DOCSLIB.ORG

2017 Ardila Et Al. Private Speech in Simultaneous and Early Spanish

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2017 Ardila Et Al. Private Speech in Simultaneous and Early Spanish Applied Neuropsychology: Adult ISSN: 2327-9095 (Print) 2327-9109 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hapn21 Private speech in simultaneous and early Spanish/ English bilinguals Alfredo Ardila, Kate Benettieri, Yoandra Church, Angela Orozco & Carlos Saucedo To cite this article: Alfredo Ardila, Kate Benettieri, Yoandra Church, Angela Orozco & Carlos Saucedo (2017): Private speech in simultaneous and early Spanish/English bilinguals, Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1370422 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1370422 Published online: 04 Oct 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=hapn21 Download by: [Florida International University] Date: 04 October 2017, At: 08:48 APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: ADULT https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1370422 none defined Private speech in simultaneous and early Spanish/English bilinguals Alfredo Ardila, Kate Benettieri, Yoandra Church, Angela Orozco and Carlos Saucedo Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS This study analyzed private speech in a group of sixty Spanish–English bilinguals. A Private Speech Private speech; simultaneous Questionnaire including questions about seven different conditions, that is, spiritual thinking (e.g., bilingualism; Spanish/ praying, meditating), dreaming, thinking, problem-solving, recalling past events, recalling English bilingualism; information, and dealing with stress, was designed. Furthermore, the sample was divided into successive bilingualism; verbal thought two subgroups: born in the United States (simultaneous bilinguals) and born outside the United States but arriving to the country before the age of 10 (early successive bilinguals). In both groups and for all the seven conditions, English was more frequently used in private speech, and English was also the dominant language in our participants. Early bilinguals, however, more frequently used Spanish in different private speech situations. These findings suggest that the linguistic environment during early life has a significant impact on the language selected in different internal language situations, but the dominant language is more frequently used in private speech conditions. Introduction plays an important role on diverse situations, including but not limited to memory, problem solving, thinking, The idea that there is a private speech—internal and emotional release. Private speech may be converted language for ourselves—has a long history. Beginning in inner speech. Examples of inner speech include with Plato (Theaetetus 189e–190a and Sophist 263e) silently recalling past events, going over future plans, frequently has been proposed that thinking means to and creating mental scenarios to recreate a particular use a private speech; this idea has been expressed situation or solve a problem (Morin, 2012). According by diverse authors throughout history. Vygotsky to Pavlenko (2011), inner speech is expressed in an (1934/2012) systematized the concept of inner speech identifiable linguistic code. Assuming that there is a when he referred to three different types of speech: language that we use for thinking and other subjective “external speech” (or “social speech,” that is, the activities, the following question arises: What language speech used in social interactions), “egocentric speech” do bilinguals prefer to use? (or “private speech,” the speech for ourselves), and Larsen, Schrauf, Fromholt, and Rubin (2002) studied “inner speech” (internalized social speech). Important Polish immigrants in Denmark and their use of inner to note, there is a process of “internalization” in which speech for autobiographical memories retrieval. The the first is transformed into the second and finally into authors found that memory recalls in the native Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 08:48 04 October 2017 the third. As a matter of fact, private speech represents a language (i.e., Polish) dropped significantly after immi- kind of halfway between “external” and “inner” speech gration to Denmark. In addition, they found significant but with very distinctive properties. Private speech is differences in inner speech usage relative to age of neither social communication nor silent thought, but immigration. Those individuals who migrated later in vocalized thought (Ehrich, 2006; Jones, 2009; Vygotsky, adulthood tended to have more instances of inner 1934/2012). speech in Polish when compared to those who migrated The analysis of private speech, or the “activity of in their early years. Such findings might indicate talking to oneself in silence” (Morin, 2012, p. 436), that memory representation and retrieval are closely offers a window to the individual’s subjective world. associated to the linguistic system in which those events The language we speak may also be used for recalling (i.e., autobiographical) took place. Therefore, memories past-events, engaging in deep-thought, or thinking may be linguistically encoded and dependent on the before giving a solution to a problem. Private speech CONTACT Dr. Alfredo Ardila [email protected] Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2 A. ARDILA