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Iii.Presentation De L'elevage De Poules Pondeuses

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Iii.Presentation De L'elevage De Poules Pondeuses UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS – RABELAIS DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE Santé, Sciences Biologiques, Chimie du Vivant ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané THÈSE présentée par : Maryse GUINEBRETIERE soutenue le 6 Février 2017 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’uivesit Façois – Rabelais de Tours Discipline/Spécialité : Sciences de la Vie Comment aménager les cages de poules pondeuses afin d’eihi leu opoteet, tout e psevat les pefoaes zootehiues et l’hgie de la age Etude focalisée sur la taille de groupe et les solutions pour aménager l’aie de gattage et le id THÈSE dirigée par : Mme ARNOULD Cécile Ingénieure de Recherches, INRA UMR85 - CNRS UMR7247 - Université François - Rabelais de Tours - IFCE, Nouzilly Mme MICHEL Virginie Ingénieure de Recherches, ANSES - Laboratoire de Niort RAPPORTEURS : M. BESSEI Werner Professeur, Université Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Allemagne Mme DUVAUX-PONTER Christine Professeur, AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay JURY : Mme ARNOULD Cécile Ingénieure de Recherches, INRA UMR85 - CNRS UMR7247 - Université François - Rabelais de Tours - IFCE, Nouzilly M. BESSEI Werner Professeur, Université Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Allemagne M. BRESSAC Christophe Maître de Conférences, Université François – Rabelais de Tours Mme DUVAUX-PONTER Christine Professeur, AgroParisTech, Paris M. MALHER Xavier Professeur, Ecole nationale vétérinaire ONIRIS, Nantes Mme MICHEL Virginie Ingénieure de Recherches, ANSES - Laboratoire de Niort REMERCIEMENTS En premier lieu, je souhaite remercier Cécile Arnould qui a accepté de diriger cette thèse, pour ’aoi guidée et oseillée tout au log de l’élaoatio de e éoie, pou ’aoi aidé à prendre du recul et pour toutes les heures qu'elle a consacrées malgré ses contraintes personnelles. Merci pour ces efforts. Je eeie égaleet Vigiie Mihel pou ’aoi eouagé à éalise e défi et pou la ofiae u'elle 'a aodée, pou les oseils et l’eadeet du pojet tout e e laissat ue gade liberté, pour son soutien durant la rédaction de ma thèse, pour son optimisme. Je remercie Christine Duvaux-Ponter et Werner Bessei d’aoi aeptés d’te appoteus de o mémoire de thèse. Je eeie sieet Xaie Malhe et Chistophe Bessa d’aoi aepté de participer au jury de thèse. Ce taail de ehehe s’est déoulé au sei de l’uité d’Epidéiologie et Bie-Etre en Aviculture et Cuniculture du laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzaé de l’Agee atioale de séuité saitaie de l’alietatio, de l’eioeent et du travail. Merci à Gilles Salvat, Directeur de cet établissement, de ’aoi offet la possiilité d’y effetue a thse. Je eeie haleueuseet les ollgues de l’AN“E“ ui ’ot aopagé su e pojet et ui ot contribué à la réalisation de ce travail. Premièrement Adeline Huneau qui a participé aux expérimentations et aux publications, puis Stéphanie Bougeard pour ses conseils statistiques toujours accessibles, ainsi que mon premier collègue Didier Huonnic, mais aussi Amel Taktak et Denis Léon pour leur aide technique. Merci à Françoise Pol pour nos discussions sur le bien-être animal, Virginie Le Caër pour son aide express et polyvalente, et tous es autes ollgues de l’EBEAC : Axelle, Jean-Yves, Jenna, Loïc, Rodolphe, Rozenn, Sophie, Virginie, sans oublier Eric pour leurs eouageets. Pa ailleus, e taail ’auait pu te eé à ie sas le pesoel du seie epéietal et sas l’aide péieuse des stagiaies : Morgann, Stéphanie, Helen, Pauline, Aïnhoa, Maëliss, Marion, Léa et Amandine, que je tiens à remercier ici. Je remercie tous les collaborateurs du projet CASDAR aux prémices de cette thèse, et patiulieet Laue Bigo à l’ITAVI de Nouzilly. Enfin je eeie eu ui e sot hes et ue j’ai uelue peu délaissés ces derniers mois pour achever cette thèse : Jules et Milo, et Nicolas pour son soutien moral, sa disponibilité et son écoute. Je remercie aussi mes parents et Annick pour leurs disponibilités, leurs attentions et leurs eouageets ui ’ot aopagné tout au long de ce travail. RESUME Coet aage les ages de poules podeuses afi d’eihi leu opoteet, tout e préservant les performances zootechniques et l’hgie de la age. Etude focalisée sur la taille de groupe et les solutios pou aéage l’aie de gattage et le id. Depuis , les ages doiet peettet au poules d’epie leu épetoie opoteetal (directive 1999/74/CE). Des diffiultés d’aéageets aletissent l’appopiatio de ette directive par les éleeus. Le ut de ette thse était d’étudie les effets de l’augetatio de la taille de groupe en cage et de chercher les aménagements de cages les plus efficaces pour enrichir le répertoire comportemental des poules, en préservant les performances zootehiues, l’état de saté des