DOCSLIB.ORG

The Comparative Population Ecology of Two Semi-Aquatic Varanids

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Comparative Population Ecology of Two Semi-Aquatic Varanids The comparative population ecology of two semi-aquatic varanids James G. Smith 2007 The comparative population ecology of two semi- aquatic varanids James Gordon Smith B. Sc. (Hons) Melbourne A thesis submitted to satisfy the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Institute of Advanced Studies, School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia January 2007 Declaration: I hereby declare that the work herein, now submitted as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Charles Darwin University, is the result of my own investigations, and all references to ideas and work of other researchers have been specifically acknowledged. I herby certify that the work embodied in this thesis has not already been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not being currently submitted in candidature for any other degree. Signed: Date: Acknowledgments I would like to thank the innumerable volunteers (particularly my friend “features”) I have had over the years for their assistance in the capture and recapture of goannas, most of the time in less than ideal circumstances. I am indebted to Keith Newgrain for analysis of all isotopic samples, the staff at Crocodylus Park, in particular Charlie Manolis and Yaakov Bar-Lev who generously allowed me to use their crocodiles, and Eric Cox, Jason Stevens and Greg Brown at Beatrice Hill Research Farm who provided logistical support. Peter Brocklehurst from the Northern Territory Government, Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts provided invaluable GIS base layers for use in many analyses. I would also like to thank Thomas Madsen for the generous use of his field laboratory, Paul Horner for assistance and access to museum specimens, Corey Bradshaw for assistance in R programming, Jeremy Freeman for all things GIS, Gavin Bedford for advice and Julian Gorman for all sorts of help, on and off the touch rugby field. After much deliberation, Bob Richards let me continue to enter his barramundi farm to carry on catching V. indicus on his land, a decision that enabled us all to learn a little more about this amazing and reclusive creature. In addition, Rod and Lorraine kept me company and kept me laughing throughout my time in the mangroves. For this, and for all the after work beers, I thank the three of them. Of my three supervisors, I thank Keith Christian for his unquestioning assistance, Barry Brook for his immediate, concise and honest advice and most of all Tony Griffiths, for this wonderful opportunity and his enduring patience. There are so many other people in my life who deserve much kudos for their help in getting me through this, whether it was by distracting me with a frisbee, a guitar or a holiday, or by staving off my insanity by providing comprehensible discussions about statistics. Accordingly, all the people in this paragraph deserve equal ranking; Lorrae McArthur, Wendy Telfer, Jennifer Koenig, Ben (I concur) Phillips, Ron Firth, Chris Brady, Taegan (lil’ t) Calnan, Christopher (features) Schaefer, Brett Murphy, James (Lyndley) Mckay, Cameron Fraser, Steve Comber, Steve (big hair) Sinclair, Jeffrey Foucault, Tchavolo Schmitt, Florin Niculescu and Birelli Lagrene. To my parents, Jennifer and Gordon, my sisters Marinda and Samantha and to my beautiful Miranda, I extend my deepest gratitude and love. Jacinda Brown spent a joyous afternoon in the mangroves with me and I am grateful to her for some of the photos on the cover pages. Whoever reads this should head to Mindil beach markets in Darwin and buy some of her pictures, there might even be a mertens or an indicus in there! Albert Koomen and the Australian Broadcasting Commission also allowed me to use some stills that I had captured from the documentary “Goannas and Rubbish Frogs” that was made during this project. To the “other” indicus boys, Ron and Chris (and Geoffrey) I thank you mostly for keeping me laughing but also for keeping me cashed up. And finally, I can’t finish without thanking the inimitable yet humble mosquito. My constant companion in the mangroves, my joints still ache just at the thought of you… This work was funded by Charles Darwin University and a grant from the Natural Heritage Trust (NHT). All research was conducted under Animal Ethics Permit No. A00015 and Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Permit No. 15254. Table of contents 1. Introduction........................................................................................................1 Varanid phylogeny and taxonomy........................................................................1 Varanid habits and morphology...........................................................................2 Varanid physiology...............................................................................................3 Significance of varanids in Australia ...................................................................4 Current threats to Australian varanid populations..............................................5 Previous studies of varanid ecology.....................................................................6 Seasonal responses by varanids in northern Australia........................................6 Varanids used in this study...................................................................................8 Why use a comparative approach ? ...................................................................10 This study............................................................................................................10 2. The potential impact of cane toads on Australian reptiles ...............................13 Abstract ................................................................................................................13 Introduction..........................................................................................................14 Methods ................................................................................................................19 Numbers of reptile species potentially at risk ....................................................19 Reptiles’ tolerance to toad toxins.......................................................................20 Results...................................................................................................................27 Species potentially at risk from toads.................................................................27 Tolerance to toad toxins.....................................................................................27 