ET AL. language in which the individual experienced those females, 419 males) speaking a total of 77 different L1 s, memories. a further analysis of internal speech in bilinguals and Grosjean (2010) conducted a survey with bilinguals multilinguals was advanced. There were 221 bilinguals, and trilinguals in which the question “in what language 362 trilinguals, 390 quadrilinguals, and 486 pentalin- you think” was presented; that is, what is the internal guals. Data were collected through an on-line question- language (private speech) used to talk to ourselves: naire (Dewaele & Pavlenko, 2001–2003). Analysis of 70% of the participants replied “both languages” or variance (ANOVAs) confirmed that languages acquired “all languages” (for trilinguals). Grosjean consider that later in life are less likely to be used for internal this answer is not surprising, because bilinguals use (emotional) speech compared to early acquired their languages for different purposes, in different languages. Significant differences in language choice domains of life, and with different people. Therefore, for general use, inner speech, and inner emotional the private and inner speech in bilinguals can be either speech in the L2, L3, L4, and L5 were disclosed. These one, depending the specific context. languages were used less frequently for inner speech Jimenez-Jimenez (2013) studied bilingual’s than for general use and even less frequently for production of private speech during problem-solving emotional inner speech. tasks. Thirty bilingual individuals were divided into Similarly, a study by Dewaele (2015) compared the three groups: English dominant, Spanish dominant, language preferences of 1,454 adult multilinguals for and balanced bilinguals (i.e., individuals who expressed inner speech and for emotional inner speech in their to be equally comfortable using both languages). The different languages. It was found that bilinguals tend author concluded that language dominance plays a cen- to use their first dominant language for emotional inter- tral role in the language participants’ used to express nal dialogs (i.e., “the language of the heart”). Language their verbalized thinking, especially when solving logic, dominance was again a determining factor for recreat- mathematical, and visual-spatial problems. Instances of ing feelings and expressing anger. Those individuals private speech were consistent with the dominant lan- who acquired a second language (L2) later in life signifi- guage of the individuals. Balanced bilinguals, however, cantly reported using their native/dominant language use both languages fairly equally during different tasks. (L1) more frequently for emotional internal speech This study suggests that internal speech may be directly expression. However, when individuals do use their L1 linked to language dominance: when individuals and become totally assimilated in the L2 culture, L1 acquired higher levels of proficiency in both languages, ceases to serve this function, and L2 becomes the they can encode “thought” in any of the languages avail- preferred language for emotional internal speech. able to them when encountered with problem-solving Language used in dreaming represents a very tasks. De Guerrero (2005) analyzed inner speech and idiosyncratic type of communication. Grosjean (2010) mental rehearsal in second language (L2) in a sample found in a survey that almost as many bilinguals as of 472 Spanish-speaking university English as a second trilinguals (64% in all) said that they dreamed in one language (ESL) students. She concluded that inner or the other language, depending on the dream (when speech serves the following functions: as a memory a language was involved, of course). The conclusion aid for L2 words, self-instructional, evaluative, prepara- seems evident: depending on the situation and the tory, dialogic, play, and affective. person we are dreaming about, we will use the one Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 08:48 04 October 2017 It has been suggested
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EDUCATION in CHINA a Snapshot This Work Is Published Under the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD
    EDUCATION IN CHINA A Snapshot This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Photo credits: Cover: © EQRoy / Shutterstock.com; © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © astudio / Shutterstock.com Inside: © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © li jianbing / Shutterstock.com; © tangxn / Shutterstock.com; © chuyuss / Shutterstock.com; © astudio / Shutterstock.com; © Frame China / Shutterstock.com © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Education in China A SNAPSHOT Foreword In 2015, three economies in China participated in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, for the first time: Beijing, a municipality, Jiangsu, a province on the eastern coast of the country, and Guangdong, a southern coastal province.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Browsing
