Repor T Resumes

REPOR TRESUMES ED 016 115 VT 004 234 FARMERS, WORKERS, AND MACHINES, TECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN FARM INDUSTRIES OF ARIZONA. BY- PADFIELD, HARLAND MARTIN, WILLIAM E. ARIZONA UNIV., TUCSON, COLL. OF BUS. AND PUB. ADM. PUB DATE 65 ECRS PRICE MF-$1.50 HC NOT AVAILABLE FROM ECRS. 346P, DESCRIPTORS- FARM LABOR SUPPLY, *AGRICULTURAL LABORERS, CULTURAL BACKGROUND, FAMILY BACKGROUND, SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND, AGRICULTURAL TECHNICIANS, *TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT, UNEMPLOYED, VOCATIONkL REHABILITATION, FARM OCCUPATIONS, *OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT, SOCIAL CHANGE, *HARVESTING, *AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, EMPLOYERS, MEXICAN AMERICANS, NEGROES: AMERICAN INDIANS, ECONOMIC FACTORS, ATTITUOES, ANGLO AMERICANS, ARIZONA, THE FACT THAT LABOR SUPPLY CONSISTS OF MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN IN FAMILIES WITH THUR OWN ACCUSTOMED AND OFTEN WELL-LOVED WAYS OF LIVING IS OFTEN OVERLOOKED IN ANY DISCUSSION OF "THE FARM LABOR PROBLEM." THIS STUDY USES BOTH AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN ANALYZING EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS. THE ANALYSIS COVERS (1) HISTORIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITRUS, LETTUCE, AND COTTON INDUSTRIES WITH EXAMPLES OF COMPANIES USING DIFFERENT HARVESTING OPERATIONS, (2) THE ECONOMICS OF THE TECHNOLOGIES.(3) THE WORKERS,(4) THE PARTICIPANTS IN THEIR DISTINCTIVE CULTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SETTINGS -- MEXICAN- AMERICAN, ANGLO-ISOLATE, NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MANAGEMENT, AND (5)THE PARTICIPANTS IN THEIR COMMON TECHNOLOGICAL SETTING. SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS WERE--(1) ARIZONA AGRICULTURE, AS A VARIANT OF SOUTHWESTERN AGRICULTURE, IS AN INSTRUMENT C EXPLOITATION OF UNSOPHISTICATED, CULTURALLY UNASSIMILATED PEOPLES, AND FUNCTIONS ALSO AS AN ASSIMILATIVE MECHANISM WORKING IN THE DIRECTION OF UPWARD OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY AND BY DOING DEPLETES ITSELF OF ITS OWN LABOR SUPPLY,(2) DISPLACEMENT OF THE HIGHER OCCUPATIONAL CLASSES TENDS TO BE PERMANENT BECAUSE ITS MEMBERS DO NOT FIT THE LOWER OCCUPATIONAL CLASSES, AND (3) WHEN MEMBERS OF THE LOWER OCCUPATIONAL CLASSES ARE REPLACED BY HIGHER CLASS WORKERS, THE MEMBERS OF THE LOWER CLASSES TEND TO REMAIN IN THE INDUSTRY AND COMPETE FOR THE NEW HIGHER-STATUS JOBS. SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR FARM EMPLOYMENT AND MANPOWER WERE--(1) AN UNEMPLOYED WORKER SHOULD BE RETRAINED IN A HIGHER OCCUPATIONAL CLASS, (2) ir A WORKER IS DISPLACED FROM THE HIGHEST OCCUPATIONAL STATUS IN THE INDUSTRY, HE SHOULD BE RETRAINED FOR ANOTHER INDUSTRY, (3) ANGLO-ISOLATES CANNOT BE REHABILITATED BY TRAINING PROGRAMS, AND (4)THE CONCEPT OF TRAINING FOR OCCUPATIONAL ADJUSTMENT MUST BE BROADENED TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY WITH INSTITUTIONAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FOR $7.50 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, BOX 3398, COLLEGE STATION. TUCSON, ARIZONA 85700. (MM)' A technological and social change in farm industries of arizona IIARLAND PADFIELD WILLIAM E, MARTIN U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION& WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECOSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE Of EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY, FARMERS, Technological and WORKERS Social Change in and Farm Industries MACHINES I of Arizona Harland Padfield and William E. Martin THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS TUCSON 1965 011.11101k Published for The Division of Economic and Business Research College of Business and Public Administration The University of Arizona "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL HAS DEEM GRANTED gyBoard of Ilegenrof the Uni- vsasities and StCoil. of Ariz. TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICEOF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERMISSIONOF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER." Copyright ©1965 The Board of Regents of the Universities and State College of Arizona. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number LC65-25018 TO LAUREN W. CASADAY Whose vision and personal encouragement made this study possible Chapter page LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES FOREWORD by Edward H. SpSpicer xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii 1.GENERAL INTRODUCTION A Background of Practical Problems 1 1 Overall Design of Manuscript and Authorship 2 Previous Studies of Industrial Labor 3 The Inadequacies of Commonly UsedViewpoints 3 The Importance of Industrial Labor Studies and the Mayo School 4 The Limitations of the Mayo School inFarm Labor Studies New Ways of Looking at Farm Labor PART ONE: CROP HISTORIES AND HARVESTORGANIZATIONS 2. PAST AND PRESENT 9 3. THE CITRUS INDUSTRY 12 Background 12 A Company-- Standard