Discussion .............................................................................................................33 Crocodiles ..........................................................................................................34 Varanids .............................................................................................................35 Agamids..............................................................................................................35 Freshwater turtles ..............................................................................................36 3. Study sites and general methods .........................................................................39 Abstract ................................................................................................................39 Study Sites ............................................................................................................41 Manton Dam (Varanus mertensi).......................................................................41 Adelaide River (Varanus indicus) ......................................................................41 Animal capture.....................................................................................................44 Previous capture methods ..................................................................................44 Capture methods used ........................................................................................45 New pipe trap .....................................................................................................45 Effectiveness of design........................................................................................46 Animal processing ..............................................................................................50 Radio transmitter implantation..........................................................................50 Analytical framework..........................................................................................52 4. Using morphometrics to predict gender in varanids ........................................58 Abstract ................................................................................................................58 Introduction..........................................................................................................59 Materials and methods........................................................................................61 Model development.............................................................................................64 Model fitting .......................................................................................................65 Model selection...................................................................................................65 Characteristic body size .....................................................................................68
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dietary Behavior of the Mangrove Monitor Lizard (Varanus Indicus)
    DIETARY BEHAVIOR OF THE MANGROVE MONITOR LIZARD (VARANUS INDICUS) ON COCOS ISLAND, GUAM, AND STRATEGIES FOR VARANUS INDICUS ERADICATION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT HILO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TROPICAL CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MAY 2016 By Seamus P. Ehrhard Thesis Committee: William Mautz, Chairperson Donald Price Patrick Hart Acknowledgements I would like to thank Guam’s Department of Agriculture, the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, and wildlife biologist, Diane Vice, for financial assistance, research materials, and for offering me additional staffing, which greatly aided my fieldwork on Guam. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. William Mautz for his consistent help and effort, which exceeded all expectations of an advisor, and without which I surely would have not completed my research or been inspired to follow my passion of herpetology to the near ends of the earth. 2 Abstract The mangrove monitor lizard (Varanus indicus), a large invasive predator, can be found on all areas of the 38.6 ha Cocos Island at an estimated density, in October 2011, of 6 V. Indicus per hectare on the island. Plans for the release of the endangered Guam rail (Gallirallus owstoni) on Cocos Island required the culling of V. Indicus, because the lizards are known to consume birds and bird eggs. Cocos Island has 7 different habitats; resort/horticulture, Casuarina forest, mixed strand forest, Pemphis scrub, Scaevola scrub, sand/open area, and wetlands. I removed as many V. Indicus as possible from the three principal habitats; Casuarina forest, mixed scrub forest, and a garbage dump (resort/horticulture) using six different trapping methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectral Analysis Reveals Limited Potential for Enhanced- Wavelength Detection of Invasive Snakes
    56 ARTICLES front of a house supports that this species is able to breed in dis- GOSNER, K. L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and turbed areas. More data on recruitment success and long-term larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190. population trends are necessary. JUNGFER, K. 1996. Reproduction and parental care of the coronated treefrog, Anotheca spinosa (Steindachner, 1864) (Anura: Hylidae). Acknowledgments.—We thank Ernest Carman and Ernesto Car- Herpetologica 52:25–32. OBINSON Anotheca coronata man Jr. for their hospitality and permission to access and conduct R , D. C. 1961. The identity of the tadpole of fieldwork on their farm. We thank Gilbert Barrantes, James. V. Rem- (Stejneger). Copeia 1961:495. sen, Carlos Guarnizo, Sabrina Amador, and Michael J. Ryan for their santos-BaRReRa, G.,o. FLoRes-ViLLeLa, F. soLís, R. iBáñez, J. saVaGe, G. HAVES AND UBICKI Anotheca spinosa In valuable comments and revision of the manuscript. C , B. K . 2004. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist. org>. Downloaded on 03 July 2012. LITERATURE CITED SAVAGE, J. M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Her- petofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. Univer- DUELLMAN, W. E. 2001. The Hylid Frogs of Middle America, 2 vols, re- sity of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 934 pp. vised. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology, Ithaca, New York. 1159 STEINDACHNER, F. 1864. Batrachologische Mittheilungen. Verhandlun- pp. + 92 plates. gen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. 14:239–288. CHARIF, R. A., C. W. CLARK, AND K. M.