    Away From Prying Eyes: Analyzing Usage and Understanding of Private Browsing Hana Habib, Jessica Colnago, Vidya Gopalakrishnan, Sarah Pearman, Jeremy Thomas, Alessandro Acquisti, Nicolas Christin, and Lorrie Faith Cranor, Carnegie Mellon University https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2018/presentation/habib-prying This paper is included in the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. August 12–14, 2018 • Baltimore, MD, USA ISBN 978-1-939133-10-6 Open access to the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security is sponsored by USENIX. Away From Prying Eyes: Analyzing Usage and Understanding of Private Browsing Hana Habib, Jessica Colnago, Vidya Gopalakrishnan, Sarah Pearman, Jeremy Thomas, Alessandro Acquisti, Nicolas Christin, Lorrie Faith Cranor Carnegie Mellon University {htq, jcolnago, vidyag, spearman, thomasjm, acquisti, nicolasc, lorrie}@andrew.cmu.edu ABSTRACT Prior user studies have examined different aspects of private Previous research has suggested that people use the private browsing, including contexts for using private browsing [4, browsing mode of their web browsers to conduct privacy- 10, 16, 28, 41], general misconceptions of how private brows- sensitive activities online, but have misconceptions about ing technically functions and the protections it offers [10,16], how it works and are likely to overestimate the protections and usability issues with private browsing interfaces [41,44]. it provides. To better understand how private browsing is A major limitation of much prior work is that it is based used and whether users are at risk, we analyzed browsing on self-reported survey data, which may not always be reli- data collected from over 450 participants of the Security able.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Properties of Bilingual Maintenance and Loss in Mexican Background High-School Students
    Some Properties of Bilingual Maintenance and Loss in Mexican Background High-School Students KENJI HAKUTA and DANIEL DANDREA Sianford Univcniry Universiry of California, sanra cnu Propenies of the maintenance and loss of SpanishEnglish bilingualism were investigated in 308high-schoolstudents ofMexican background. Subjects were classijied by their depth of familial establishment in the United States. The key variables investigated were their actual and selfreported proficiencies in Spanish and English, seq-reported language choice behavior in various settings, and their language attitude. The largest difference in Spanish pro- ficiency was found between the cohort who were born in the United States but whose parents were born in Mexico and the cohon whose parents were born in the United States, with maintenance of Spanish evident up to this group. Maintenance of Spanish proficiency was principally associated with adult language practice in the home, and was not predicted by the subject's language choice outside the home or their language attitude. In turn, adult language choice was found to be affected by the demographic fact of immigration, the adult's ability to use English in the home, and increasing distance in the familial social network ties to Mexico. Outside of the home domain, language choice was found to show rapid and constant shift towardr English. This sh@ in language choice was unrelated to Spanish proficiency, but instead was predicted by the subject's language amtude. Language attitude also appeared to contaminate self reported proficiency in both Spanish and English. Final/y, a response latency task for vocabulary production and recognition in Spanish suggested that attrition of Spanish is best characterized as difficulty in retrieval rather than total loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Confessional Reflexivity As Introspection and Avowal
    Establishing the ‘Truth’ of the Matter: Confessional Reflexivity as Introspection and Avowal JOSEPH WEBSTER University of Edinburgh The conceptualisation of reflexivity commonly found in social anthropology deploys the term as if it were both a ‘virtuous’ mechanism of self‐reflection and an ethical technique of truth telling, with reflexivity frequently deployed as an moral practice of introspection and avowal. Further, because reflexivity is used as a methodology for constructing the authority of ethnographic accounts, reflexivity in anthropology has come to closely resemble Foucault’s descriptions of confession. By discussing Lynch’s (2000) critical analysis of reflexivity as an ‘academic virtue’, I consider his argument through the lens of my own concept of ‘confessional reflexivity’. While supporting Lynch’s diagnosis of the ‘problem of reflexivity’, I attempt to critique his ethnomethodological cure as essentialist, I conclude that a way forward might be found by blending Foucault’s (1976, 1993) theory of confession with Bourdieu’s (1992) theory of ‘epistemic reflexivity’. The ubiquity of reflexivity and its many forms For as long as thirty years, reflexivity has occupied a ‘place of honour’ at the table of most social science researchers and research institutions. Reflexivity has become enshrined as a foundational, or, perhaps better, essential, concept which is relied upon as a kind of talisman whose power can be invoked to shore up the ‘truthiness’ of the claims those researchers and their institutions are in the business of making. No discipline, it seems, is more guilty of this ‘evoking’ than social anthropology (Lucy 2000, Sangren 2007, Salzaman 2002). Yet, despite the ubiquity of its deployment in anthropology, the term ‘reflexivity’ remains poorly defined.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Spending on Health: a World in Transition 2019
