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ANNOTATION of Akimzhanov Darhan Shoganbekovich's Dissertation on the Topic “Ecology and Estimation of Hemiptera (Heteroptera)

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ANNOTATION of Akimzhanov Darhan Shoganbekovich's Dissertation on the Topic “Ecology and Estimation of Hemiptera (Heteroptera) ANNOTATION of Akimzhanov Darhan Shoganbekovich's dissertation on the topic “Ecology and estimation of Hemiptera (Heteroptera) biodiversity of the Pentatomomorpha I order at specially protected natural territory of South- East Kazakhstan (on example of SNNP “Altyn-Emel” and SNNP “Kolsai koldery”) submitted for the degree of the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) for specialty 6D060800 - Ecology The relevance of research. Insects are the largest group of animals, they account for 70% of the diversity of the animal kingdom in the country. They play an important role in circulation of organic matter on the surface for all animal groups and in processing of energy stored in plants, therefore it is important to create a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and research on their effective use. The results of studies conducted in 2017-2019 at territory of the State National Natural Parks "Altyn-Emel" and "Kolsai koldery" on Heteroptera true bugs show biodiversity of Kazakhstan, contribute to creation of a wildlife cadastre in the SNPP "Altyn-Emel" and "Kolsay koldery", which is one of the specially protected natural territories of South-East Kazakhstan. The data obtained as a result of study on species composition of Hemoptera performs the task of preserving the biodiversity and inventory of the animal world of Kazakhstan in accordance with the International Convention on the restoration and rational use of the animal world. Heteroptera insects are one of the largest orders of insects. Today, 40,000 species belonging to 50 families are known worldwide. True bugs insects live in different biotopes and play an important role in biological processes in biogeocenosis. Among them are many predators and herbivores. Herbivorous species breed, damaging forests and agriculture. Predatory species, on the other hand, regulate the number of harmful species in forestry and agriculture and have a beneficial effect. Despite the economic importance of the Heteroptera, their practical significance in Kazakhstan is not fully understood. Therefore, our work in this direction is relevant. The fauna, biological and environmental features of Heteroptera true bugs of Pentatomomorpha I infraorder were studied at specially protected natural areas of South-East Kazakhstan (SNNP Altyn-Emel and Kolsay koldery). Objective: To study the ecological and biological features of the Hemiptera, to analyze the beneficial and harmful effects, to make relevant recommendations and conclusions of the Heteroptera true bugs of Pentatomomorpha I infraorder (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) at specially protected natural territories of South-East Kazakhstan (on example of SNNP “Altyn-Emel” and “Kolsai koldery”). Object of study: true bugs (Heteroptera) of Pentatomomorpha I infrared order (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae). Subject of research: Ecology, entomology. Research objectives: - determining taxonomic composition of the Heteroptera true bugs of the Pentatomomorpha I infraorder (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) at specially protected natural territories of South-East Kazakhstan (SNNP "Altyn-Emel" and "Kolsai koldery." - To study the biodiversity and environmental features of the Heteroptera true bugs of Pentatomomorpha I infrared order (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) at the research site. - To analyze the results of study and write specific conclusions and recommendations on the economic significance of the Heteroptera true bugs of Pentatomomorpha I infrared order (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) Theoretical and practical value of the work. The species composition, biological and environmental features of the Heteroptera true bugs of Pentatomomorpha I infraorder (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) at specially protected natural territories of South-East Kazakhstan (SNNP "Altyn-Emel" and “Kolsai koldery”), their harmful and useful effects are analyzed and used for determining their environmental impact. The obtained data on biological and environmental features, distribution of the Heteroptera true bugs of Pentatomomorpha I infrared order (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) at specially protected natural territories of South-East Kazakhstan (SNNP "Altyn- Emel” and “Kolsai koldery”) are used harmful species in the research area. The results of the study evaluate the biodiversity of Kazakhstan and help to create a wildlife cadastre in the area of research on specially protected natural areas of South-East Kazakhstan (SNNP “Altyn-Emel” and “Kolsai koldery”). The data obtained as a result of studying the species composition of Hemiptera aids the task for preserving the biodiversity and inventory of the animal world of Kazakhstan in accordance with the International Convention on the restoration and rational use of the animal world. Scientific novelty. For the first time, an inventory of the Heteroptera true bugs of Pentatomomorpha I infraorder (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) of specially protected natural areas of South-East Kazakhstan (SNNP "Altyn-Emel" and "Kolsai koldery") was conducted. The complex analysis was performed and the study identified 143 species belonging to 5 families of Hemiptera insects. According to the trophic connection, among them, mainly are herbivorous species (phytophages), i.e. 113 species, 80.1%: polyphytophages (feeding on plants of various families) - 74 species, 53%, wide oligophytophages (feeding on plants of the same family) - 17 species, 12%, narrow oligophytophages (feeding on plants of one or close genera) - 19 species, 13%, monophytophages (feed on one species of plants) - 3 species, 2.1%, mycetophages (organisms that feed on mushrooms) - 16 species, 11%, zoofitofag (feed on plant and animal food) - 3 species, 2 , 1%, zoofags (eat animal food) - 9 species, 6.1%. Hemiptera of SNNP “Altyn-Emel” and “Kolsai koldery” are divided into 5 groups depending on their habitat. Of these, 51 species are herpetobionts (36%), 42 species are hortobiotes (29.3%), 29 species herpetic and herthobionts, 20 species are dendrobiotics (14%), and 1 kind is tamero-dendrobiont (0.7%) . The true bugs of SNNP “Altyn-Emel” and “Kolsai koldery” are divided into acyclic depending on the annual development (there is no specific cycle in the annual development, therefore, all stages of development occur simultaneously) - 16 species, polyvoltaic (give several cycles over a year) - 17 species, bivoltine (two cycles during the year) - 35 species and monovoltaic (one cycle during the year) - 75 species. Different species of Hemiptera have different moisture requirements. Therefore, they are divided into various ecological groups: xerophiles (terrestrial animals, dry habitats) - 22 species (15%), meso-xerophiles (organisms living in drier conditions than mesophiles, but wetter than xerophiles) - 55 species (38% ), mesophiles (organisms that live best at moderate temperatures) - 66 species (47%). On the territory of SNNP “Altyn-Emel” 129 species of Hemiptera are found, of which 78 species are found only in this park, and the general are 51 species, i.e. these species are also found at SNNP "Kolsai koldery". The climate of SNNP "Altyn- Emel" is sharply continental, with dry cold winters and hot summers. Therefore, xerophilous animals that like dryness live here, which means they are adapted to the dryness of soil, and they do not tolerate high humidity. On the territory of SNNP "Kolsai koldery" 65 species of Hemiptera are found, of which 14 species are found only in this park, and the general are 51 species, i.e. these species are also found at SNPP “Altyn-Emel”. SNPP "Kolsai koldery" has a humid continental climate. Therefore, mesophilic animals live here, that is, animals adapted to the average humidity of air and soil. Hemiptera animals hibernate at different stages of development: adults, larvae and eggs. Their larvae go through 5 stages of development. At SNNP “Altyn- Emel” and “Kolsai koldery”, 5 species winter in the egg stage, 1 species in the larval stage, 22 species in the larva and adult stage, 115 species in the adult stage. For the first time, a complete inventory of the Hemiptera fauna of Pentatomomorpha I infrared order (Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Berytidae, Pyrrhocoridae) was conducted at the “Altyn- Emel” and “Kolsai koldery” SNNPs. Over 10 years (2009-2019), the number of half-winged animals at “Altyn- Emel” SNNP increased to 21 species: the Aradidae and Berytidae families of 3 species, the Piesmatidae family - 4 species, the Pyrrhocoridae family - 2 species, the Lygaeidae family - 9 species. Over 10 years (2009-2019), the number of half-winged animals at"Kolsai koldery" SNNP increased to 18 species: the Aradidae family - 10 species, the Berytidae family - 1 species, the Piesmatidae family - 2 species, the Lygaeidae family - 5 species. In addition, due to the limitation of anthropogenic factors at specially protected natural territories of “Altyn- Emel” and “Kolsai koldery” SNNPs, 2 new species were found for Kazakhstan: Lamproplax picea (Flor, 1860), Macroplax fasciata fasciata (Herrich-Scaeffer, 1835). By analyzing the zoogeographic distribution of true bugs at SNNP "Altyn- Emel" and "Kolsai koldery", we found that they belong to 25 areas of distribution. They are widespread Holarctic (4%), Trans-Palearctic (12.8%), Ethiopian-trans- Arctic (1.4%), West-Arctic (20%), Ethiopian-West-Arctic (2.8%), Trans-Eurasian (19) (21%), Central
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