Quadruplexes No Intron 1 Dos Genes Pax9, Msx1, Inhba E Bmp2 E O Fenótipo Dentário Dos Mamíferos

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Quadruplexes No Intron 1 Dos Genes Pax9, Msx1, Inhba E Bmp2 E O Fenótipo Dentário Dos Mamíferos UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS FACULDADE DE ODONTOLOGIA DE PIRACICABA MANUEL ALEXANDER JARA ESPEJO ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE SEQUÊNCIAS FORMADORAS DE G- QUADRUPLEXES NO INTRON 1 DOS GENES PAX9, MSX1, INHBA E BMP2 E O FENÓTIPO DENTÁRIO DOS MAMÍFEROS ASSOCIATION BETWEEN G-QUADRUPLEX FORMING SEQUENCES IN THE FIRST INTRON OF PAX9, MSX1, INHBA AND BMP2 GENES AND MAMMALIAN DENTITION PHENOTYPE Piracicaba 2017 MANUEL ALEXANDER JARA ESPEJO ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE SEQUÊNCIAS FORMADORAS DE G-QUADRUPLEXES NO INTRON 1 DOS GENES PAX9, MSX1, INHBA E BMP2 E O FENÓTIPO DENTÁRIO DOS MAMÍFEROS ASSOCIATION BETWEEN G-QUADRUPLEX FORMING SEQUENCES IN THE FIRST INTRON OF PAX9, MSX1, INHBA AND BMP2 GENES AND MAMMALIAN DENTITION PHENOTYPE Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Odontologia, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, para obtenção de título de Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental, Área de Histologia e Embriologia. Dissertation presented to the Piracicaba Dental School of the University of Campinas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Dental Biology, in Histology and Embryology area. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sérgio Roberto Peres Line. ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO MANUEL ALEXANDER JARA ESPEJO E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. SERGIO ROBERTO PERES LINE. Piracicaba 2017 DEDICATÓRIA A Deus, por ter me guiado e cuidado durante estes anos e por ser o meu apoio em cada momento da minha vida. À minha família, em especial aos meus pais Martha e Manuel, pelo seu amor e apoio constante em todas as minhas escolhas. AGRADECIMENTOS Á Universidade Estadual de Campinas representada na pessoa do Magnifico Reitor Prof. Dr. Jorge Tadeu Jorge. À Faculdade De Odontologia De Piracicaba na pessoa do Diretor Prof. Dr. Guilherme Elias Pessanha Henriques, por ter-me dado o privilégio de estudar e desenvolver as minhas qualidades como pesquisador e como pessoa nesta magnifica alma mater. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Sérgio Roberto Peres Line, pela orientação sincera, disposição a esclarecer as minhas dúvidas, paciência e, principalmente, por ser um verdadeiro exemplo de pessoa e cientista. Aos professores do departamento de morfologia, na área de histologia, Prof.Dr. Marcelo Rocha Marques, pela paciência, apoio e conselhos, á Prof.Dra. Ana Paula de Souza Pardo pelo exemplo do bom uso da didática e ao professor Prof. Dr. Pedro Duarte Novaes. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo auxilio concedido para a execução desta tese. Aos meus amigos e colegas alunos do programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Buco-Dental e de outras áreas, pelo seu companheirismo e amizade, fazendo mais agradável cada momento na FOP. RESUMO A dentição dos mamíferos representa um modelo eficiente para entender como as mudanças nas restrições do desenvolvimento podem ter participado no surgimento da diversidade fenotípica ao longo do processo evolutivo. Diferentes abordagens e modelos têm sido propostos para explicar esta diversidade, incluindo a teoria dos campos morfogenéticos e o modelo da cascata de ativadores/inibidores. Quase a metade dos genes humanos apresenta sequências ricas em guanina na extremidade 5' do intron 1. A presença de sequências formadoras de G-quadruplexes (G4FS) próximas aos limites exon/intron sugere o seu potencial para regular a expressão gênica durante a transcrição e processamento do pré-mRNA. O nosso objetivo foi associar a estabilidade das GQFS, medida com base na mínima energia livre do RNA, localizados na extremidade 5' do primeiro íntron de genes que participam no desenvolvimento dentário com o tamanho relativo da dentição posterior obtido a partir de medições de crânios de 55 espécies de mamíferos placentários. A mínima energia livre das G4FS localizadas em genes com papeis críticos no desenvolvimento dentário, como o Pax9, Msx1, Inhba e Bmp2, associaram-se com o tamanho relativo dos dentes posteriores. Analisadas em conjunto, a diversidade estrutural das G4FS e sua associação com o tamanho relativo dos dentes posteriores, permite-nos sugerir que interações moleculares geradas a partir dessa estabilidade estrutural poderiam representar um mecanismo regulador da expressão gênica durante a odontogênese. Finalmente, isto poderia ter contribuído para a diversificação do fenótipo dentário dos mamíferos. Palavras-chave: Quadruplexe G, Dentição, Mamífero, Evolução. ABSTRACT Mammalian dentition represents a valuable model to understand how shifts in developmental constraints account for phenotypic diversification during evolution. Different concepts and models have been proposed to explain this