    GLOBAL REPORT Global Spending on Health: A World in Transition 2019 Global Spending on Health: A World in Transition WHO/HIS/HGF/HFWorkingPaper/19.4 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share- Alike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no sugges- tion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permit- ted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the sug- gested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsi- ble for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Global spending on health: a world in transition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (WHO/HIS/HGF/HFWorkingPaper/19.4). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsy Technical Journal for Dancing Instructors, Students, Ballroom
    * DANCING, ACTING AND OTIC Whatsoever your feet find to do, Strive to do well MARCH 19J9 American National Association riASTERS OF DANCING. A. N. A NORMAL SCHOOL, New York City. Four Weeks Course. STEFANO MASCAGNO, Principal. Uegiiining asi week in July. -WATCH for particulars. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1918 - 1919 President— Fen ton T, Bolt 319 W. Third St., Dayton, Ohio. First Vice-President— Roderick C. ijrant, New York City. Second Vice-President—Albert V. Tutile Baltimore, Md. Third Vice-President — Is idore C. Sampson Lynn, Miiss* Fourth Vice- President — Mrs. Alice K lioll Cincinnati, O. Secretary — George F. Walters, 85 Orange St., Waltham, Mass. Treasurer—Edward A. Prinz, 420 N. 10th St., St. Joseph, Mo. I W. L. Mlint,, Rockford, Hi. Trustees \ R. O Blackburn Pittsburg, P*. ( H. M. Robb Pittsburg, Pa. | F. ('. Heineman, Boston. Mass. H Mrs. J. Meyer Dallas, Texas. Mrs. Montie Beach H- U-.IUM, JO. Teziis. TO PROSPECTIVE MEMBERS. The much needed reforms in dancing can be brought about only through or ganization. All progressive professions are organized ; why not the Dancing Masters! Competent teachers of good moral character are invited to join. The initiation fee is only $30.00, which also pays dues for the first year. The greatest experts are engaged to give work free to members at the annual meetings. Each person, when initiated, will receive an elegant diploma, which is a recogni tion of their ability and membership. For "Course of Study," see list of class work provided free of charge for all members who attend the annual meetings. REQUIREMENTS. To be eligible, all persons applying for Membership must: (1) BE OF GOOD MORAL CHARACTER.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4: Child Development & Guiding Children's
    Chapter 4 Child Development & Guiding Children’s Behavior Chapter 4: Child Development & Guiding Children’s Behavior Biting in the Toddler Years p. 95 Bully Awareness and Prevention p. 97 Child Development – Important Milestones p. 103 Children and Stress p. 115 Divorce p. 117 Emergencies p. 120 Grief and Loss p. 121 Separation Anxiety p. 123 Communication is the Key p. 125 Infant Crying p. 131 Positive Guidance and Setting Limits p. 133 Guiding Children’s Behavior p. 133 Managing Challenging Behaviors – Classroom Tips p. 133 Preventing Expulsions & Suspensions p. 135 Time In – Comfort Corner p. 137 Supporting Children and Families in the Military p. 139 Toilet Learning in Child Care p. 141 - Constipation in Young Children p. 143 Understanding Early Sexual Development p. 145 93 Good Health Handbook 2015 Chapter 4 Child Development & Guiding Children’s Behavior 94 Good Health Handbook 2015 Chapter 4 Child Development & Guiding Children’s Behavior Biting in the Toddler Years Biting is very common among groups of young children, for all types of reasons, however it causes more upset feelings than any other behavior in child care programs. Because it seems so primitive, we tend to react differently to biting than we do to hitting, grabbing or other aggressive acts. Because it is upsetting and potentially dangerous, it is important for caregivers and parents to address this behavior when it occurs. Though it is normal for infants and toddlers to mouth people and toys, and for many two-year-olds to try biting, most do not continue after the age of three. Children bite for many different reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Soaring Private Equity Investment in the Healthcare Sector
    S O A R I N G P R I V A T E E Q U I T Y I N V E S T M E N T I N T H E H E A L T H C A R E S E C T O R : C O N S O L I D A T I O N A C C E L E R A T E D , C O M P E T I T I O N U N D E R M I N E D , A N D P A T I E N T S A T R I S K RICHARD M. SCHEFFLER LAURA M. ALEXANDER JAMES R. GODWIN M A Y 1 8 , 2 0 2 1 AUTHORS Richard M. Scheffler is a Distinguished Professor of Health Economics and Public Policy in the Graduate Schools of Public Health and Goldman School of Public Policy at UC Berkeley and Director of the Nicholas C. Petris Center on Health Care Markets and Consumer Welfare (petris.org) at UC Berkeley. Corresponding author, [email protected]. Laura M. Alexander is Vice President of Policy, American Antitrust Institute (AAI). AAI is an independent non-profit education, research, and advocacy organization. Its mission is to advance the role of competition in the economy, protect consumers, and sustain the vitality of the antitrust laws. For more information, see www.antitrustinstitute.org. James R. Godwin is a researcher at the Nicholas C. Petris Center on Health Care Markets and Consumer Welfare and a PhD Candidate in Health Policy & Management at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health.