    [Show full text]
  • Agamid Lizards of the Genera Caimanops, Physignathus and Diporiphora in Western Australia and Northern Territory
    Rec. West. Aust. Mus., 1974, 3 (2) AGAMID LIZARDS OF THE GENERA CAIMANOPS, PHYSIGNATHUS AND DIPORIPHORA IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA AND NORTHERN TERRITORY G.M. STORR [Received 11 February 1974. Accepted 15 February 1974] ABSTRACT Caimanopsgen. novo is proposed for Diporiphora amphiboluroides Lucas & Frost. The following species and subspecies ofPhysignathus and Diporiphora are studied: P. longirostris (Boulenger), P. temporalis (Giinther), P. g. gilberti (Gray), P. g. centralis Loveridge, D. convergens nov., D. a. albilabris nov., D. a. sobria nov., D. b. bennettii (GraY), D. b. arnhemica nov., D. magna nov., D. lalliae nov., D. reginae Glauert, D. winneckei Lucas & Frost, D. b. bilineata Gray, D. b. margaretae nov., and D. superba novo INTRODUCTION Recent collections have made it increasingly clear that there are many more species of Diporiphora in the far north of Western Australia than previously believed. The main purpose of this paper is to define these additional species of Diporiphora. Because juvenile Physignathus have often been mistaken for Diporiphora, that genus has been included in this study, and so too has Caimanops gen. nov., whose single species was long placed in Diporiphora. Generally Western Australian species of reptiles seldom extend further east than about longitude 140o E. Brief study of Queensland material showed that Diporiphora and Physignathus were not exceptional in this respect and that most, if not all, specimens belonged to different species or subspecies. It therefore seemed unnecessary to include the Eastern States species in this account of the Western species. The three species of Physignathus and single species of Caimanops are strongly characterized, and their identification should present students with no problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Gliding Dragons and Flying Squirrels: Diversifying Versus Stabilizing Selection on Morphology Following the Evolution of an Innovation
    vol. 195, no. 2 the american naturalist february 2020 E-Article Gliding Dragons and Flying Squirrels: Diversifying versus Stabilizing Selection on Morphology following the Evolution of an Innovation Terry J. Ord,1,* Joan Garcia-Porta,1,† Marina Querejeta,2,‡ and David C. Collar3 1. Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia; 2. Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC–Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, Barcelona 08003, Spain; 3. Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606 Submitted August 1, 2018; Accepted July 16, 2019; Electronically published December 17, 2019 Online enhancements: supplemental material. Dryad data: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.t7g227h. fi abstract: Evolutionary innovations and ecological competition are eral de nitions of what represents an innovation have been factors often cited as drivers of adaptive diversification. Yet many offered (reviewed by Rabosky 2017), this classical descrip- innovations result in stabilizing rather than diversifying selection on tion arguably remains the most useful (Galis 2001; Stroud morphology, and morphological disparity among coexisting species and Losos 2016; Rabosky 2017). Hypothesized innovations can reflect competitive exclusion (species sorting) rather than sympat- have drawn considerable attention among ecologists and ric adaptive divergence (character displacement). We studied the in- evolutionary biologists because they can expand the range novation of gliding in dragons (Agamidae) and squirrels (Sciuridae) of ecological niches occupied within communities. In do- and its effect on subsequent body size diversification. We found that gliding either had no impact (squirrels) or resulted in strong stabilizing ing so, innovations are thought to be important engines of selection on body size (dragons).