diversity, including morphogenetic field’s theory to the activator/inhibitor cascade model. About half of human genes are G-rich at the 5' end of intron 1, and these sequences have the potential to form G-quadruplexes. The presence of G- quadruplex forming sequences (G4FS) close to exon/intron boundaries suggests their potential to regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level or pre-mRNA processing. The aim of this work was to associate stability of the G4FS, measured by the minimum free energy of RNA, located at the 5' end of the first intron of genes that participate in tooth development with the relative size of posterior teeth obtained from skull measurement of 55 placental mammalian species. G4FS of Pax9, Msx1, Inhba and Bmp2, genes known to be critical for tooth development, were associated with relative tooth size. Taking together, the structural diversity of G4FS and their relationship with tooth relative length, we argue that molecular interactions generated from their structure stability may represent a modulator mechanism of gene expression during odontogenesis. Changes in the stability of G4FS may have played an important role in the diversification of mammalian dental phenotype. Keywords: G-quadruplex, Dentition, Mammal, Evolution. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO 10 2. ARTIGO Association between G-quadruplex forming sequences in the first intron of Pax9, Msx1, Inhba and Bmp2 genes and mammalian dentition 13 3. CONCLUSÃO 52 REFERÊNCIAS 53 ANEXOS Anexo 1 - Comprovante de submissão do artigo 55 10 1 INTRODUÇÃO A dentição dos mamíferos diversificou-se ao longo do processo evolutivo em resposta a adaptações a exigências dietéticas, ambientais e sociais. Nesse processo, a organização e funcionamento das vias genéticas envolvidas no desenvolvimento dentário tiveram que ser modificadas. A fórmula dental básica dos mamíferos placentários inclui grupos de três incisivos, um canino, quatro pré- molares e três molares em cada hemi-arcada, somando um total de 44 dentes, e a partir dela modificações específicas para cada espécie surgiram. Na maioria dos casos, as mudanças do fenótipo dentário aconteceram por um processo de perda de alguns dentes em cada grupo ou a perda de grupos inteiros. Os registros fosseis evidenciam que a perda dentária é precedida pela diminuição do tamanho e simplificação da morfologia, associado a uma redução funcional significativa (Ziegler, 1971). Diferentes abordagens têm sido usadas para entender como a diversidade fenotípica na dentição dos mamíferos foi atingida. De acordo com Butler (1939), dentes que exibem similaridades estão organizados em campos relativamente independentes, denominados campos morfogenéticos, nos quais pode ser observado um gradiente de variabilidade de tamanho e forma; assim, em cada campo existiria um dente chave ou “pole tooth”, o qual exibiria a menor taxa de variação. Cada dente, de acordo à sua posição dentro do seu campo, estaria sob um controle genético diferente durante o desenvolvimento. Por outro lado, o modelo de ativação/inibição propõe a existência de uma cascata molecular ao longo do campo molar; interações dinâmicas entre ativadores ectomesenquimais e inibidores derivados do germe do molar em formação agem na definição do tamanho do molar imediatamente posterior. Porém, não todos os mamíferos se encaixam nesse modelo na determinação do tamanho dos seus molares (Kavanagh et al., 2007). O tamanho final dos dentes não só é resultado do funcionamento de vias genéticas agindo dentro de campos morfológicos independentes. Campos morfológicos próximos e de ordem hierárquica superior também influenciam esse processo. O campos canino, pré-molar e molar podem ser considerados como parte de um campo morfogenético superior, o palato secundário, o qual também pode influenciar na definição do fenótipo dentário (Renvoisé et al., 2009; Ribeiro et al., 2013). Embora as vias genéticas que dirigem o desenvolvimento dentário são 11 amplamente conservadas entre os mamíferos (Thesleff & Sharpe, 1997; Jernvall & Thesleff 2000; Bei, 2009), mudanças nos mecanismos de controle da expressão espaço-temporal dos genes envolvidos na odontogênese podem explicar as variações fenotípicas da dentição. O desenvolvimento dentário é controlado por interações epitélio-mesenquimais sequenciais e reciprocas que envolvem vias genéticas formadas por ligantes, receptores e fatores de transcrição. Os genes Msx1 e Pax9 codificam fatores de transcrição que são expressos no ectomesênquima dental, e ambos têm papeis muito importantes na correta formação dentária. Tem sido mostrado que em camundongos mutantes para os genes Msx1 e Pax9, o desenvolvimento dentário não progride além do estágio de botão (Satokata & Maas, 1994, Peters et al., 1998). Estes genes interagem tanto no nível transcricional quanto da tradução para regular a expressão do gene Bmp4, o que determina a transição correta do estágio de botão para o de capuz (Ogawa et al., 2006). Além disso, a redução na
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