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Router Security Configuration Guide Report Number: C4-040R-02 Router Security Configuration Guide Principles and guidance for secure configuration of IP routers, with detailed instructions for Cisco Systems routers Router Security Guidance Activity of the System and Network Attack Center (SNAC) Authors: Vanessa Antoine December 15, 2005 Raymond Bongiorni Version: 1.1c Anthony Borza Patricia Bosmajian Daniel Duesterhaus Michael Dransfield Brian Eppinger Kevin Gallicchio Stephen Hamilton James Houser Andrew Kim Phyllis Lee Brian McNamara Tom Miller David Opitz Florence Richburg Michael Wiacek Mark Wilson Neal Ziring National Security Agency 9800 Savage Rd. Suite 6704 Ft. Meade, MD 20755-6704 [email protected] Router Security Configuration Guide Warnings This document is only a guide to recommended security settings for Internet Protocol (IP) routers, particularly routers running Cisco Systems Internet Operating System (IOS) versions 11.3 through 12.4. It cannot replace well-designed policy or sound judgment. This guide does not address site-specific configuration issues. Care must be taken when implementing the security steps specified in this guide. Ensure that all security steps and procedures chosen from this guide are thoroughly tested and reviewed prior to imposing them on an operational network. SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. This document is current as of October, 2005. The most recent version of this document may always be obtained through http://www.nsa.gov/. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Daniel Duesterhaus, author of the original NSA “Cisco Router Security Configuration Guide,” and the management and staff of the Applications and Architectures division for their patience and assistance with the initial development of this guide. Special thanks also go to Ray Bongiorni for quality assurance and editorial work, and to Julie Martz and Kathy Jones for proof-reading assistance. Additional contributors to the guide effort include Andrew Dorsett, Charles Hall, Scott McKay, and Jeffrey Thomas. Thanks must also be given to the dozens of professionals outside NSA who made suggestions for the improvement of this document, especially George Jones, John Stewart, and Joshua Wright. Trademark Information Cisco, IOS, and CiscoSecure are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. in the USA and other countries. Windows 2000 and Windows XP are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the USA and other countries. All other names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Revision History 1.0 Sep 2000 First complete draft, extensive internal review. 1.0b Oct 2000 Revised after review by Ray Bongiorni 1.0f Mar 2001 Second release version: second pre-pub review 1.0g Apr 2001 Third release version: incorporated external feedback. 1.0h Aug 2001 Fourth release version; another QA review. 1.0j Nov 2001 Fifth release version. 1.0k Mar 2002 Last release of 1.0, another pre-pub review. 1.1 Sep 2002 Major revision and expansion, another pre-pub review 1.1b Dec 2003 Minor revision, corrections, additions, fixed links 1.1c Dec 2005 Updated, fixed inconsistencies, checked links 2 Version 1.1c Contents Contents Preface 5 1. Introduction 7 1.1. The Roles of Routers in Modern Networks .....................................................................7 1.2. Motivations for Providing Router Security Guidance......................................................9 1.3. Typographic and Diagrammatic Conventions Used in this Guide.................................10 1.4. Structural Overview .......................................................................................................12 2. Background and Review 15 2.1. Review of TCP/IP Networking ......................................................................................15 2.2. TCP/IP and the OSI Model ............................................................................................17 2.3. Review of IP Routing and IP Architectures ...................................................................19 2.4. Basic Router Functional Architecture............................................................................24 2.5. Review of Router-Relevant Protocols and Layers .........................................................27 2.6. Quick “Review” of Attacks on Routers .........................................................................29 2.7. References......................................................................................................................30 3. Router Security Principles and Goals 33 3.1. Protecting the Router Itself ............................................................................................33 3.2. Protecting the Network with the Router.........................................................................35 3.3. Managing the Router......................................................................................................43 3.4. Security Policy for Routers ............................................................................................46 3.5. References......................................................................................................................51 4. Implementing Security on Cisco Routers 54 4.1. Router Access Security ..................................................................................................55 4.2. Router Network Service Security...................................................................................70 4.3. Access Control Lists, Filtering, and Rate Limiting........................................................83 4.4. Routing and Routing Protocols ....................................................................................102 4.5. Audit and Management................................................................................................139 4.6. Security for Router Network Access Services .............................................................175 4.7. Collected References....................................................................................................202 5. Advanced Security Services 204 5.1. Role of the Router in Inter-Network Security..............................................................204 5.2. IP Network Security.....................................................................................................205 5.3. Using SSH for Remote Administration Security .........................................................227 5.4. Using a Cisco Router as a Firewall..............................................................................232 5.5. Cisco IOS Intrusion Detection .....................................................................................241 5.6. References....................................................................................................................247 6. Testing and Security Validation 250 Version 1.1c 3 Router Security Configuration Guide 6.1. Principles for Router Security Testing .........................................................................250 6.2. Testing Tools................................................................................................................250 6.3. Testing and Security Analysis Techniques ..................................................................251 6.4. Using the Router Audit Tool........................................................................................258 6.5. References....................................................................................................................261 7. Additional Issues in Router Security 263 7.1. Routing and Switching.................................................................................................263 7.2. IPv6..............................................................................................................................265 7.3. ATM and IP Routing....................................................................................................266 7.4. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS).....................................................................267 7.5. IPSec and Dynamic Virtual Private Networks .............................................................268 7.6. Tunneling Protocols and Virtual Network Applications ..............................................269 7.7. IP Quality of Service (QoS) and RSVP........................................................................270 7.8. Secure DNS..................................................................................................................271 7.9. References....................................................................................................................272 8. Appendices 274 8.1. Top Ways to Quickly Improve the Security of a Cisco Router....................................274 8.2. Application to Ethernet Switches and
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