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Sustainable Tourism Development in UK National Parks: Principles, Meaning & Practice

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Sustainable Tourism Development in UK National Parks: Principles, Meaning & Practice Sustainable tourism development in UK National Parks: Principles, Meaning & Practice Sarah Ann Murphy Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds York St John University York St John Business School March 2014 - i - Declaration The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Sarah Ann Murphy to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2014 The University of Leeds and Sarah Ann Murphy - ii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was only possible due to the funding provided by York St John Business School and I am incredibly grateful to have been given this opportunity. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my primary supervisor, Professor Steve Watson. He has been a true mentor, providing invaluable advice, support and guidance throughout my academic career. Thanks are also expressed to my secondary supervisor, Dr Takamitsu Jimura, who provided useful feedback and direction throughout the research process. Thank you to all those within the New Forest National Park and the Yorkshire Dales National Park who helped with this research by sharing their valuable insights with me and providing an array of documents, literature and other information which broadened my knowledge of the areas. I am, as always, indebted to my parents, Keith and Angela Neale, who provide constant love and support no matter where life takes me. Finally, a special thank you is extended to my husband Chris, for his endless patience, love, encouragement and unwavering belief in my abilities. Without him, this thesis would not have been possible. - iii - ABSTRACT Tourism is revered for its ability to encourage development through the utilisation of ‘free’ natural and cultural resources. However, the benefits of tourism development are often accompanied by negative impacts which degrade the social and environmental context in which tourist interactions occur. This issue is particularly significant in national parks due to the challenges presented by their often opposing dual remit: conservation and recreational access. Sustainable tourism development has been recognised as a means of addressing this issue. However, to date, there has been a lack of research evaluating the understanding and application of sustainable tourism development within national parks. This research addresses this gap. A qualitative research strategy was adopted which utilised a multi-case study methodology involving the Yorkshire Dales and the New Forest. It employed a triangulated strategy which used primary and secondary data collection methods, adding credibility to the findings. The findings revealed that some stakeholders experienced difficulty in understanding the concept due to complex and ambiguous terminology. Consequently, the underlying principles were considered to be more significant. The meaning and operationalisation of the principles varied according to the contextually unique characteristics of destinations. Overall however, it was acknowledged that the concept should not be seen as an end-goal, but as an on-going process, with the principles embedded into planning and management processes if progress is to be achieved. This study culminates by presenting two models; the first is intended to facilitate an evaluation of the main elements affecting sustainable tourism development, namely, context, understanding and operationalisation. The second is intended for use by practitioners, to aid the identification of key principles and the elements of planning and management where these principles need to be embedded. Both models highlight the importance of contextual awareness and thus, further research is recommended to assess their relevance in other destinations. - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... x Abbreviations & Acronyms .................................................................................................. xi One Introduction 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research background & rationale .................................................................... 1 1.3 Research strategy & relevance ......................................................................... 7 1.4 Research aim & objectives ............................................................................... 9 1.5 Thesis structure ................................................................................................ 9 Two Sustainable Development & Tourism 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Tourism as an agent for development ............................................................ 15 2.3 Development theory ...................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Modernisation theory ...................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Dependency theory ......................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Economic neo-liberalism .................................................................. 24 2.3.4 Alternative development ................................................................. 25 2.4 Sustainable development ............................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Defining and understanding sustainable development .................... 28 2.4.2 Key objectives and principles ........................................................... 32 2.5 Tourism and development theory .................................................................. 36 2.6 Sustainable tourism development .................................................................. 39 2.6.1 Definitions and iInterpretations of sustainable tourism development ................................................................................... 40 2.6.2 Key objectives and principles ........................................................... 45 2.6.3 Operational issues ........................................................................... 50 2.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 55 Three National Parks & Tourism 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 58 3.2 National parks as protected areas .................................................................. 59 3.3 Historical context ........................................................................................... 64 3.3.1 Origins of the concept – Yellowstone National Park ........................ 65 3.3.2 The New World – Canada, New Zealand and Australia .................... 67 3.3.3 The African and Asian Colonies ........................................................ 69 - v - 3.3.4 Europe and the Major Powers .......................................................... 71 3.4 National Parks: A series of models .................................................................. 79 3.5 Recreation and tourism in national parks ....................................................... 83 3.6 Balancing conflicting objectives: environmental conservation and tourism ... 86 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 89 Four Sustainable tourism development in national parks 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Tourism impacts ............................................................................................. 92 4.2.1 Environmental impacts ....................................................................... 94 4.2.2 Social impacts ................................................................................... 95 4.2.3 Economic impacts ............................................................................ 97 4.3 Tourism planning ............................................................................................ 99 4.3.1 Stakeholder engagement ................................................................. 102 4.3.2 Policy & strategy formation .............................................................. 105 4.4 Tourism management ..................................................................................
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