Field Box System 13 B CompanyBulk-Truck and Bin-Trailer System 17 C Company-- Bulk-Truck and Bin-Trailer System 23 D CompanyBin-Forklift System 28 E CompanyBin-Forklift System 31 F CompanyRevolving Bin System 34 Summary Citrus 41 4. THE LETTUCE INDUSTRY 44 Background 44 The Shed Pack 44 The Field Pack 46 Lettuce Machines and Prepackaging (Wrap) 49 G CompanyField Pack and Field Wrap 51 H Company-- Field Pack and Shed Wrap 65 ICompany -- Field Pack 70 J Company-- Field Pack and Field Wrap 73 5. THE COTTON INDUSTRY 77 Background 77 The Mechanical Stripper 78 The Mechanical Picker 80 Arizona Cotton 84 Arizona Cotton Labor 86 Arizona Cotton Mechanization 88 K Company 86 Percent Machine Harvest 92 L Company100 Percent Machine Harvest 94 M Company 98 Percent Machine Harvest 95 Independent Picking-Chopping Crews 98 PART TWO: THE ECONOMICS OF THETECHNOLOGIES 6. THE THEORY OF THE FIRM 107 The Basic Principles 107 The Principles Illustrated 108 Practical Application of Firm Theoryto Arizona Farm Labor Problems 111 7. CITRUS HARVESTING ANDH ANDLING 112 Citrus Handling Costs 112 Handling and Container Costs 114 Case Studies Compared with the Cost Models 115 Implications for the Demand for Labor 119 CONTENTS Continued Chapter Page 8.LETTUCE HARVESTING, HANDLING, AND PACKING 120 Labor Efficiency vs. Labor Costs 120 Projected Reactions to Rising Costs 121 Lettuce Harvesting Machine Costs and Its Effectson Labor 122 Further Change 123 9.LETTUCE PRICES, COSTS, AND QUANTITIES 125 Price Elasticity of Demand 126 Implications of Price Elasticity for Lettuce and Labor 128 10. COTTON HARVESTING 130 When is Mechanization Economic? 130 The Situation in Arizona 131 Mechanization Throughout tht United States 132 Lessons Learned from Cotton 137 PART THREE: THE WORKERS 11. METHOD AND INTENT OF WORKER INTERVIEWS 139 General 130 Sampling Methods 139 Interviewing Methods 142 The Questionnaire 143 12. WORKERS OUT OF CONTEXT 146 Why Out of Context? 146 Origins, Age, Ethnicity, and Sex 146 Skill Factors 147 Material and Economic Factors 150 Value and Adaptive Factors 155 13.EFFECTS OF ETHNIC AFFILIATION 158 Skill Factors 158 Summary of Ethnic Patterns in Skill Factors 160 Value and Adaptive Factors 161 Summary of Ethnic Patterns in Value and Adaptive Factors 164 Material and Economic Factors 166 Summary of Ethnic Patterns in Material and EconomicFactors 169 Job Pattern Now 170 14.SCHOOLING VERSUS CULTURAL BACKGROUND 173 Years of Formal Education 173 Job Skills in Stable Past 174 Age 175 Aggregate and Isolate Households 176 Summary 177 PART FOUR:THE PARTICIPANTS IN THEIR DISTINCTIVE CULTURAL AND INSTiTUTIONAL SETTINGS 15. FROM ETHNIC GROUP TO CULTURALBACKGROUND TO INSTITUTIONS 179 Concepts and Definitions 179 Method 182 16.MEXICAN-AMERICAN FARM SUBCULTURE 184 The Influence of Rural Mexico 184 Some Pertinent Cultural Characteristics of RuralMeximlas 185 Cultural Variations of the Arizona Farm Mexican-Americans 187 The Old Arizona Mexican-American Farm Worker 188 The Tex:), Mexican-American Farm Worker 190 The Green Card Mexican-American Farm Worker 192 Work Institutions, Values, and Attitudes 198 The Peasant Family 198 The Migratory Family 198 The Multi-Vocational Family 201 The One-Vocational Family 205 The Urbanized (Bi-Vocational) Family 213 CONTENTS Continued Chapter Page 17.ANGLO-ISOLATE FARM SUBCULTURE 213 The Characteristics of the Anglo-Isolate 219 The Society of the Anglo-Isolate 219 The World of Charley Tatum 222 The Setting 222 Home 224 The Past 225 General Attitudes and Values 227 Summary of Valves 229 18. NEGRO FARM SUBCULTURE 231 General Characteristics 231 The Isolate/A mregate Dichotomy 231 Occupational Diversity 232 Working Wives and Family Organization 932 Cultural Influences of the Rural South 233 Arizona Farm Negro Profiles 237 Summary of Values 240 19.INDIAN FARM SUBCULTURE 241 The Pull of the Reservation 241 Reservation Residence and Occupational Adjustment 245 Occupational Diversity 246 Occupational Mobility in Farm industry 247 Relocation 247 The Incomprehensibility of the Non-Reservation World 249 Summary of Values 250 20. THE VIEWPOINTS OF MANAGEMENT 251 The Institution of Private Ownership 251 Profit Maximization 251 Control of Access to the Instruments of Px3duction 252 The Social Logics of a Labor-Dependent Agriculture 254 The Right to Non-Competitive Labor 254 The Principle of the Unknown (Stereotype) Worker 256 The Role of Government 259 General Complaints 259 Procedural Complaints 260 Dilemma 262 Summary 263 PART FIVE:THE PARTICIPANTS IN THEIR COMMON TECHNOLOGICAL SETTING 21. THE HARVEST ORGANIZATION AS A COMPOSITE INSTITUTION 265 Introduction 265 The Generalized Farm Harvest System A Composite Institution267 Technical Elite Occupational Class 269 Supervisory Occupational Class 269 Machine and Semi-Machine Occupational Class 271 Marginal Occupational Class 272 Obsolete Occupational Class 272 IDH Occupational Class 274 22. TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AS MECHANISMS WHEREBY MANAGEMENT AND LABOR GROUPS EFFECT THEIR JOINT INTERESTS 276 The Technological

Load more