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Law Enforcement Selection Law Enforcement Selection ResearchResearch SummariesSummaries Michael G. Aamodt Law Enforcement Selection: Research Summaries Copyright © 2004 Michael G. Aamodt All rights reserved Police Executive Research Forum Washington, D.C. USA · 2004 ISBN: 1-878734-85-7 Introduction Ten years ago, I began a quest to find the relevant research conducted on law enforcement selection and then conduct a series of meta-analyses (quantitative reviews) to determine the validity of methods used to select law enforcement personnel. Though the project took longer than anticipated, it is now nearing completion. The outcome of the project is a set of three books, two of which are completed and a third which should be ready within a year. The first book, Research in Law Enforcement Selection, contains the results of the meta-analyses on the various methods used to select law enforcement personnel and was published in July, 2004 by BrownWalker Press (www.BrownWalker.com). This book, Law Enforcement Selection: Research Summaries, contains summaries of the over 300 studies used to conduct the meta-analyses. A PDF version of this book can be obtained without cost from my website (www.radford.edu/~mamodt/riles.htm) or from the Police Executive Research Forum website (www.policeforum.org). The book in progress, Hiring Law Enforcement Personnel, is an applied, non-technical guide to the best hiring practices. This book provides a reference source for individuals interested in law enforcement selection. It contains statistical summaries of over 300 theses, dissertations, journal articles, and conference presentations that have investigated the validity of methods used to select law enforcement personnel. These methods include education requirements, cognitive ability, background variables (e.g., military experience), personality tests, assessment centers, and interviews. The aim of the book is to include enough information about a study that the reader will not need to consult the original source—an advantage when many of the original sources such as theses and dissertations can be difficult to obtain. Each summary contains complete citation information as well as information about the sample, the predictors and criteria used in the study, and the essential findings of the study. If I have done my job properly, summaries of all journal articles, theses, and dissertations relevant to this topic from 1970–2003 are in this book. To find studies relevant to this project, studies older than 1970 and more recent than June, 2003 were included when found but inclusion outside of the years 1970-2003 would not be considered exhaustive. To find relevant studies, the following sources were used: Dissertation Abstracts Online was used to search for relevant dissertations. Interlibrary loan was used to obtain most of the dissertations. When dissertations could not be loaned, they were purchased from the University of Michigan dissertation service. WorldCat was used to search for relevant master’s theses, dissertations, and books. WorldCat is a listing of books contained in many libraries throughout the world and was the single best source for finding relevant master’s theses. PsycInfo, InfoTrac OneFile, ArticleFirst, ERIC, Periodicals Contents Index, Factiva, Lexis- Nexis, and Criminal Justice Abstracts were used to search for relevant journal articles and other periodicals. Hand searches of the Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, Journal of Criminal Justice, Journal of Police Science and Administration, Police Quarterly, and Public Personnel Management. Reference lists from journal articles, theses, and dissertations were used to identify other relevant material. Keywords used to search in electronic databases included combinations of occupational terms (e.g., police, law enforcement, sheriff) with predictors (e.g., education, personality, MMPI, CPI, cognitive ability, IQ, military), methods (e.g., validity, relationship, predicting), and criteria (e.g., academy, performance, grades, commendations, discipline) The search for documents finally stopped when computer searches failed to yield new sources and no new sources from reference lists appeared. To be included in this book, a study had to be an empirical investigation of the validity of a selection method applied to a law enforcement sample and had to include data. There were hundreds of articles on the topic of police selection that did not include data and these were not summarized. For many of the studies, the statistics reported in the article or dissertation were converted from such statistics as chi-squares, t-tests, and F values into correlations (r) so that they would be easier for the reader to interpret. The formulas listed in Wolf (1986, p. 35) were used to convert a variety of statistics into correlations. When such conversions were