Methods of Estimating Bed Load Transport Rates Applied to Ephemeral Streams
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Documentation and Analysis of Flash Flood Prone Streams and Subwatershed Basins in Pulaski County, Virginia
DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FLASH FLOOD PRONE STREAMS AND SUBWATERSHED BASINS IN PULASKI COUNTY, VIRGINIA Prepared by Anthony Phillips Department of Geography Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Report Distributed August 10, 2009 Prepared for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - National Weather Service Blacksburg, Virginia & Office of the Emergency Manager Pulaski County, Virginia The research on which this report is based was financed by Virginia Tech through the McNair Scholars Summer Research Program. ABSTRACT Flash flooding is the number one weather-related killer in the United States. With so many deaths related to this type of severe weather, additional detailed information about local streams and creeks could help forecasters issue more accurate and precise warnings, which could help save lives. Using GIS software, streams within twenty-five feet of a roadway in Pulaski County, Virginia were identified and selected to be surveyed. Field work at each survey point involved taking measurements to determine the required stream level rise necessary to cause flooding along any nearby roadway(s). Additionally, digital pictures were taken to document the environment upstream and downstream at each survey point. This information has been color- coded, mapped, and overlaid in Google Earth for quick access on computers at the National Weather Service Office in Blacksburg, Virginia. It has also been compiled into an operational handbook and DVD for use at the NWS. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank -
Flash Flood PREPAREDNESS
Flash Flood PREPAREDNESS Flash floods occur within a few minutes or Before a flood occurs. hours of excessive rainfall, a dam or levee failure or a sudden release of water held by an Find out if you live in a flood prone area. ice jam. Flash floods can roll boulders, tear out You can check with your local building trees, destroy buildings and bridges. Flash department to see the flood maps for your floods can also trigger catastrophic mudslides. municipality. Flash floods are the #1 weather related killer If you are in a flood zone - purchase in the United States. sufficient flood insurance. Flood losses are not covered under normal National Weather Service . homeowner’s insurance. Staying current with forecasts from the Learn how your community would alert you National Weather Service can be an important if a flood was occurring or predicted. part of flood preparedness. Individuals can purchase a NOAA weather radio to directly Pre-assemble flood-fighting supplies like hear the forecasts, advisories, watches and/or plastic sheeting, lumber, sandbags. warnings. Some NOAA weather radios can alarm when there is a serious/dangerous Have check valves installed in building weather condition. These radios are available sewer traps to prevent flood waters from at many stores. backing up in sewer drains. The following terms may be used by the As a last resort have large corks or National Weather service: stoppers to plug showers, tubs or basins from water rising up through the pipes. A Flash Flood or Flood Watch means that flash flooding or flooding is possible within the Maintain a disaster supply kit at home. -
Reconstructing an Extreme Flood from Boulder Transport and Rainfall–Runoff
Global and Planetary Change 70 (2010) 64–75 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global and Planetary Change journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gloplacha Reconstructing an extreme flood from boulder transport and rainfall–runoff modelling: Wadi Isla, South Sinai, Egypt Alan E. Kehew a,⁎, Adam Milewski a, Farouk Soliman b a Geosciences Dept., Western Michigan Univ., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA b Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt article info abstract Article history: The Wadi Isla drainage basin, a narrow steep bedrock canyon and its tributaries, rises near the highest elevations Accepted 6 November 2009 of the Precambrian Sinai massif on the eastern margin of the tectonically active Gulf of Suez rift. The basin area Available online 17 November 2009 upstream from the mountain front is 191 km2 and downstream the wadi crosses a broad alluvial plain to the Red Sea. Stream-transported boulders within the lower canyon (up to 5 m in diameter) and in a fan downstream Keywords: indicate extremely high competence. In one reach, a 60-m-long boulder berm, ranging in height from 3 to 4 m, lies palaeoflood along the southern wall of the canyon and contains boulders 2–3 m in diameter. Boulder deposits beyond the Sinai rainfall–runoff model mouth of the canyon generally appear to be less than several metres thick and are composed of imbricated, well- boulder transport sorted boulders. The last flood that deposited these boulders is believed to have been a debris torrent with a low flash floods content of fines. Mean intermediate diameter decreases from about 1.5 m just beyond the mouth of the canyon, where the channel width expands to 300 m, to about 0.5 m downstream to the point at which the valley is no longer confined on its south side. -