poules et l’hygie de la age et des œufs. Das os odles de ages testés, la taille de poules par cage est préférable à celle de 20 ou 40 poules. Bien que non optimal, un tapis de gazon artificiel est préférable au autes eteets testés. L’appot de sustat fiale e ages faoise les comportements de picotage, grattage et dans une certaine mesure de bains de poussière. Le son peut te poposé à la plae de l’aliet e tat ue sustat. Mais etais poits restent poléatiues. Des paeau dus à gatte et piote deaiet peette l’adéuatio ete les esois des poules et les otaites de l’éleage. Mots-clés : bien-être animal, conditions de logement, qualité des œufs, hgie de la age ABSTRACT How to set up laying hen cages to enrich hen behavior whilst ensuring zootechnical performance and cage hygiene. A study focusing on group size and solutions to provide pecking and scratching area and nest. As of 2012, cages must enable hens to express their full behavioral repertoire (directive 1999/74/CE). Difficulties in setting up cages tend to hinder adoption of the directive by farmers. The aim of this work was: first, to study the effect of increasing the number of hens per cage ; and second, to find out which cage set-ups ee the ost effiiet fo eihig the layig hes’ ehaioal epetoie whilst also ensuring zootechnical performance, animal health and egg and cage hygiene. In the cage models we tested, 60-hen cages were found to be preferable to 20- or 40-hen cages. Although not ideal, artificial turf mat was preferable to the other mats tested. The provision of friable substrate in cages improved pecking and scratching behaviors, as well as dustbathing behaviors, but to a lesser extent. Wheat bran can be spread over the cage floors as a friable substrate instead of feed. However, certain issues have not yet been resolved. The installation of hard panels on the floors of the cages to promote scratching and pecking behaviors should ensure an optimal balance between the hes’ eeds ad faig ostaits. Keywords: animal welfare, housing conditions, egg quality, cage hygiene TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES TABLEAUX 1 LISTE DES FIGURES 2 LISTE DES ANNEXES 2 GLOSSAIRE 4 CHAPITRE 1. INTRODUCTION GENERALE 6 I. Contexte 6 I. L’itesifiatio de l’éleage sans réelle prise en compte du bien-être animal 6 I. L’itét gadissat de l’opiio puliue pou le ie-être animal 8 I.3 Les règlementations visant à améliorer la protection des animaux 9 II. Le bien-être animal 11 II.1 Définitions du bien-être animal 11 II.2 Evaluation du bien-être animal 12 III. Psetatio de l’levage de poules podeuses 19 III. Cosoatio et podutio d’œufs das le Mode 19 III. Desiptio du shéa de podutio des œufs 20 III.3 Logement des poules pondeuses en phase de ponte 21 IV. Comportement de la poule domestique 25 IV.1 Structure sociale 26 IV.2 Comportement de nidification et de ponte 27 IV.3 Comportements de picotage et de grattage 27 IV.4 Comportements de bains de poussière 28 IV.5 Comportement de perchage 29 V. Adaptatio des poules e ages aages et osuees su la zootehie et l’hgie de la age 30 V.1 Historique des cages aménagées 30 V.2 Nid pour la ponte 31 V.3 Aire de grattage et de picotage 34 V.4 Perchoirs 38 V.6 Surface par animal 39 V.7 Taille de groupe 40 V. Colusio su l’état des oaissaes 42 CHAPITRE 2. OBJECTIFS DE LA THESE 45 I. Aménager le milieu de vie des poules pondeuses en cages : difficultés et questions soulevées 45 I.1 Difficultés 45 I.2 Questions soulevées 47 II. Objectifs de la thèse 48 III. Plan de la thèse 49 CHAPITRE 3. MATERIELS ET METHODES GENERAUX 52 I. Les cages utilisées 52 II. Animaux 55 III. Paates d’levage 55 IV. Effets étudiés 55 V. Mesures réalisées 56 V.1 Critères comportementaux 59 V.2 Paramètres de santé 60 V.3 Paramètres zootechniques 61 V.4 Hygiène de la cage 62 CHAPITRE 4. RECHERCHE DE LA TAILLE DE GROUPE OPTIMALE ET INTERET DE L’APPORT DE LITIERE EN CAGE 64 I. Localisation de la ponte, du tau de pote et de la ualit des œufs 65 I.1 Hypothèses et paramètres étudiés 65 I.2 Principaux résultats 66 Article - Animal (2011) 66 II. Comportements des poules 67 II.1. Comportements de picotage, grattage et BP en cages 67 II.2. Etude approfondie sur le BP 69 III.3. Réactivité émotionnelle des poules 81 III. Hygiène de la cage 91 III.1 Objectif 91 III.2 Matériels et méthodes 91 III.3 Résultats 92 III.4 Conclusion 94 IV. Conclusion du Chapitre 4 95 IV.1 Conséquences de la taille de groupe 95 IV. Coséuees de l’appot de l’aliet oe sustat e AGP 97 CHAPITRE 5. AMENAGEMENT DE L’AGP : RECHERCHE D’UNE ALTERNATIVE A L’UTILISATION D’ALIMENT COMME LITIERE ET DU TAPIS DE GAZON ARTIFICIEL 100 I. Préférence des poules pour le son et pour les panneaux délitables 104 I.1 Objectifs 104 I.2 Méthodes 104 I.3 Principaux résultats 105 I.4 Conclusion 106 Article - Applied Animal Behaviour Science (2014) 106 I.5 Etude préliminaire : essai de panneaux délitables in situ 107 II.
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