    [Show full text]
  • Dancing Politics in Anglo Culture, from Jacobite to Jacobin and Royalist to Republican
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects Fall 2016 Cabinet of Monkies: Dancing Politics in Anglo Culture, from Jacobite to Jacobin and Royalist to Republican Amy Stallings College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Stallings, Amy, "Cabinet of Monkies: Dancing Politics in Anglo Culture, from Jacobite to Jacobin and Royalist to Republican" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1477068518. http://doi.org/10.21220/S2C30H This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cabinet of Monkies: Dancing Politics in Anglo Culture, from Jacobite to Jacobin and Royalist to Republican Amy Catherine Stallings Newport News, VA BA, The College of William and Mary, 2006 MA, The College of William and Mary, 2009 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lyon G. Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary August, 2016 © Copyright by Amy Catherine Stallings, 2016 ABSTRACT PAGE Dance has long been known to play a significant role in the social life of colonial British America. What historians have largely failed to note is the integral nature of dance to the realm of politics and the formation of national identity.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of the Hudson Valley's Peculiar Institution: the Anti-Rent
    College of William & Mary Law School William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository Faculty Publications Faculty and Deans 2002 The ndE of the Hudson Valley's Peculiar Institution: The Anti-Rent Movement's Politics, Social Relations, & Economics Eric Kades William & Mary Law School, [email protected] Repository Citation Kades, Eric, "The ndE of the Hudson Valley's Peculiar Institution: The Anti-Rent Movement's Politics, Social Relations, & Economics" (2002). Faculty Publications. 199. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/199 Copyright c 2002 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs The End of the Hudson Valley's Peculiar Institution: The Anti .. Rent Movement's Politics, Social Relations, and Economics Eric Kades HusTON, REEVE. Land and Freedom: Rural Society, Popular Protest, and Party Politics in Antebellum New York. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. 291. $39.95. McCuRDY, CHARLES W. The Anti-Rent Era in New York Politics, 1839-1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Pp. 408. $49.95. If, like me, you tend toward indolence, then when you are presented with two recent books on the same topic, your first thought is "I am not reading both; I wonder which is better." I fear I have little succor to offer fellow sloths interested in the New York anti-rent movement (1839-65 or so). These two books are complements, not substitutes. McCurdy's Anti-Rent Era in New York Politics, 1839-1865 provides essential political history and ex­ pertly, lucidly dissects abstruse, dated court decisions and statutes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ben Gray Lumpkin Collection of Colorado Folklore
    Gene A. Culwell The Ben Gray Lumpkin Collection of Colorado Folklore Professor Ben Gray Lumpkin, who retired from the University of Colorado in June of 1969, spent more than twenty years of his academic career amassing a large collection of folksongs in the state of Colorado. At my request, Profes- sor Lumpkin provided the following information concerning his life and career: Son of John Moorman and Harriet Gray Lumpkin, I was born De- cember 25, 1901, in Marshall County, Mississippi, on a farm about seven miles north of Holly Springs. Grandpa was a Methodist cir- cuit rider, but had to farm to eke out a living because his hill-coun- try churches were too poor to support his family. Because we lived too far from the Hudsonville school for me to walk, I began schooling under my mother until I was old enough to ride a gentle mare and take care of her at school—at the age of 8. When my father bought a farm in Lowndes County, Mississippi, my brother Joe and sister Martha and I went to Penn Station and Crawford elementary schools. Having finished what was called the ninth grade, I went to live with my Aunt Olena Ford, and fin- ished Tupelo High School in 1921, then BA, University of Missis- sippi, 1925. I worked as the secretary and clerk in the Mississippi State Department of Archives and History (September 1925 to March 1929) and in the Mississippi Division office of Southern Bell Telephone Company (March 1929 to August 1930). I taught English and other subjects in Vina, Alabama, High School (August 1930 through January 1932).
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons Bureau of Justice Assistance
    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Assistance Monograph EMERGING ISSUES ON PRIVATIZED PRISONS Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street NW. Washington, DC 20531 John Ashcroft Attorney General Office of Justice Programs World Wide Web Home Page www.ojp.usdoj.gov Bureau of Justice Assistance World Wide Web Home Page www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA For grant and funding information contact U.S. Department of Justice Response Center 1–800–421–6770 This document was prepared by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, under grant number 97–DD–BX–0014, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Jus- tice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recom- mendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.␣ Department of Justice. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. Bureau of Justice Assistance Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons James Austin, Ph.D. Garry Coventry, Ph.D. National Council on Crime and Delinquency February 2001 Monograph NCJ 181249 Cover photo used with permission from The American Correctional Association. Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons Foreword One of the most daunting challenges confronting our criminal justice sys- tem today is the overcrowding of our nation’s prisons.
    [Show full text]