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Survey for Anketell Point Rail Alignment and Port Projects
    Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Survey for Anketell Point Rail Alignment and Port Projects Prepared for Australian Premium Iron Management Pty Ltd FINAL REPORT 26 July 2010 Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Survey for Anketell Point Rail Alignment and Port Projects Australian Premium Iron Management Pty Ltd Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Survey for Anketell Point Rail Alignment and Port Projects Final Report Prepared for Australian Premium Iron Management Pty Ltd by Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Authors: Greg Harewood, Karen Crews Reviewer: Melanie White, Stewart Ford Date: 26 July 2010 Submitted to: Michelle Carey © Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 2010. The use of this report is solely for the Client for the purpose in which it was prepared. Phoenix Environmental Sciences accepts no responsibility for use beyond this purpose. All rights are reserved and no part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any form without the written permission of Phoenix Environmental Sciences or Australian Premium Iron Management. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 1/511 Wanneroo Road BALCATTA WA 6914 P: 08 9345 1608 F: 08 6313 0680 E: [email protected] Project code: 925-AP-API-FAU Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd ii Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Survey for Anketell Point Rail Alignment and Port Projects Australian Premium Iron Management Pty Ltd TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................v 1.0 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Animal Keepers Species List
    Revised NSW Native Animal Keepers’ Species List Draft © 2017 State of NSW and Office of Environment and Heritage With the exception of photographs, the State of NSW and Office of Environment and Heritage are pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part for educational and non-commercial use, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged. Specific permission is required for the reproduction of photographs. The Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) has compiled this report in good faith, exercising all due care and attention. No representation is made about the accuracy, completeness or suitability of the information in this publication for any particular purpose. OEH shall not be liable for any damage which may occur to any person or organisation taking action or not on the basis of this publication. Readers should seek appropriate advice when applying the information to their specific needs. All content in this publication is owned by OEH and is protected by Crown Copyright, unless credited otherwise. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), subject to the exemptions contained in the licence. The legal code for the licence is available at Creative Commons. OEH asserts the right to be attributed as author of the original material in the following manner: © State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2017. Published by: Office of Environment and Heritage 59 Goulburn Street, Sydney NSW 2000 PO Box A290,
    [Show full text]
  • Iguanid and Varanid CAMP 1992.Pdf
    CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR IGUANIDAE AND VARANIDAE WORKING DOCUMENT December 1994 Report from the workshop held 1-3 September 1992 Edited by Rick Hudson, Allison Alberts, Susie Ellis, Onnie Byers Compiled by the Workshop Participants A Collaborative Workshop AZA Lizard Taxon Advisory Group IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION A Publication of the IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group 12101 Johnny Cake Ridge Road, Apple Valley, MN 55124 USA A contribution of the IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, and the AZA Lizard Taxon Advisory Group. Cover Photo: Provided by Steve Reichling Hudson, R. A. Alberts, S. Ellis, 0. Byers. 1994. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan for lguanidae and Varanidae. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. Additional copies of this publication can be ordered through the IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, 12101 Johnny Cake Ridge Road, Apple Valley, MN 55124. Send checks for US $35.00 (for printing and shipping costs) payable to CBSG; checks must be drawn on a US Banlc Funds may be wired to First Bank NA ABA No. 091000022, for credit to CBSG Account No. 1100 1210 1736. The work of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group is made possible by generous contributions from the following members of the CBSG Institutional Conservation Council Conservators ($10,000 and above) Australasian Species Management Program Gladys Porter Zoo Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Sponsors ($50-$249) Chicago Zoological
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q a Records
    Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q A Records plants monocots Poaceae Paspalidium rarum C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida latifolia feathertop wiregrass C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida lazaridis C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Astrebla pectinata barley mitchell grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus setigerus Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass Y 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida polyclados C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus lemon grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria ctenantha C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enteropogon ramosus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon avenaceus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eragrostis tenellula delicate lovegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Urochloa praetervisa C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Heteropogon contortus black speargrass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Iseilema membranaceum small flinders grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Bothriochloa ewartiana desert bluegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Brachyachne convergens common native couch C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon lindleyanus C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon polyphyllus leafy nineawn C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus actinocladus katoora grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus pennisetiformis Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus australasicus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria divaricatissima var. divaricatissima C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne mucronata forma (Alpha C.E.Hubbard 7882) C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sehima nervosum C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eulalia aurea silky browntop C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Chloris virgata feathertop rhodes grass Y 1/1 CODES I - Y indicates that the taxon is introduced to Queensland and has naturalised.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Report of Professor Woinarski