Severe Weather Safety Guide Flash Flooding
What causes River Flooding? Stay informed! • Persistent storms over the same area for long Listen to NOAA Weather Radio, local radio or Severe periods of time. television for the latest weather and river forecasts. • Combined rainfall and snowmelt • Ice jams Weather • Releases from man made lakes • Excessive rain from tropical systems making Safety landfall. How does the NWS issue To check out the latest river forecast information Guide and current stages on our area rivers, visit: Flood/Flash Flood Warnings? http://weather.gov/pah/ahps Flash Check out the National Weather Service Paducah website for the latest information at Flooding weather.gov/paducah Call for the latest forecast from the National Weather Service’s Weather Information Now number: Paducah, KY: 270-744-6331 Evansville, IN: 812-425-5549 National Weather Service forecasters rely on a A reference guide from your network of almost 10,000 gages to monitor the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration height of rivers and streams across the Nation. National Weather Service National Weather Service This gage data is only one of many different 8250 Kentucky Highway 3520 Paducah, Kentucky sources for data. Forecasters use data from the Doppler Radar, surface weather observations, West Paducah, KY 42086 snow melt/cover information and many other 270-744-6440 different data sources in order to monitor the threat for flooding. FLOODS KILL MORE PEOPLE FACT: Almost half of all flash flood Flooding PER YEAR THAN ANY OTHER fatalities occur in vehicles. WEATHER PHENOMENAN. fatalities occur in vehicles. Safety • As little as 6 inches of water may cause you to lose What are Flash Floods ? control of your vehicle. -
Wadi Ar Rumah the Earth Longest Dry Watershed Analysis System Using Remote Sensing Thermal Data
WADI AR RUMAH THE EARTH LONGEST DRY WATERSHED ANALYSIS SYSTEM USING REMOTE SENSING THERMAL DATA Sultan Ibn Sultan Al Qassim University P.O.Box 6688. Al Qassim 51452, College of Agricultur, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +96663342440, Fax: +96663340366 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Wadi Ar Rumah watershed system analysis combining both the information in the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) visible/near-infrared bands in terms of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and in the thermal-infrared bands in terms of Land Surface Temperature (LST) is presented. The analysis is based in the LST-NDVI feature space. This permits characterizing the distribution and evolution of the different regions according to their vegetation and watershed systems. The Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) data analysis has been carried out to investigate the changes in the biophysical characteristics of land cover and the water system pattern. The PAL data corresponds to the month of February for the years of 1997, 1998 and 1999. The Arabian Peninsula in general was selected as the area of study due to its high environmental diversity. Wadi Ar Rumah was especially selected because it was flooded by heavy precipitation during end of 1997 to beginning of 1998. Precipitation saturated the ground surface soil and kept the wet condition for a time. This work proved the wadi AR RUMAH as the earth longest watershed drainage system in our plant. Keywords: Watershed system, desert vegetation, AVHRR, NDVI, LST. 1. Introduction water, Solar radiation, and vegetation govern natural environment in the Arabian Peninsula. This research examines whether space observations are useful on the site to study the phenomena of the region. -
Stream Erosion
STREAM EROSION Erosion is an ongoing process on all bodies of water, especially moving water. Both natural and human- caused factors affect the amount of erosion a stream may experience. Natural factors include the gradient (or steepness) of the streambed since that affects the speed of the flow of water. Rainfall and snowmelt affect the amount of water in a stream as well as the speed of the flow. Human factors include run-off from farm fields and parking lots and water releases from dams that increase the amount of water flowing in streams. Removal of trees and shrubs from stream banks and deadfall from within the stream makes them more susceptible to erosion and increases stream flow. When there is too much erosion in a stream or on lands that drain into a stream, there is an increase in silting, a serious problem that affects our drinking water and the plants and creatures that live there. Serious problems are also caused by flash floods, when a river or stream is carrying a far greater than normal amount of water. Flash floods damage streams because they tear up stream banks and bottoms and move silt downstream and into lakes and ponds and slow spots in a stream. Causes of flash floods can be natural, human-made or a combination of both. Our experiments will examine three variables that affect water flow in a stream and test for their effect on erosion: slope (gradient) of the streambed, total amount of water flowing in a streambed (discharge), and pulses (spikes) in water. -
