanton As observações focais sobre os visitantes florais e as 1988) e predação de frutos e sementes (Boucher & para detecção dos mecanismos de polinização foram Sork 1979, Arnold 1982, Haddock & Chaplin 1982), realizadas entre 3 e 9 de março de 2003 na população A, totalizando 23 horas e, entre 26 de fevereiro e 18 de março de podem influenciar negativamente no sucesso reprodutivo 2004 em ambas as populações, perfazendo 65 horas, de espécies de orquídeas. Besouros da família aproximadamente 30 horas na população A e 35 horas na B. O Curculionideae podem parasitar ovários de algumas período de observação foi entre 7 h e 18 h. Além disso, espécies dos gêneros Laelia, Cattleya (Monte 1942) e observações complementares foram realizadas ao longo do Oncidium (Bondar 1948), onde colocam seus ovos. As período de floração. Todas as observações foram feitas em larvas se desenvolvem alimentando-se do conteúdo do diferentes condições de temperatura, precipitação e ovário (Monte 1942). nebulosidade. Para detectar a possível ocorrência de Embora seja crescente o número de estudos sobre polinizações noturnas, flores intactas foram marcadas ao final biologia da polinização e reprodução em Orchidaceae de cada dia de observação e verificadas quanto à remoção de nos últimos anos no Brasil, ainda são muito escassos polinários na manhã do dia seguinte. quando comparados à importância e ao número de A receptividade do estigma foi verificada em 30 flores espécies na família. Sobretudo, em relação aos gêneros intactas de diferentes idades (desde a antese até o pré- fenecimento) através do método de Galen & Plowright (1977), sul-americanos e endêmicos do Brasil, como é o caso que consiste em aplicar algumas gotas de H2O2 na região de Grobya, não existem informações sobre a biologia estigmática, que reage com efervescência enquanto estiver reprodutiva ou sobre os mecanismos de polinização de receptiva. A viabilidade do pólen foi testada de acordo com suas espécies. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo Radford et al. (1974), sendo utilizados 30 polinários. Cada apresentar a biologia floral e reprodutiva de Grobya polinário foi macerado individualmente sobre uma lâmina amherstiae Lindl., sua fenologia e morfologia floral, seus juntamente com uma gota de carmim acético e, em seguida, polinizadores, os mecanismos de polinização, assim como observado ao microscópio óptico. Para confirmar os o sucesso reprodutivo em condições naturais, com resultados de viabilidade, foram realizados experimentos de destaque no comportamento do besouro Montella sp. germinação de pólen com 30 flores de diferentes idades, desde e sua influência no sucesso reprodutivo de a antese até o pré-fenecimento, utilizando soluções de agar- G. amherstiae. agar com três concentrações de sacarose: 10%, 15% e 20% (Dafni 1992). Cada polinário (n = 30, sendo 10 para cada concentração) foi macerado em uma lâmina com uma gota de Material e métodos determinada solução de sacarose. Posteriormente, os grãos foram examinados em microscópio óptico, em intervalos
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