    NOTICE OF FILING This document was lodged electronically in the FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA (FCA) on 18/01/2019 3:23:32 PM AEDT and has been accepted for filing under the Court’s Rules. Details of filing follow and important additional information about these are set out below. Details of Filing Document Lodged: Expert Report File Number: VID1228/2017 File Title: FRIENDS OF LEADBEATER'S POSSUM INC v VICFORESTS Registry: VICTORIA REGISTRY - FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Dated: 18/01/2019 3:23:39 PM AEDT Registrar Important Information As required by the Court’s Rules, this Notice has been inserted as the first page of the document which has been accepted for electronic filing. It is now taken to be part of that document for the purposes of the proceeding in the Court and contains important information for all parties to that proceeding. It must be included in the document served on each of those parties. The date and time of lodgment also shown above are the date and time that the document was received by the Court. Under the Court’s Rules the date of filing of the document is the day it was lodged (if that is a business day for the Registry which accepts it and the document was received by 4.30 pm local time at that Registry) or otherwise the next working day for that Registry. No. VID 1228 of 2017 Federal Court of Australia District Registry: Victoria Division: ACLHR FRIENDS OF LEADBEATER’S POSSUM INC Applicant VICFORESTS Respondent EXPERT REPORT OF PROFESSOR JOHN CASIMIR ZICHY WOINARSKI Contents: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2. Animals
    AC20 Doc. 8.5 Annex (English only/Seulement en anglais/Únicamente en inglés) REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES Volume 2. Animals Prepared for the CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre JANUARY 2004 AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 3 Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (UNEP-WCMC) www.unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers recognise the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is to transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in joint programmes of action. UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world. Prepared for: The CITES Secretariat, Geneva A contribution to UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme Printed by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK © Copyright: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre/CITES Secretariat The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Cited in Lizards Natural History Database
    Literature Cited in Lizards Natural History database Abdala, C. S., A. S. Quinteros, and R. E. Espinoza. 2008. Two new species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from the puna of northwestern Argentina. Herpetologica 64:458-471. Abdala, C. S., D. Baldo, R. A. Juárez, and R. E. Espinoza. 2016. The first parthenogenetic pleurodont Iguanian: a new all-female Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from western Argentina. Copeia 104:487-497. Abdala, C. S., J. C. Acosta, M. R. Cabrera, H. J. Villaviciencio, and J. Marinero. 2009. A new Andean Liolaemus of the L. montanus series (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from western Argentina. South American Journal of Herpetology 4:91-102. Abdala, C. S., J. L. Acosta, J. C. Acosta, B. B. Alvarez, F. Arias, L. J. Avila, . S. M. Zalba. 2012. Categorización del estado de conservación de las lagartijas y anfisbenas de la República Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 26 (Suppl. 1):215-248. Abell, A. J. 1999. Male-female spacing patterns in the lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. Amphibia-Reptilia 20:185-194. Abts, M. L. 1987. Environment and variation in life history traits of the Chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus. Ecological Monographs 57:215-232. Achaval, F., and A. Olmos. 2003. Anfibios y reptiles del Uruguay. Montevideo, Uruguay: Facultad de Ciencias. Achaval, F., and A. Olmos. 2007. Anfibio y reptiles del Uruguay, 3rd edn. Montevideo, Uruguay: Serie Fauna 1. Ackermann, T. 2006. Schreibers Glatkopfleguan Leiocephalus schreibersii. Munich, Germany: Natur und Tier. Ackley, J. W., P. J. Muelleman, R. E. Carter, R. W. Henderson, and R. Powell. 2009. A rapid assessment of herpetofaunal diversity in variously altered habitats on Dominica.
    [Show full text]
  • Varanus Macraei
    BIAWAK Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Volume 13 Number 2 ISSN: 1936-296X On the Cover: Varanus macraei The Blue tree monitors, Varanus mac- raei depicted on the cover and inset of this issue were hatched on 14 No- vember 2019 at Bristol Zoo Gardens (BZG) and are the first of their spe- cies to hatch at a UK zoological in- stitution. Two live offspring from an original clutch of four eggs hatched after 151 days of incubation at a tem- perature of 30.5 °C. The juveniles will remain on dis- play at BZG until they are eventually transferred to other accredited Euro- pean Association of Zoos & Aquari- ums (EAZA) institutions as part of the zoo breeding programme. Text and photographs by Adam Davis. BIAWAK Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Editor Editorial Review ROBERT W. MENDYK BERND EIDENMÜLLER Department of Herpetology Frankfurt, DE Smithsonian National Zoological Park [email protected] 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW Washington, DC 20008, US RUston W. Hartdegen [email protected] Department of Herpetology Dallas Zoo, US Department of Herpetology [email protected] Audubon Zoo 6500 Magazine Street TIM JESSOP New Orleans, LA 70118, US Department of Zoology [email protected] University of Melbourne, AU [email protected] Associate Editors DAVID S. KIRSHNER Sydney Zoo, AU DANIEL BENNETT [email protected] PO Box 42793 Larnaca 6503, CY JEFFREY M. LEMM [email protected] San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Zoological Society of San Diego, US MICHAEL Cota [email protected] Natural History Museum National Science Museum, Thailand LAURENCE PAUL Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang San Antonio, TX, US Pathum Thani 12120, TH [email protected] [email protected] SAMUEL S.
    [Show full text]