366 Water in Deserts
Geo Factsheet www.curriculum-press.co.uk Number 366 Water in Deserts Figure 1 The global distribution of deserts ● The sparsity of vegetation cover means that there is The action of flowing water, both in the present and past, is, and has an absence of plant roots. Humus in the soils is limited; been, important in shaping desert landscapes. Rainfall quantities in existing soils are compact and infiltration is limited. deserts are low overall but rainfall events that do occur can have a ● Interception is minimal. The rainfall hits the ground marked influence on the landscape. Many landforms in deserts are and dislodges fine, loose particles, moving them by rain shaped by the action of rivers and the water that flows into and / or splash. They can resettle and become lodged in any pore through the region. Figure 1 shows the global distribution of deserts. spaces that did exist in the soil, acting to ‘plug’ the gaps and create a top soil layer which has reduced permeability. Rainfall in deserts Such soils can only allow rainwater to infiltrate at a rate Desert regions can be classed as hyper-arid, arid or semi-arid of around a few mm per hour, so any excess rainfall will depending on the average annual precipitation that they receive: build up on, and flow over, the ground surface. Hyper-arid zones have a mean annual precipitation value of less than 100mm; Arid zones have an annual rainfall total of less than 250 mm; Semi-arid areas have an average annual precipitation of 250-500 mm. -
A Low Cost Approach for Wadi Flow Diversion
~ low cost approach for wadi flow diversion G. L. Silva and M. L. Makin Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute Surbiton, UK 1. Introduttion The whole system comprised 25 canals, fed by low A study of the land and wlUer resources of the Wadi Rima rubble and brushwoOd deflectors. and some ten earth bar coastal plain (YAR) was undertaken between 1974 and rages (aqm) in the downstream reach where spates had 1977 by the Land Resources Division (LRD)aspartofthe generally lost momentum. Ideally. the canal iQUlkes were British Technical Assi$tance programme (Makin, 1977). set in the wadi bank on the outer side of bends to enhance One of the majorproposalsemanating from that study was the collection offlood recessiOn and base flows. the intake for reSlNcturing the traditional system of spate diversion heads being open and uncontrolled., The wadi is partially and irrigation. ' incised within an elevated alluvial fan. so each canal is The Yemen coastal plain ('Tihamah') comprises ex capable of commanding extensive areas without heading tensiveatluvial fans and terraces flanking the mountains of up. the interior. Lying close to sea level, the plain is hotanddry The area irrigated in any one season with single to triple withashon,erratiesnmmerrainyseason,andevaporation waterings averaged about 6 700 ha out of an estimated exceeding 2 500 mm per year. Mean annual rainfall4e 8 000 ha; some distant fields might only be irrigated once creases frOm 3S0mm atthefootofthemounqUns,tobelow or twice in a decade. Other areas have been deprived of 100 mm on the Red Sea coast. In general, only low yields water through the illegal development of new irrigation; ofdrought-tolerantcropsareproducedandwaterresources here increasing numbers of people claim rights to wadi ate intensively exploited for irrigation, the principallimi water. -
Vulnerability of Soils in the Watershed of Wadi El Hammam to Water Erosion (Algeria) 5
DOI: 10.1515/jwld-2015-0001 © Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee for Land Reclamation JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT and Environmental Engineering in Agriculture, 2015 J. Water Land Dev. 2015, No. 24 (I–III): 3–10 © Institute of Technology and Life Science, 2015 PL ISSN 1429–7426 Available (PDF): http://www.itp.edu.pl/wydawnictwo/journal;http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jwld Received 25.10.2014 Reviewed 10.02.2015 Accepted 13.03.2015 Vulnerability of soils A – study design B – data collection in the watershed of Wadi El Hammam C – statistical analysis D – data interpretation E – manuscript preparation to water erosion (Algeria) F – literature search Mohamed GLIZ1) ABDEF, Boualem REMINI2) ADEF, Djamel ANTEUR4) ABE, Mohammed MAKHLOUF3) AEF 1) University of Mascara, Department of Agronomy, BP305, Mascara 29000, Algeria; e-mail: [email protected] 2) University of Blida, Department of Water Science, Blida 9000, Algeria; e-mail: [email protected] 3) University of Saida, Department of Biology, Saida 2000, Algeria; e-mail: [email protected] 4) University of Sidi-bell-abbes, Department of Mechanics, Sidi-bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria; e-mail: md [email protected] For citation: Gliz M., Remini B., Anteur D., Makhlouf M. 2015. Vulnerability of soils in the watershed of Wadi El Ham- mam to water erosion (Algeria). Journal of Water and Land Development. No. 24 p. 3–10 Abstract Located in the north west of Algeria, the watershed of Wadi El Hammam is threatened by water erosion that has resulted the silting of reservoirs at cascade: Ouizert, Bouhanifia and Fergoug. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology using remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) to map the zones presenting sensibility of water erosion in this watershed. -