made, they were noted in the summary. Some dissertations included raw data and when necessary, these data were entered into the computer and reanalyzed to provide relevant information. My plan is to periodically update this book to include new research. If you know of a study that I did not include, please feel free to email me or send me a copy of the study so that it can be included in future editions. If you are the author of a study included in this book and do not want that study included, let me know and it will be removed in future editions. My contact information is: Dr. Mike Aamodt Department of Psychology Radford University Radford, VA 24142-6946 (540) 831-5513 [email protected] When citing this book, please use the following: Aamodt, M. G. (2004). Law enforcement selection: Research summaries. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my wife Bobbie and son Josh for their support in working on this 10- year project. My guess is if they never hear the words “meta-analysis” or “police selection” again they wouldn’t complain. I would like to also thank Bud Bennett and his interlibrary loan staff at Radford University. Bud’s hard work and patience in getting other libraries to send dissertations, theses, and articles is much appreciated and this project could not have been completed without his help. Finally I would like to thank my colleagues in the Society for Police and Criminal Psychology for their support and encouragement throughout this project and to Radford University for granting me a one-semester sabbatical to finish the book. References Aamodt, M. G. (2004). Research in law enforcement selection. Boca Raton, FL: BrownWalker Press. (ISBN 1-58112-428-7) Wolf, F. M. (1986). Meta-analyses: Quantitative methods for research synthesis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ The Prediction of Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers in Simulated Field Situations Rebecca Leslie Aadland California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles __________________________________________________________________ Citation: Aadland, R. L. (1981). The prediction of use of deadly force by police officers in simulated field situations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles. Essential Finding: Study compared officers who used deadly force (n=35), had received complaints about excessive force (n=34), and who received commendations for using use-of-force restraint (n=35) Younger and less experienced officers fired more shots during a shooting simulation Subjects: N 104 Dept. Los Angeles Police Department Gender 100% were men Age M = 32.58 Tenure M = 8.55 years Independent Variables Dependent Variables: Self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) Shooting Performance Locus of Control Androgyny (Bem Sex Role Inventory) Demographics Occupational attitudes Findings Reliability Total Number Number of Out-of- Variable Internal Test-Retest of Shots Policy Shots Prior shooting history - .15 .04 Age - .21* - .04 Job experience - .23* - .05 Military experience - .05 - .08 Attitudes toward Prosocial violence - .30* - .21* Department’s shooting policy .02 - .25* Value of job to society .17 .02 Importance of job to officer - .05 - .07 Job’s effect on home life - .04 .04 Job satisfaction .10 .03 Self-esteem (general) .92 .85 .07 .08 Self-esteem (job specific) - .05 .04 Androgyny (Bem) .86 .89 .04 .01 Locus of control .70 .72 .01 - .04 1 Aadland (1981) continued Commendation Complaint Shooting Total Group Variable Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Age 32.71 5.43 33.00 4.27 32.00 3.71 32.58 4.51 Job experience 7.89 4.11 8.91 3.43 8.85 3.70 8.55 3.75 Military experience (years) 2.80 3.17 3.51 3.71 2.15 2.31 2.83 3.14 Attitudes toward Prosocial violence 2.43 1.46 2.40 1.26 2.53 1.52 2.45 1.41 Department’s shooting 5.71 2.42 6.03 2.38 5.38 2.34 5.71 2.37 policy Value of job to society 1.60 0.98 1.91 1.01 1.62 1.21 1.71 1.07 Importance of job to officer 13.06 2.90 14.54 2.65 12.71 3.32 13.44 3.04 Job’s effect on home life 9.31 2.34 9.14 3.10 9.74 2.67 9.39 2.70 Job satisfaction 5.43 2.63 6.20 2.39 5.15 2.58 5.60 2.55 Self-esteem (general) 35.94 2.90 35.71 3.20 36.24 2.72 35.96 2.93 Self-esteem (job specific) 2.40 1.35 2.26 1.24 2.18 0.94 2.28 1.19 Androgyny (Bem) 21.71 12.24 19.89 14.5 18.32 15.48 19.99 14.06 Locus of control 6.77 3.99 7.49 3.74 6.50 3.77 6.92 3.82 2 ______________________________________________________________________________ Relationship Between Education Level and Cadet Performance in a Police Academy Michael G. Aamodt Radford University William Flink Central Shenandoah Regional Criminal Justice Training Academy _____________________________________________________________________________ Citation: Aamodt, M. G., & Flink, W. (2001). Relationship between educational level and cadet performance in a police academy.
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