FLOOD ANALYSIS and MITIGATION for PETRA AREA in JORDAN By
FLOOD ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION FOR PETRA AREA IN JORDAN By Radwan A. Al-Weshah1 and Fouad El-Khoury2 ABSTRACT: Petra is located in the southwest region of Jordan about 200 km south of Amman, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra was carved in sandstone canyons by the Nabatean over 2,000 years ago. Today the city is a major tourist attraction, its monuments being considered the jewels of Jordan. Floods pose a serious threat to the tourist activities in Petra as well as to the monuments themselves. In this paper, a ¯ood analysis model developed and calibrated for the Petra catchment is described. Using the model, ¯ood ¯ows and volumes are estimated for storm events of various return periods. To alleviate the impact of ¯oods on tourism in Petra, several ¯ood mitigation measures are proposed. The impact of these measures on ¯ood peak¯ow and volume is evaluated. These include afforestation, terracing, construction of check and storage dams, and various combinations of these measures. The ¯ood simulation model predicts that the measures can reduce ¯ood peak- ¯ows and volumes by up to 70%. INTRODUCTION was an extreme event, probably with a 100-year return period. During this extreme event, the intense and sudden rainfall The Petra region is located in the southwest of Jordan, be- caused ¯ood water to ¯ow from all wadis into the main wadi tween the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. It lies in the upstream of the Siq. The ¯ood carried a huge sediment load Sherah Mountains overseeing Wadi Araba in the Jordan Rift of loose silt and sand which blocked most of the hydraulic Valley, at latitude of 30Њ 20Ј North and longitude of 35Њ 27Ј structures in the wadi. -
Red Sea Andaegean Sea INCLUDING a TRANSIT of the Suez Canal
distinguished travel for more than 35 years Antiquities of the AND Red Sea Aegean Sea INCLUDING A TRANSIT OF THE Suez Canal CE E AegeanAthens Sea E R G Mediterranean Sea Sea of Galilee Santorini Jerusalem Jerash Alexandria Amman EGYPT MasadaMasada Dead Sea Alexandria JORDAN ISRAEL Petra Suez Cairo Canal Wadi Rum Giza Aqaba EGYPT Ain Gulf of r Sea of Aqaba e Sokhna Suez v i R UNESCO World e l Heritage Site i Cruise Itinerary N Air Routing Hurghada Land Routing Valley of the Kings Red Sea Valley of the Queens Luxor November 2 to 15, 2021 Amman u Petra u Luxor u The Pyramids Join us on this custom-designed, 14-day journey to Suez Canal u Alexandria u Santorini u Athens the very cradle of civilization. Visit three continents, 1 Depart the U.S. or Canada navigate the legendary Red, Mediterranean and 2-3 Amman, Jordan 4 Amman/Jerash/Amman Aegean Seas, transit the Suez Canal and experience 5 Amman/Petra eight UNESCO World Heritage sites. Spend three nights 6 Petra/Wadi Rum/Aqaba/Embark Le Lapérouse in Amman to visit Greco-Roman Jerash and dramatic 7 Hurghada, Egypt/Disembark ship/Luxor Wadi Rum, and one night adjacent to the “rose-red city” 8 Luxor/Valleys of Kings and Queens/Hurghada/ Reembark ship of Petra. Cruise for eight nights aboard the exclusively 9 Ain Sokhna for the Great Pyramids of Giza chartered, Five-Star Le Lapérouse, featuring 92 Suites 10 Suez Canal transit and Staterooms, each with a private balcony. Mid-cruise, 11 Alexandria or Cairo overnight in a Nile-view room in Luxor and visit 12 Cruising the Mediterranean Sea Queen Nefertari’s tomb. -
A Brief History of . FLOODI NG in Southern Nevada Jan
A brief history of . FLOODI NG in Southern Nevada Jan. 7, 1910. Population, 3,321: Storms lIood Meadow Valley Wash, 100 miles north of Las Vegas, damaging 100 miles of the Salt Lake Railroad that had cost about $1 million to bUild. July 23, 1923. Population, 5,000: A downpour drops 1.98 inches of rain during the afternoon, causing up to $10,000 damage in Las Vegas. AU{4,1929. Population,8,500: Thunderstorms create. a river that races down Mount Charleston, burying the highway to Las Vegas under 3 feet of water. Damage estimated at $50,000 . •tane 10, 1932. Population,9,500: A storm drenches Boulder City, causing thousands of dollars In damage after submerging a 100-foot-wide swath of EI Dorado Valley under 5 feet of water. A couple dies when their car over- turns because of the rushing water. Aug.11,1941. Population,17,OOO: Two railroad brid~es and a highway bridge are destroyed by lIoodwaters racing down the California Wash, 45 miles north of Las Vegas. Overton sustains severe damage after some of the largest flows of the century swell the Muddy River. A Moapa Val- fey cowboy and a highway maintenance foreman rescue a Minnesota woman and her son when their car is swept down the California Wash, where water stood 8 feet deep and 300 feet wide for seven hours. July 31,1949. Population,48,000: A rainstorm with vio- lent winds in Las Vegas causes traffic accidents that injure three. Tens of thousands of dollars in damage is reported, mostly in Virgin Valley where a tornado destroys hay crops.